Black Coaches In Nfl History

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  black coaches in nfl history: Advancing the Ball N. Jeremi Duru, 2011-01-07 Following the NFL's desegregation in 1946, opportunities became increasingly plentiful for African American players--but not African American coaches. Although Major League Baseball and the NBA made progress in this regard over the years, the NFL's head coaches were almost exclusively white up until the mid-1990s. Advancing the Ball chronicles the campaign of former Cleveland Browns offensive lineman John Wooten to right this wrong and undo decades of discriminatory head coach hiring practices--an initiative that finally bore fruit when he joined forces with attorneys Cyrus Mehri and Johnnie Cochran. Together with a few allies, the triumvirate galvanized the NFL's African American assistant coaches to stand together for equal opportunity and convinced the league to enact the Rooney Rule, which stipulates that every team must interview at least one minority candidate when searching for a new head coach. In doing so, they spurred a movement that would substantially impact the NFL and, potentially, the nation. Featuring an impassioned foreword by Coach Tony Dungy, Advancing the Ball offers an eye-opening, first-hand look at how a few committed individuals initiated a sea change in America's most popular sport and added an extraordinary new chapter to the civil rights story.
  black coaches in nfl history: Black Stats Monique Couvson, 2014-01-28 An essential handbook of eye-opening—and frequently myth-busting—facts and figures about the real lives of Black Americans today There’s no defeating white supremacist myths without data—real data. Black Stats is a compact and useful guide that offers up-to-date figures on Black life in the United States today, avoiding jargon and assumptions and providing critical analyses and information. Monique Couvson, author of the acclaimed Pushout, has compiled statistics from a broad spectrum of telling categories that illustrate the quality of life and the possibility of (and barriers to) advancement for a group at the heart of American society. With fascinating information on everything from disease trends, incarceration rates, and lending practices to voting habits, green jobs, and educational achievement, the material in this book will enrich and inform a range of public debates while challenging commonly held yet often misguided perceptions. Black Stats simultaneously highlights measures of incredible progress, conveys the disparate impacts of social policies and practices, and surprises with revelations that span subjects including the entertainment industry, military service, and marriage trends. An essential tool for advocates, educators, and anyone seeking racial justice, Black Stats is an affordable guidebook for anyone seeking to understand the complex state of our nation.
  black coaches in nfl history: Scorecasting Tobias Moskowitz, L. Jon Wertheim, 2011-01-25 In Scorecasting, University of Chicago behavioral economist Tobias Moskowitz teams up with veteran Sports Illustrated writer L. Jon Wertheim to overturn some of the most cherished truisms of sports, and reveal the hidden forces that shape how basketball, baseball, football, and hockey games are played, won and lost. Drawing from Moskowitz's original research, as well as studies from fellow economists such as bestselling author Richard Thaler, the authors look at: the influence home-field advantage has on the outcomes of games in all sports and why it exists; the surprising truth about the universally accepted axiom that defense wins championships; the subtle biases that umpires exhibit in calling balls and strikes in key situations; the unintended consequences of referees' tendencies in every sport to swallow the whistle, and more. Among the insights that Scorecasting reveals: • Why Tiger Woods is prone to the same mistake in high-pressure putting situations that you and I are • Why professional teams routinely overvalue draft picks • The myth of momentum or the hot hand in sports, and why so many fans, coaches, and broadcasters fervently subscribe to it • Why NFL coaches rarely go for a first down on fourth-down situations--even when their reluctance to do so reduces their chances of winning. In an engaging narrative that takes us from the putting greens of Augusta to the grid iron of a small parochial high school in Arkansas, Scorecasting will forever change how you view the game, whatever your favorite sport might be.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 2004-09-13 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: The Handy African American History Answer Book Jessie Carney Smith, 2014-01-01 Celebrating the impact of African Americans on U.S. society, culture, and history! Traces African American history through four centuries of profound changes and amazing accomplishments. Walking readers through a rich but often overlooked part of American history, The Handy African American History Answer Book addresses the people, times, and events that influenced and changed African American history. An overview of major biographical figures and history-making events is followed by a deeper look at the development in the arts, entertainment, business, civil rights, music, government, journalism, religion, science, sports, and more. Covering a broad range of the African American experience, showcasing interesting insights and facts, this helpful reference answers 700 commonly-asked questions including ... What is the significance of the Apollo Theater? What were the effects of the Great Depression on black artists? Who were some of America's early free black entrepreneurs? What is the historical role of the barbershop in the African American community? and What was Black Wall Street? What does “40 acres and a mule” mean? What was the Black Arts Movement? Who were the Harlem Hellfighters? Who was the first black saint? Who was called the “Father of Blood Plasma”? What caused African Americans to lose their fidelity to “the Party of Lincoln”? What was the impact of Negro Leagues Baseball on American culture? Blending trivia with historical review in an engaging question-and-answer format, The Handy African American History Answer Book is perfect for browsing and is ideal for history buffs, trivia fans, students and teachers and anyone interested in a better and more thorough understanding of the history of black Americans. With many photos and illustrations this fun, fact-filled tome is richly illustrated. Its helpful bibliography and extensive index add to its usefulness.
  black coaches in nfl history: Race and Sports Management Duchess Harris, Michael Miller, 2018-12-15 Race and Sports Management examines the history of black and Hispanic coaches and managers in professional and college sports. Although opportunities to play sports are increasing for people of color, this title explores why the path from field to front office has been so difficult to navigate. Features include a glossary, references, websites, source notes, and an index. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Essential Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO.
  black coaches in nfl history: Never Give Up on Your Dream Warren Moon, 2009-07-21 Inducted in 2006, Warren Moon is the only African-American quarterback in the NFL Hall of Fame. His path to success was neither easy nor assured. As a seven-year-old growing up in Los Angeles, he lost his father to alcoholism and helped his single mom raise six sisters. Playing football as a kid, coaches questioned whether, because he was black, he had the smarts to play quarterback. Repeatedly asked to switch to another position, Moon refused, knowing that he had both the ability and the intelligence. In college, he played at the University of Washington, beating the Michigan Wolverines in the Rose Bowl. Undrafted by the NFL, he went to Canada and played for the Edmonton Eskimos, leading his team to five consecutive championships. In 1984, he signed with the Houston Oilers and played for the Oilers, Seattle Seahawks, Minnesota Vikings, and Kansas City Chiefs over his 17-year career. This is the triumphant story of how Warren Moon overcame all obstacles to become one of the Top 5 quarterbacks of all time.
  black coaches in nfl history: Brand NFL Michael Oriard, 2010-09-12 Professional football today is an $8 billion sports entertainment industry--and the most popular spectator sport in America, with designs on expansion across the globe. In this astute field-level view of the National Football League since 1960, Michael Oriard looks closely at the development of the sport and at the image of the NFL and its unique place in American life. New to the paperback edition is Oriard's analysis of the offseason labor negotiations and their potential effects on the future of the sport, and his account of how the NFL is dealing with the latest research on concussions and head injuries.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 1992-01-27 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: The Forgotten Four Elliott Smith, 2024-08-01 The National Football League (NFL) changed forever in 1946. That year the Forgotten Four—Kenny Washington, Woody Strode, Marion Motley, and Bill Willis—joined the league. Learn about the history of Black football players, the integration of the league, and the first Black coaches, referees, and team owners in the NFL. Then discover how Black football players continue to make a difference on and off the field.
  black coaches in nfl history: War Without Death Mark Maske, 2007-08-16 In this masterpiece of sports reportage, Washington Post staff writer Mark Maske--one of the most respected journalists working both on and off the field--draws on unprecedented access to produce a behind-the-scenes look at the NFL's bitterest rivals: the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Giants, Washington Redskins, and Dallas Cowboys. Relentlessly reported from the leadership level, War Without Death delivers all the dramatic personality conflicts and unexpected changes in personnel and fortune, creating a complete narrative of four intensely competitive organizations locked in a steel-cage match with each other over the course of a year--nothing less than nirvana for sports fans.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 1992-01-27 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: O-T Paul Finkelman, 2009 Alphabetically-arranged entries from O to T that explores significant events, major persons, organizations, and political and social movements in African-American history from 1896 to the twenty-first-century.
  black coaches in nfl history: The Way Up Errol Pierre, Jim Jermanok, 2022-12-13 Practical and actionable advice for minorities seeking concrete strategies to help them move up the corporate ladder In The Way Up: Climbing the Corporate Mountain as a Professional of Color, accomplished executive Dr. Errol L. Pierre delivers a pragmatic and actionable guide to help underrepresented individuals from all ethnic backgrounds achieve their professional goals and elevate their careers in today’s virtual workplace. The book takes a step-by-step approach to understanding the skills and strategies required to move from entry-level and middle management roles to the executive ranks. Readers will also find: A collection of key lessons and short stories containing practical advice designed to help readers achieve their professional potential Strategies proven to work in the real-world, full of innovative insights and practical know-how Tips on navigating the offices and Zoom calls that make up today’s employment environment An indispensable discussion of what it takes to succeed in today’s hyper-competitive professional environment, The Way Up will earn a place in the libraries of newly graduated businesspeople as well as seasoned pros seeking to advance their careers.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 2004-09-13 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: Race in American Sports James L. Conyers, Jr., 2014-05-21 These essays critically examine the issue of race in college and professional sports, beginning with the effects of stereotypes on black female college athletes, and the self-handicapping of black male college athletes. Also discussed is the movement of colleges between NCAA designated conferences, and the economic impact and effects on academics for blacks. An essay on baseball focuses on changes in Brooklyn during the Jackie Robinson years, and another essay on how the Leland Giants became a symbol of racial pride. Other essayists discuss the use of American Indian mascots, the Jeremy Lin spectacle surrounding Asians in pro sports, the need to hire more NFL coaches of color, and ideals of black male masculinity in boxing. Instructors considering this book for use in a course may request an examination copy here.
  black coaches in nfl history: RED, BROWN, YELLOW, BLACK, WHITE -- WHO'S MORE PRECIOUS IN GOD'S SIGHT? Leroy Barber, 2014-09-09 Drawing upon two decades of mission experience, Leroy Barber exposes the racial divisions within Christian ministries and offers practical and comprehensive solutions for promoting diversity. Red, Brown, Yellow, Black and White highlights the historic patterns that have created racial discrepancies within missions. It joins the essential canon created by touchstone books like Divided by Faith by Michael Emerson and Christian Smith and the ever-popular Race Matters by Cornel West. With a no-blame attitude, powerful personal narratives from a dozen other black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American and white Christians, interactive histories of missions, and the writings of MLK and Howard Thurman (the entire Letter From Birmingham Jail and Howard Thurman's motivational speech Sound of the Genuine), Barber addresses this tough issue in a way that will inspire and motivate readers of all races toward change.
  black coaches in nfl history: To Live and Play in Dixie Robert D. Jacobus, 2021-11-15 While the story of the reintegration of professional football in 1946 after World War II is a topic that has been covered, there is a little-known aspect of this integration that has not been fully explored. After World War II and up until the mid- to late 1960s, professional football teams scheduled numerous preseason games in the South. Once African American players started dotting the rosters of these teams, they had to face Jim Crow conditions. Early on, black players were barred from playing in some cities. Most encountered segregated accommodations when they stayed in the South. And when African Americans in these southern cities came to see their favorite black players perform, they were relegated to segregated seating conditions. To add to the challenges these African American players and fans endured, professional football gradually started placing franchises in still-segregated cities as early as 1937, culminating with the new AFL placing franchises in Dallas and Houston in 1960. That same year, the NFL followed suit by placing a franchise in Dallas. Now, instead of just visiting a southern city for a day or so to play an exhibition game, African American players that were on the rosters of these southern teams had to live in these still segregated cities. Many of these players, being from the North or West Coast, had never dealt with de jure or even de facto Jim Crow laws. Early on, if these African American players didn’t “toe the line” or fought back (via contract disputes, interracial relationships, requesting better living accommodations in the South, protesting segregated seating, etc.), they were traded, cut, and even blackballed from the league. Eventually, though, as the civil rights movement gained steam in the 1950s and 1960s, African American players were able to protest the conditions in the South with success. Much of what happened in professional football during this time period coincided with or mirrored events in America and the civil rights movement.
  black coaches in nfl history: Playing for Dollars Paul D. Staudohar, 2018-05-31 Fans of professional sports have been forced to pay attention to labor relations in the last five years. The 1994—1995 season reminded baseball enthusiasts that a player's strike can mean something more than a swing and a miss, and the fans of other sports have experienced similar frustrations. In Playing for Dollars, Paul D. Staudohar analyzes the business dimension of sports with a timely assessment of the interactions among labor, management, and government in baseball, football, basketball, and hockey. Author of The Sports Industry and Collective Bargaining, an earlier version of the current volume, Staudohar describes the mechanics of contract and salary negotiations, including the pivotal issue of free agency. He explains how unions became established in sports, how the balance of power shifted between owners and players, and how the salaries of stars escalated. He investigates the gambling controversies and changing drug policies that have sometimes alienated fans and comments, as well, on the impact AIDS has had on professional sports. Sports events are media events and Staudohar takes a look at the effects of television contracts and international expansion. He also considers the future of team sports, discussing league expansion, prospects for growth, and the issue of franchise relocation.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 1989-10-23 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: The Forgotten First Keyshawn Johnson, Bob Glauber, 2021-09-21 The unknown story of the Black pioneers who collectively changed the face of the NFL in 1946. THE FORGOTTEN FIRST chronicles the lives of four incredible men, the racism they experienced as Black players entering a segregated sport, the burden of expectation they carried, and their many achievements, which would go on to affect football for generations to come. More than a year before Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball, there was another seismic moment in pro sports history. On March 21,1946, former UCLA star running back Kenny Washington—a teammate of Robinson's in college—signed a contract with the Los Angeles Rams. This ended one of the most shameful periods in NFL history, when African-American players were banned from league play. Washington would not be alone in serving as a pioneer for NFL integration. Just months after he joined the Rams, thanks to a concerted effort by influential Los Angeles political and civic leaders, the team signed Woody Strode, who played with both Washington and Robinson at UCLA in one of the most celebrated backfields in college sports history. And that same year, a little-known coach named Paul Brown of the fledgling Cleveland Browns signed running back Marion Motley and defensive lineman Bill Willis, thereby integrating a startup league that would eventually merge with the NFL. THE FORGOTTEN FIRST tells the story of one of the most significant cultural shifts in pro football history, as four men opened the door to opportunity and changed the sport forever.
  black coaches in nfl history: The Spirit of the Game Paul Emory Putz, Assistant Director Truett Seminary's Faith & Sports Institute Paul Emory Putz, 2024-10-02 Displays of religious faith have become commonplace on America's baseball diamonds, basketball courts, football fields, and beyond. How did religion become so entwined with big-time sports in America? The Spirit of the Game provides the answer to this question by offering a sweeping history of the Christian athlete movement in the United States--and its impact on American religion and the religion of sports.
  black coaches in nfl history: The Business of Sports Scott Rosner, Kenneth Shropshire, 2011 The Business of Sports, Second Edition is a comprehensive collection of readings that focus on the multibillion-dollar sports industry and the dilemmas faced by todays sports business leaders. It contains a dynamic set of readings to provide a complete overview of major sports business issues. The Second Edition covers professional, Olympic, and collegiate sports, and highlights the major issues that impact each of these broad categories. The Second Edition continue to provide insight from a variety of stakeholders in the industry and cover the major business disciplines of management, marketing, finance, information technology, accounting, ethics and law. In addition, it features concise introductions, targeted discussion questions, and graphs and tables to convey relevant financial data and other statistics discussed. This book is designed for current and future sports business leaders as well as those interested in the inner-workings of the industry.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 1989-10-23 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 2007-02-19 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age Steven A. Riess, 2022-08-31 A Cultural History of Sport in the Modern Age covers the period 1920 to today. Over this time, world-wide participation in sport has been shaped by economic developments, communication and transportation innovations, declining racism, diplomacy, political ideologies, feminization, democratization, as well as increasing professionalization and commercialization. Sport has now become both a global cultural force and one of the deepest ways in which individual nations express their myths, beliefs, values, traditions and realities. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Sport presents the first comprehensive history from classical antiquity to today, covering all forms and aspects of sport and its ever-changing social, cultural, political, and economic context and impact. The themes covered in each volume are the purpose of sport; sporting time and sporting space; products, training and technology; rules and order; conflict and accommodation; inclusion, exclusion and segregation; minds, bodies and identities; representation. Steven A. Riess is Professor Emeritus at Northeastern Illinois University, USA. Volume 6 in the Cultural History of Sport set General Editors: Wray Vamplew, Mark Dyreson, and John McClelland
  black coaches in nfl history: A Different Way to Win Jim Rooney, 2019-11-14 Dan Rooney was one of the most-influential sports executives of his generation, the man who transformed the Pittsburgh Steelers into one of the National Football League’s great dynasties and premiere franchises. Some of his most-important achievements, however, took place off the playing field as he sought to bring about equity in the league’s hiring practices and peace in his ancestral homeland of Ireland. As a business leader, a philanthropist, a diplomat and the author of the famous Rooney Rule, Dan Rooney was known for his core values, his quiet strength, his effectiveness, and his willingness to talk to and hear from those who disagreed with him. In this poignant account of his father’s life, Jim Rooney takes readers behind the scenes to share stories from his hundreds of hours of interviews with business and political leaders; sports and celebrity influencers; and family members. Part memoir, part business biography, part history book, A Different Way to Win underscores the importance of focusing on the long game and the effectiveness in building consensus in a way that is meaningful and sustainable for decades to come.
  black coaches in nfl history: Hall of Fame Sports Trivia Frank Cull, 2015-01-27 Hall of Fame Sports Trivia runs the gamut from every angle of the playing field, that will delight the entire world of real sports fans! It features outstanding trivia, interesting stats, hilarious quotes, nicknames, all-time records, and Hall of Famers. It also features interesting questions and answers that the average sports fan has never heard before. The end result is our reader screaming out, I didn't know that! In each chapter, all you have to do is answer the questions. No box tops to send in, no secret messages to decode through e-mail. There's nothing to it. Simply answer the questions without looking at the answers and, remember, God is watching!
  black coaches in nfl history: Ebony , 1996-11 EBONY is the flagship magazine of Johnson Publishing. Founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson, it still maintains the highest global circulation of any African American-focused magazine.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 1978-02-09 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: Ebony , 1996-11 EBONY is the flagship magazine of Johnson Publishing. Founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson, it still maintains the highest global circulation of any African American-focused magazine.
  black coaches in nfl history: Dan Rooney Dan Rooney, 2008-09-02 Legendary chairman of the five-time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers, Dan Rooney, tells his life story for the first time. From growing up on Pittsburgh's notorious North Side, to vying with Johnny Unitas for top high school quarterback honors in Western Pennsylvania, from learning how to run a major sports franchise from his father, Art Rooney (“the Chief”), to helping shape the modern NFL, Rooney serves up a fascinating account of personal and professional achievement. He also discusses his relationships with players, coaches, NFL commissioners, his beloved family, and the devoted fans known as “Steelers Nation.” Whether advocating hiring more minority head coaches through creation of the Rooney Rule or helping pave the way for the merger of the AFL and NFL, Rooney reveals the dynamics that have made him such a respected force in pro football.
  black coaches in nfl history: Fearless Firsts: Athletes Who Changed the Game James Buckley Jr., Ellen Labrecque, 2024-08-06 Celebrate over 50 athletes who broke barriers, took risks, and changed the rules! While these athletes came from different backgrounds and overcame unique struggles, they had one thing in common: they would not take You can't for an answer. With a don't-give-up attitude, these fearless firsts fought for what they believed in and created a better sports world. In this book, you'll read about very famous athletes, like Jackie Robinson and Simone Biles. You'll also discover the first female drag-racing champion and the first Latino American baseball superstar. You'll meet the first Olympian with an amputated leg, the first blind Ironman racer, the first transgender college champion, and the first Asian American Olympic gold medalists. Beyond individual athletes, you'll learn how Title IX impacted sports, why the Paralympics matters, and the history behind the Haudenosaunee lacrosse team. By the time you're done reading, whether you're an athlete or not, you'll be inspired to stay optimistic, fight against injustice, and be fearless in anything you set your mind to!
  black coaches in nfl history: Glory, The Struggle For Yards Gary Burley, Ralph V. Brooks, Donna T. Francavilla, 2023-08-24 Former NFL Cincinnati Bengals’ Gary S. Burley, children’s author Ralph V. Brooks, and award-winning journalist Donna T. Francavilla combined efforts to reveal the challenges and achievements of 5 outstanding football players who broke the color barrier around the turn of the century. Enjoy rarely-seen photographs and read real-life stories about these brave athletes. Hall of Famer, Burl A. Toler, the first African-American to serve as a field official in a major American professional sports league The Black Cyclone, Charles Follis, the First Paid African-American Black Football Player Motorcycle McDonald, Henry McDonald, the First Haitian Black Professional American Football Player The Warrior of his Time, Gideon Smith, the first African-American varsity athlete in any sport at MAC The Human Tornado, Fritz Pollard, the First Black Coach in the National Football League. The book also contains Gary Burley’s never-before-seen personal photographs and journey. Read true rags to riches tales and a special student guidebook by contributing author Valencia Belle, Ph.D. A must-have for all history buffs and sports fans.
  black coaches in nfl history: Ebony , 1975-11 EBONY is the flagship magazine of Johnson Publishing. Founded in 1945 by John H. Johnson, it still maintains the highest global circulation of any African American-focused magazine.
  black coaches in nfl history: Jet , 2007-02-19 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news.
  black coaches in nfl history: Don Perkins Richard Melzer, 2023-05 Don Perkins led a life as one of the most honored athletes in the history of the University of New Mexico and the Dallas Cowboys. But Perkins's life was far more complex and, at times, controversial. He experienced the traumas of racial discrimination, death, divorce, football-related injuries, and a never-ending search for his own identity. In his search, Perkins ventured into sportscasting, public speaking, community relations, big-rig trucking, government work, and even amateur theater, where he portrayed Frederick Douglass and other famous Black leaders. Through it all, he remained a kind, unassuming, charismatic man, universally admired by family members, friends, and millions of fans. Don Perkins: A Champion's Life is the final tribute he so greatly deserves.
  black coaches in nfl history: American Football and the American Way of War Daniel Sukman,
  black coaches in nfl history: Sports Media History John Carvalho, 2020-10-27 This research collection explores the ongoing interaction between sports, media, and society throughout important periods in history, from the nineteenth century to the present day. It examines both historical moments and broader trends in sports, with an emphasis on the media’s role. Encompassing a variety of research approaches and perspectives, the book looks at the individuals, mass media outlets and communication technologies that have affected societies on a global scale, including print, photography, broadcast (radio and television), Internet-based media, and public relations/marketing. It presents fascinating new case studies covering topics as diverse as sports journalism and the Third Reich, Argentina at the Mexico World Cup, post-9/11 sports reporting, Martina Navratilova and women’s tennis, the growth of fantasy sport, and the significance of Joe Louis and Jackie Robinson in the history of US sports reporting. This is essential reading for any researcher, student or media professional with an interest in the relationships between sports, culture, and society or in the history of media, culture, or technology.
  black coaches in nfl history: Tony Dungy, 2nd Edition Matt Doeden, 2012-08-01 Although Tony Dungy was passed over in the 1977 NFL draft, Coach Chuck Noll of the Pittsburgh Steelers recognized his athleticism and understanding of the game and signed him as a free agent. Later, at the age of 25, Dungy began his NFL coaching career with the Steelers. He went on to coach the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and then considered retiring from football. Instead, he accepted a coaching job with the Indianapolis Colts and in 2007 became the first African American head coach to win the Super Bowl. Find out how Dungy’s intellect, strength of character, and leadership qualities have made him a champion on and off the field.
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