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| chinese lion dance history: Chinese Lion Dance Explained William C. Hu, 1995-01-01 |
| chinese lion dance history: The Art of Lion Dance Joey Yap, 2017-01-01 The first book from the new Joey Yap Cultural Series Despite its popularity as a form of cultural entertainment and competitive sport, the Lion Dance has a mystical aspect which is often not told and it is only known by the most traditional masters of the art. Now, for the first time, Joey Yap’s The Art of Lion Dance will lift the veil and bring to light the metaphysical elements, rich cultural history and symbolism behind the ancient dance. |
| chinese lion dance history: Choy Li Fut Kung Fu Doc-Fai Wong, Jane Hallander, 1985 A step-by-step guide to mastering the fighting secrets of Southern China's most powerful style of kung-fu. Illustrated with hundreds of photos, this book will teach you all you need to know about this dynamic art. |
| chinese lion dance history: Lion Dancer Kate Waters, Madeline Slovenz-Low, 1990 Ernie Wan is very excited for the Chinese New Year festival. He is dancing the lion dance for the first time |
| chinese lion dance history: The Lion Dance David Seow, 2014 Sam, Sebbie and Di-Di-Di are three siblings who love doing things together. Today is extra-special because they are going to see a lion dance. Doong doong chang went the lion dance band. Doong doong chang went the lion dance gong. Doong doong chang! But where is the lion? Is he still at the zoo? Or stuck backstage? When the siblings open the curtain to find the lion, they are surprised to see a lion costume. They decide to put on the costume and start performing for everyone. And no one is more surprised than their parents to see that the lion dancers were none other than Sam, Sebbie, and Di-Di-Di. |
| chinese lion dance history: Dragon Dancer Joyce Chng, 2018 First published in the United Kingdom in 2015 by Lantana Publishing Ltd.--Copyright page. |
| chinese lion dance history: Dragons in the City Twinkl Originals, 2018-11-10 Bo loves Chinese New Year more than anything. This time, she is sharing the fun with her cousin, Evie. “The best part is the dragon,” said Bo excitedly. “Just wait until you see it!” Step into a colourful family celebration, full of excitement and wonder. But will Evie ever find the dragon that Bo has told her so much about? Download the full eBook and explore supporting teaching materials at www.twinkl.com/originals Join Twinkl Book Club to receive printed story books every half-term at www.twinkl.co.uk/book-club (UK only). |
| chinese lion dance history: Case of the Lion Dance Laurence Yep, 1999-01 When $2000 is stolen during the opening of a restaurant, Lily and her aunt, a Chinese American movie actress, search for the thief throughout San Francisco's Chinatown. |
| chinese lion dance history: The Year of the Rabbit Oliver Chin, 2011 Rosie the rabbit befriends a boy who leads her on a wild adventure with a tiger. Lists the birth years and characteristics of individuals born in the Chinese Year of the Rabbit. |
| chinese lion dance history: Asian Material Culture Marianne Hulsbosch, Elizabeth Bedford, Martha Chaiklin, 2009 This richly illustrated volume offers the reader unique insight into the materiality of Asian cultures and the ways in which objects and practices can simultaneously embody and exhibit aesthetic and functional characteristics, as well as everyday and spiritual aspirations. Though each chapter is representative, rather than exhaustive, in its portrayal of Asian material culture, together they clearly demonstrate that objects are entities that resonate with discourses of human relationships, personal and group identity formations, ethics, values, trade, and, above all, distinctive futures. |
| chinese lion dance history: D Is for Dragon Dance Ying Chang Compestine, 2007-04-01 From firecrackers to noodles, from red envelopes to the zodiac, young readers are introduced to the exciting traditions of the Chinese New Year in this accessible and visually stunning homage to the holiday. Full color. |
| chinese lion dance history: Martial Arts Studies Paul Bowman, 2015 This book disrupts disciplinary boundaries to make a case for the future direction and growth of martial arts studies as a unique field |
| chinese lion dance history: The Great Race Dawn Casey, 2018-09-01 Race with the animals of the Zodiac as they compete to have the years of the Chinese calendar named after them. The excitement-filled story is followed by notes on the Chinese calendar, important Chinese holidays, and a chart outlining the animal signs based on birth years. |
| chinese lion dance history: My First Chinese New Year Karen Katz, 2004 A girl and her family prepare for and celebrate Chinese New Year. |
| chinese lion dance history: The Classical Theatre of China A.C. Scott, 2013-11-05 First published in 1957. Besides tracing the history and development of the Peking Theatre, this volume explains acting techniques, stage costume and symbolism, musical forms and the various types of plays. |
| chinese lion dance history: A Midsummer-night's Dream William Shakespeare, 1734 National Sylvan Theatre, Washington Monument grounds, The Community Center and Playgrounds Department and the Office of National Capital Parks present the ninth summer festival program of the 1941 season, the Washington Players in William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, produced by Bess Davis Schreiner, directed by Denis E. Connell, the music by Mendelssohn is played by the Washington Civic Orchestra conducted by Jean Manganaro, the setting and lights Harold Snyder, costumes Mary Davis. |
| chinese lion dance history: Lion and Dragon in Northern China Sir Reginald Fleming Johnston, 1910 |
| chinese lion dance history: Spring Snow Yukio Mishima, 2013-04-09 A classic of Japanese literature (Chicago Sun-Times) and the first novel in the masterful tetralogy, The Sea of Fertility, set in 1912 Tokyo, featuring an aspiring lawyer who believes he has met the successive reincarnations of his childhood friend. It is 1912 in Tokyo, and the hermetic world of the ancient aristocracy is being breached for the first time by outsiders—rich provincial families unburdened by tradition, whose money and vitality make them formidable contenders for social and political power. Shigekuni Honda, an aspiring lawyer and his childhood friend, Kiyoaki Matsugae, are the sons of two such families. As they come of age amidst the growing tensions between old and new, Kiyoaki is plagued by his simultaneous love for and loathing of the spirited young woman Ayakura Satoko. But Kiyoaki’s true feelings only become apparent when her sudden engagement to a royal prince shows him the magnitude of his passion—and leads to a love affair both doomed and inevitable. |
| chinese lion dance history: Celebrate Chinese New Year Carolyn Otto, 2009 Simple text and color images present various aspects of the Chinese New Year celebration, including red decorations, the exchange of poems, Festival of Lanterns, Dragon Dance, fireworks, parades, feasts, and the remembrance of ancestors. |
| chinese lion dance history: The Stone Lion and Other Chinese Detective Stories Yin-Lien C. Chin, 2016-07-22 Presents ten tales featuring Lord Bau, a wise judge who was a champion of righteousness and protector of the weak against the powerful. |
| chinese lion dance history: King Lear Jeffrey Kahan, 2008-04-18 Is King Lear an autonomous text, or a rewrite of the earlier and anonymous play King Leir? Should we refer to Shakespeare’s original quarto when discussing the play, the revised folio text, or the popular composite version, stitched together by Alexander Pope in 1725? What of its stage variations? When turning from page to stage, the critical view on King Lear is skewed by the fact that for almost half of the four hundred years the play has been performed, audiences preferred Naham Tate's optimistic adaptation, in which Lear and Cordelia live happily ever after. When discussing King Lear, the question of what comprises ‘the play’ is both complex and fragmentary. These issues of identity and authenticity across time and across mediums are outlined, debated, and considered critically by the contributors to this volume. Using a variety of approaches, from postcolonialism and New Historicism to psychoanalysis and gender studies, the leading international contributors to King Lear: New Critical Essays offer major new interpretations on the conception and writing, editing, and cultural productions of King Lear. This book is an up-to-date and comprehensive anthology of textual scholarship, performance research, and critical writing on one of Shakespeare's most important and perplexing tragedies. Contributors Include: R.A. Foakes, Richard Knowles, Tom Clayton, Cynthia Clegg, Edward L. Rocklin, Christy Desmet, Paul Cantor, Robert V. Young, Stanley Stewart and Jean R. Brink |
| chinese lion dance history: Revolutionary Bodies Emily Wilcox, 2018-10-23 At publication date, a free ebook version of this title will be available through Luminos, University of California Press’s Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. Revolutionary Bodies is the first English-language primary source–based history of concert dance in the People’s Republic of China. Combining over a decade of ethnographic and archival research, Emily Wilcox analyzes major dance works by Chinese choreographers staged over an eighty-year period from 1935 to 2015. Using previously unexamined film footage, photographic documentation, performance programs, and other historical and contemporary sources, Wilcox challenges the commonly accepted view that Soviet-inspired revolutionary ballets are the primary legacy of the socialist era in China’s dance field. The digital edition of this title includes nineteen embedded videos of selected dance works discussed by the author. |
| chinese lion dance history: Moy Moy Leo Politi, 1960 A little Chinese girl in Los Angeles participates in the celebration of the Chinese New Year. |
| chinese lion dance history: Circle Games Level 2 Elementary/Lower Intermediate Book with Audio CDs (2) Pack Frank Brennan, 2006-07-17 Five stories to make you smile - and think: a Chinese lion dancer turns round and round; an old wooden wheel sits on an English pub wall; an American teenager makes a new wheel for a car; a bicycle taxi driver in Singapore helps a sick girl; and an English student finds a strange, and very old, disc. - back cover. |
| chinese lion dance history: Crouching Tiger Ying Chang Compestine, Yan Nascimbene, 2011-12-13 When Ming Da's Chinese grandpa comes to visit, he overcomes his initial embarrassment at his grandfather's traditions and begins to appreciate him. |
| chinese lion dance history: Happy, Happy Chinese New Year! Demi, 1997 Examines the customs, traditions, food, and lore associated with the celebration of Chinese New Year. |
| chinese lion dance history: Chinese New Year Lola M. Schaefer, 2000-09 Simple text and photographs describe and illustrate Chinese New Year and how it is celebrated. |
| chinese lion dance history: The Snow Queen Hans Christian Andersen, 2015-04-28 With a single kiss, a young maid saves her beloved from the Snow Queen’s icy imprisonment. When splinters from an evil troll’s magic mirror get into the heart and eye of Kai, he is tricked into accompanying the Snow Queen to her palace, and only the innocence and kindness of Gerda’s heart can save him. The inspiration for Frozen, Hans Christian’s Andersen’s “The Snow Queen” is one of the most beloved fairy tales in history. HarperPerennialClassics brings great works of literature to life in digital format, upholding the highest standards in ebook production and celebrating reading in all its forms. Look for more titles in the HarperPerennial Classics collection to build your digital library. |
| chinese lion dance history: Escape to Gold Mountain David H. T. Wong, 2012 An epic graphic novel about the experience of Chinese immigrants in North America over the past 150 years. |
| chinese lion dance history: Chinese America: History and Perspectives 1988 , |
| chinese lion dance history: Lion And Dragon Dance In Singapore Pauline Loh, 2023-03-24 Lion dance has been in Singapore since the 1930s and is closely connected with the Chinese clans that organised the first troupes, with some of these clans hailing as far back as the 1800s. Chronicling the history of lion dance, therefore, is akin to chronicling the pioneering years of our nation. However, few books document the history of this art form in Singapore.This book is the first of its kind to introduce the history, culture, sport and performance art that is lion and dragon dance in English. It will cover the types of dances and costumes, symbolisms and values embedded in the lion and dragon dance communities. It will tell the stories of Singaporean lion and dragon dance pioneers which have never before appeared in any English publications. It will also feature interviews with current leaders in the community and share our hopes for the future of the art form in Singapore. |
| chinese lion dance history: The History of Art in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty Li Shi, The book is the volume of “The History of Art in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasty ” among a series of books of “Deep into China Histories”. The earliest known written records of the history of China date from as early as 1250 BC, from the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BC) and the Bamboo Annals (296 BC) describe a Xia dynasty (c. 2070–1600 BC) before the Shang, but no writing is known from the period The Shang ruled in the Yellow River valley, which is commonly held to be the cradle of Chinese civilization. However, Neolithic civilizations originated at various cultural centers along both the Yellow River and Yangtze River. These Yellow River and Yangtze civilizations arose millennia before the Shang. With thousands of years of continuous history, China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and is regarded as one of the cradles of civilization.The Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BC) supplanted the Shang and introduced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. The central Zhou government began to weaken due to external and internal pressures in the 8th century BC, and the country eventually splintered into smaller states during the Spring and Autumn period. These states became independent and warred with one another in the following Warring States period. Much of traditional Chinese culture, literature and philosophy first developed during those troubled times.In 221 BC Qin Shi Huang conquered the various warring states and created for himself the title of Huangdi or emperor of the Qin, marking the beginning of imperial China. However, the oppressive government fell soon after his death, and was supplanted by the longer-lived Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). Successive dynasties developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the emperor to control vast territories directly. In the 21 centuries from 206 BC until AD 1912, routine administrative tasks were handled by a special elite of scholar-officials. Young men, well-versed in calligraphy, history, literature, and philosophy, were carefully selected through difficult government examinations. China's last dynasty was the Qing (1644–1912), which was replaced by the Republic of China in 1912, and in the mainland by the People's Republic of China in 1949.Chinese history has alternated between periods of political unity and peace, and periods of war and failed statehood – the most recent being the Chinese Civil War (1927–1949). China was occasionally dominated by steppe peoples, most of whom were eventually assimilated into the Han Chinese culture and population. Between eras of multiple kingdoms and warlordism, Chinese dynasties have ruled parts or all of China; in some eras control stretched as far as Xinjiang and Tibet, as at present. Traditional culture, and influences from other parts of Asia and the Western world (carried by waves of immigration, cultural assimilation, expansion, and foreign contact), form the basis of the modern culture of China. |
| chinese lion dance history: A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CHINESE MUSIC AND DANCE Wang Ningning, 2019-11-04 A History of Ancient Chinese Music and Dance describes the history of music and dance in ancient China in the past five thousand years in the forms of poems, music and dance. It includes court music and dance, music and dance in drama and folk music and dance. It covers historical and professional knowledge such as music, dance, poetry and drama. The book consists of eleven chapters, from ancient times to the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. In each chapter, there are historical background, music and dance works, people, events, and related poetry and images. The Yellow Emperor created tonality for wind instruments. Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun invented musical instruments qin and se. Duke of Zhou made system of rites and music. Apart from these, music, dance and acrobatics in the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, grand compositions in the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty and music and dance in drama in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty can all lead us to the long developing process of ancient music and dance. The book was the Project of 2003 National Tenth Five-Year Plan for Art Science in China. It was co-funded by the National Publishing Fund and “China Classics International” of the General Administration of Press and Publication. |
| chinese lion dance history: Contemporary History of Cantonese Migrants in Yokohama Chinatown Yee Lam Elim Wong, Tai Wei Lim, 2021-01-11 This book vividly portrays the past, current, and future development of Yokohama Chinatown through the context of its Cantonese residents, grounded through a family history. It is useful for both academic and non- academic readers who are interested in migration history, transformation of urban spaces, anthropological perspectives of integration of immigrants, diasporic studies and overseas Chinese studies. It is informative when considering the role of immigrant communities in the world today in the context of globalization stimulating cross-border movements and anti-globalization forces that act as push and pull factors for migration. It is also a study of harmonious integration of the overseas Chinese community in Yokohama and its ability to retain its own cultural traits, rights, rituals, traditions and dialect language in one of the most homogenous countries in the world. This increases the attractiveness of Yokohama City in terms of ethnic diversity, cosmopolitan multiculturalism and urban space renewal. |
| chinese lion dance history: An Introduction To The Culture And History Of The Teochews In Singapore Charlene Gia Lim Tan, 2018-07-26 This book is one of the first few books written in English on Chaozhou culture and history. It compiles information from Chinese and English sources including archive material, newspapers, academic works and publications. It presents a panorama view of the Teochews in Singapore. The book is divided into three sections. The first section covers the history of Chaozhou, the Chaozhou culture, the Teochew ethnicity and the migration of the Teochew people to Southeast Asia. The second section covers the history, activities and contributions of the Teochews in Singapore from the 19th century. The third section covers core elements of the Chaozhou culture, including customs and practices, cuisine and tea culture, performing arts and craftworks. With carefully selected photos, pictures and comprehensive accounts, this book takes the general readers on a fascinating journey of the Teochew heritage. For those who wish to continue learning more about Chaozhou culture and history, a selected bibliography is provided at the end of the book. |
| chinese lion dance history: Histories, Cultures, Identities Sharon A. Carstens, 2005 Histories, Cultures, Identities deals with two central questions relating to the Chinese community in Malaysia. First, how has being Chinese shaped the responses of this community to political, economic, and social developments in the country? And second, how have their experiences in Malaysia affected the way in which immigrants from China and their descendants identify themselves as Chinese? |
| chinese lion dance history: A General History of Chinese Art Xifan Li, 2022-10-03 This volume studies the evolution of Chinese art during the Qin and Han Dynasties, The Three Kingdoms, Eastern and Western Jin, and the Northern and Southern Dynasties. It traces the initial artistic vocabularies of Chinese calligraphy as well as the rapid development of the performing and the decorative arts. A General History of Chinese Art comprises six volumes with a total of nine parts spanning from the Prehistoric Era until the 3rd year of Xuantong during the Qing Dynasty (1911). The work provides a comprehensive compilation of in-depth studies of the development of art throughout the subsequent reign of Chinese dynasties and explores the emergence of a wide range of artistic categories such as but not limited to music, dance, acrobatics, singing, story telling, painting, calligraphy, sculpture, architecture, and crafts. Unlike previous reference books, A General History of Chinese Art offers a broader overview of the notion of Chinese art by asserting a more diverse and less material understanding of arts, as has often been the case in Western scholarship. |
| chinese lion dance history: A Kid's Guide to Asian American History Valerie Petrillo, 2007-05-28 Hands-on activities, games, and crafts introduce children to the diversity of Asian American cultures and teach them about the people, experiences, and events that have shaped Asian American history. This book is broken down into sections covering American descendents from various Asian countries, including China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, India, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Topics include the history of immigration from Asian countries, important events in U.S. history, sidebars on famous Asian Americans, language lessons, and activities that highlight arts, games, food, clothing, unique celebrations, and folklore. Kids can paint a calligraphy banner, practice Tai Chi, fold an origami dog or cat, build a Japanese rock garden, construct a Korean kite, cook bibingka, and create a chalk rangoli. A time line, glossary, and recommendations for Web sites, books, movies, and museums round out this multicultural guide. |
| chinese lion dance history: Asian Americans [3 volumes] Xiaojian Zhao, Edward J.W. Park Ph.D., 2013-11-26 This is the most comprehensive and up-to-date reference work on Asian Americans, comprising three volumes that address a broad range of topics on various Asian and Pacific Islander American groups from 1848 to the present day. This three-volume work represents a leading reference resource for Asian American studies that gives students, researchers, librarians, teachers, and other interested readers the ability to easily locate accurate, up-to-date information about Asian ethnic groups, historical and contemporary events, important policies, and notable individuals. Written by leading scholars in their fields of expertise and authorities in diverse professions, the entries devote attention to diverse Asian and Pacific Islander American groups as well as the roles of women, distinct socioeconomic classes, Asian American political and social movements, and race relations involving Asian Americans. |
| chinese lion dance history: The History of Chinese Music Zhi Dao, The book provides highlights on the key concepts and trends of evolution in the History of Chinese Music, as one of the series of books of “China Classified Histories”. |
Exploring the Evolution and Cultural Significance of …
Feb 27, 2024 · The existing lion dances are divided into two main categories: the southern lion and the northern lion, with the Guangdong lion dance belonging to the southern lion category …
Cultural Identity of Guangdong Lion Dance in Chinese …
The Guangdong Lion Dance has a rich history dating back over a thousand years, originating in China during ancient times. Lions were rare in the region, and their introduction by merchants …
Chinese Lion Dance in the United States - ResearchGate
When Southern Chinese began migrating to the U.S. en masse in the mid-1800s, they brought lion dance with them. Thus, Southern lion dance is often performed in areas with large Chinese...
chinese lion dance
History: The Wah Yun Huaren) Culture and Arts Associa-tion, dba The Chinese Lion Dance Association, was formed in Hono-lulu in the summer of 1988, by students of Grand Master …
ALION’S HEA
LION’S The ancient Chinese HEART tradition of lion dancing has roots in both folklore and history, and requires courage, dedication and skill to continue to thrive.
Sports and Heritage: A Review of the Chinese Lion Dance
Although the lion dance is one of China’s iconic rituals, the lion is not native to China. Historically, the lion first came to China during the Han Dynasty as a tribute from the West via the Silk Road.
V02issue01.05.2022.02.pdf - Zenodo
From three dimensions, this article illustrates the change in Hong Kong people’s attitude toward traditional Chinese culture reflected by the lion dance as a set of cultural symbols in the social …
From Symbiosis to Rebirth: Survival Logic and Development …
Mar 9, 2021 · the development history of Suixi Dance Lion, High Pile Lion Dance was developed in the 1980s, with a short develop ent history and low popularity. It pursues the difficulty of …
DANCING LIONS AND DISAPPEARING HISTORY: The National …
during the national culture debates, three of the most powerful issues were Chinese education, national recognition of the Chinese lion dance, and Chinese inclusion in Malaysian history.
The Origin and Dissemination Value of Chinese Dragon and …
Dragon and lion dance, as an intangible cultural heritage in China, is a cultural heritage created and accumulated by the Chinese nation in the long-term historical and social practice.
Genealogy of a Traditional Dance T - Association for Asian …
Jul 14, 2014 · Origins of the Lion Dance world’s great premodern empires. As a means of staying on good terms with the Chinese imperial court, major and minor Asian states entered into …
Chinese Lion Dance pre-6 - Learning Lands
Chinese Lion Dance is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture and other Asian countries. It can be dated back to the Han dynasty 1800 years ago. During the dance, performers mimic a …
The Lion Dances to the Fore : Articulating Chinese Identities in …
The performing arts from China included the opera, puppet theatre, lion and dragon dances performed to honour temple deities, as well as instrumental ensembles and martial arts …
Lesson Plan: Ancient Chinese Folk Dance: Lion Dance
Based on the information obtained and the personal experience they have on performing the lion dance, they will learn more about the ancient civilization and how certain traditions part of …
EMBRACING TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS OF SUIXI LION …
ival. Suixi Lion Head was recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage of Guangdong in 2006. There have been studies on the history and culture of lion dance, such as Sun (2013) …
Traditional Culture into Interactive Arts: The Cases of Lion …
Lion dance from the Han Dynasty, peaked in the Southern and Northern Dynasty. It is a cultural exchange between China and the Western Regions. However, lion dance activities are not …
Dramatizing 1Malaysia in Contemporary Chinese Lion Dance
This article looks into the evolution of the diasporic Chinese lion dance in Malaysia. More importantly, it examines how this traditional art genre stands out among the many other forms …
Musical instruMents and aniMal art of asia
Read the passage on page 4 about the Chinese lion dance. 1. What is a lion dance? 2. Why is the lion dance performed? 3. Where is the lion dance performed? 4. What holiday is usually …
LION DANCE TEAM - CVLT
Here are just a few stories about the origins of the lion dance. A long time ago in a village of China, a fierce creature appeared that horrified the people. It ate their crops as well as the …
Lion and Dragon Dance in Singapore: Lion and Dragon Dance …
Behind two-storey facades of Chinatown’s conserved buildings and lying in dusty cabinets of Chinese clan associations are historical records of our two centuries worth of lion and dragon …
Exploring the Evolution and Cultural Significance of Gua…
Feb 27, 2024 · The existing lion dances are divided into two main categories: the southern lion and the northern lion, with the Guangdong lion dance …
Cultural Identity of Guangdong Lion Dance in …
The Guangdong Lion Dance has a rich history dating back over a thousand years, originating in China during ancient times. Lions were rare in the …
Chinese Lion Dance in the United States - ResearchGate
When Southern Chinese began migrating to the U.S. en masse in the mid-1800s, they brought lion dance with them. Thus, Southern lion …
chinese lion dance
History: The Wah Yun Huaren) Culture and Arts Associa-tion, dba The Chinese Lion Dance Association, was formed in Hono-lulu in the summer of 1988, by …
ALION’S HEA
LION’S The ancient Chinese HEART tradition of lion dancing has roots in both folklore and history, and requires courage, dedication and skill to …
