| blinding in a study: Planning Clinical Research Robert A. Parker, Nancy G. Berman, 2016-10-12 Planning clinical research requires many decisions. The authors of this book explain key decisions with examples showing what works and what does not. |
| blinding in a study: Good Research Practice in Non-Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedicine Anton Bespalov, Martin C. Michel, Thomas Steckler, 2020-01-01 This open access book, published under a CC BY 4.0 license in the Pubmed indexed book series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, provides up-to-date information on best practice to improve experimental design and quality of research in non-clinical pharmacology and biomedicine. |
| blinding in a study: Field Trials of Health Interventions Peter G. Smith, Richard H. Morrow, David A. Ross, 2015 This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Before new interventions are released into disease control programmes, it is essential that they are carefully evaluated in field trials'. These may be complex and expensive undertakings, requiring the follow-up of hundreds, or thousands, of individuals, often for long periods. Descriptions of the detailed procedures and methods used in the trials that have been conducted have rarely been published. A consequence of this, individuals planning such trials have few guidelines available and little access to knowledge accumulated previously, other than their own. In this manual, practical issues in trial design and conduct are discussed fully and in sufficient detail, that Field Trials of Health Interventions may be used as a toolbox' by field investigators. It has been compiled by an international group of over 30 authors with direct experience in the design, conduct, and analysis of field trials in low and middle income countries and is based on their accumulated knowledge and experience. Available as an open access book via Oxford Medicine Online, this new edition is a comprehensive revision, incorporating the new developments that have taken place in recent years with respect to trials, including seven new chapters on subjects ranging from trial governance, and preliminary studies to pilot testing. |
| blinding in a study: Small Clinical Trials Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials, 2001-01-01 Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a large trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement. |
| blinding in a study: Blinding as a Solution to Bias Christopher T Robertson, Aaron S Kesselheim, 2016-01-30 What information should jurors have during court proceedings to render a just decision? Should politicians know who is donating money to their campaigns? Will scientists draw biased conclusions about drug efficacy when they know more about the patient or study population? The potential for bias in decision-making by physicians, lawyers, politicians, and scientists has been recognized for hundreds of years and drawn attention from media and scholars seeking to understand the role that conflicts of interests and other psychological processes play. However, commonly proposed solutions to biased decision-making, such as transparency (disclosing conflicts) or exclusion (avoiding conflicts) do not directly solve the underlying problem of bias and may have unintended consequences. Robertson and Kesselheim bring together a renowned group of interdisciplinary scholars to consider another way to reduce the risk of biased decision-making: blinding. What are the advantages and limitations of blinding? How can we quantify the biases in unblinded research? Can we develop new ways to blind decision-makers? What are the ethical problems with withholding information from decision-makers in the course of blinding? How can blinding be adapted to legal and scientific procedures and in institutions not previously open to this approach? Fundamentally, these sorts of questions—about who needs to know what—open new doors of inquiry for the design of scientific research studies, regulatory institutions, and courts. The volume surveys the theory, practice, and future of blinding, drawing upon leading authors with a diverse range of methodologies and areas of expertise, including forensic sciences, medicine, law, philosophy, economics, psychology, sociology, and statistics. - Introduces readers to the primary policy issue this book seeks to address: biased decision-making. - Provides a focus on blinding as a solution to bias, which has applicability in many domains. - Traces the development of blinding as a solution to bias, and explores the different ways blinding has been employed. - Includes case studies to explore particular uses of blinding for statisticians, radiologists, and fingerprint examiners, and whether the jurors and judges who rely upon them will value and understand blinding. |
| blinding in a study: Clinical Trials Duolao Wang, Ameet Bakhai, 2006 This book explains statistics specifically for a medically literate audience. Readers gain not only an understanding of the basics of medical statistics, but also a critical insight into how to review and evaluate clinical trial evidence. |
| blinding in a study: Sharing Clinical Trial Data Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Strategies for Responsible Sharing of Clinical Trial Data, 2015-04-20 Data sharing can accelerate new discoveries by avoiding duplicative trials, stimulating new ideas for research, and enabling the maximal scientific knowledge and benefits to be gained from the efforts of clinical trial participants and investigators. At the same time, sharing clinical trial data presents risks, burdens, and challenges. These include the need to protect the privacy and honor the consent of clinical trial participants; safeguard the legitimate economic interests of sponsors; and guard against invalid secondary analyses, which could undermine trust in clinical trials or otherwise harm public health. Sharing Clinical Trial Data presents activities and strategies for the responsible sharing of clinical trial data. With the goal of increasing scientific knowledge to lead to better therapies for patients, this book identifies guiding principles and makes recommendations to maximize the benefits and minimize risks. This report offers guidance on the types of clinical trial data available at different points in the process, the points in the process at which each type of data should be shared, methods for sharing data, what groups should have access to data, and future knowledge and infrastructure needs. Responsible sharing of clinical trial data will allow other investigators to replicate published findings and carry out additional analyses, strengthen the evidence base for regulatory and clinical decisions, and increase the scientific knowledge gained from investments by the funders of clinical trials. The recommendations of Sharing Clinical Trial Data will be useful both now and well into the future as improved sharing of data leads to a stronger evidence base for treatment. This book will be of interest to stakeholders across the spectrum of research-from funders, to researchers, to journals, to physicians, and ultimately, to patients. |
| blinding in a study: Clinical Trials Tom Brody, 2016-02-19 Clinical Trials, Second Edition, offers those engaged in clinical trial design a valuable and practical guide. This book takes an integrated approach to incorporate biomedical science, laboratory data of human study, endpoint specification, legal and regulatory aspects and much more with the fundamentals of clinical trial design. It provides an overview of the design options along with the specific details of trial design and offers guidance on how to make appropriate choices. Full of numerous examples and now containing actual decisions from FDA reviewers to better inform trial design, the 2nd edition of Clinical Trials is a must-have resource for early and mid-career researchers and clinicians who design and conduct clinical trials. - Contains new and fully revised material on key topics such as biostatistics, biomarkers, orphan drugs, biosimilars, drug regulations in Europe, drug safety, regulatory approval and more - Extensively covers the study schema and related features of study design - Incorporates laboratory data from studies on human patients to provide a concrete tool for understanding the concepts in the design and conduct of clinical trials - Includes decisions made by FDA reviewers when granting approval of a drug as real world learning examples for readers |
| blinding in a study: Blinded by Sight Osagie Obasogie, 2013-12-11 Colorblindness has become an integral part of the national conversation on race in America. Given the assumptions behind this influential metaphor—that being blind to race will lead to racial equality—it's curious that, until now, we have not considered if or how the blind see race. Most sighted people assume that the answer is obvious: they don't, and are therefore incapable of racial bias—an example that the sighted community should presumably follow. In Blinded by Sight,Osagie K. Obasogie shares a startling observation made during discussions with people from all walks of life who have been blind since birth: even the blind aren't colorblind—blind people understand race visually, just like everyone else. Ask a blind person what race is, and they will more than likely refer to visual cues such as skin color. Obasogie finds that, because blind people think about race visually, they orient their lives around these understandings in terms of who they are friends with, who they date, and much more. In Blinded by Sight, Obasogie argues that rather than being visually obvious, both blind and sighted people are socialized to see race in particular ways, even to a point where blind people see race. So what does this mean for how we live and the laws that govern our society? Obasogie delves into these questions and uncovers how color blindness in law, public policy, and culture will not lead us to any imagined racial utopia. |
| blinding in a study: Double Blind Edward St Aubyn, 2021-03-18 'I was gripped by it' IAN McEWAN Three lives collide, not one of them will emerge unchanged - the exhilarating new novel from the author of the Patrick Melrose series. When Olivia meets a new lover, Francis, just as she is welcoming her dearest friend Lucy back from New York, her life expands dramatically. Her connection to Francis, a committed naturalist living off-grid, is immediate and startling. Eager to involve Lucy in her joy, Olivia introduces the two - but Lucy has news of her own that binds the trio unusually close. Over the months that follow, Lucy's boss Hunter, Olivia's psychoanalyst parents, and a young man named Sebastian are pulled into the friends' orbit, and not one of them will emerge unchanged. 'Moving and so funny' Observer, Books of the Year 'Heroic and astonishing' Sunday Times 'Clever and compassionate... A novel with heart' Spectator 'Entertaining... Immensely pleasurable' Daily Mail |
| blinding in a study: The Making of Blind Men Robert A. Scott, 2017-09-08 The disability of blindness is a learned social role. The various attitudes and patterns of behavior that characterize people who are blind are not inherent in their condition but, rather, are acquired through ordinary processes of social learning. The Making of Blind Men is intended as a systematic and integrated overview of the blindness problem in America. Dr. Scott chronicles which aspects of this problem are being dealt with by organizations for the blind and the effectiveness of this intervention system. He details the potential consequences of blind people becoming clients of blindness agencies by pointing out that many of the attitudes, behavior patterns, and qualities of character that have been assumed to be given to blind people by their condition are, in fact, products of socialization. As the self-concepts of blind men are generated by the same processes of socialization that shape us all, Dr. Scott puts forth the challenge of reforming the organized intervention system by critically evaluating the validity of blindness workers' assumptions about blindness and the blind. It is felt that an enlightened work force can then render the socialization process of the blind into a rational and deliberate force for positive change. |
| blinding in a study: Stumbling Blocks Before the Blind Edward Wheatley, 2010-04-27 Bold, deeply learned, and important, offering a provocative thesis that is worked out through legal and archival materials and in subtle and original readings of literary texts. Absolutely new in content and significantly innovative in methodology and argument, Stumbling Blocks Before the Blind offers a cultural geography of medieval blindness that invites us to be more discriminating about how we think of geographies of disability today. ---Christopher Baswell, Columbia University A challenging, interesting, and timely book that is also very well written . . . Wheatley has researched and brought together a leitmotiv that I never would have guessed was so pervasive, so intriguing, so worthy of a book. ---Jody Enders, University of California, Santa Barbara Stumbling Blocks Before the Blind presents the first comprehensive exploration of a disability in the Middle Ages, drawing on the literature, history, art history, and religious discourse of England and France. It relates current theories of disability to the cultural and institutional constructions of blindness in the eleventh through fifteenth centuries, examining the surprising differences in the treatment of blind people and the responses to blindness in these two countries. The book shows that pernicious attitudes about blindness were partially offset by innovations and ameliorations---social; literary; and, to an extent, medical---that began to foster a fuller understanding and acceptance of blindness. A number of practices and institutions in France, both positive and negative---blinding as punishment, the foundation of hospices for the blind, and some medical treatment---resulted in not only attitudes that commodified human sight but also inhumane satire against the blind in French literature, both secular and religious. Anglo-Saxon and later medieval England differed markedly in all three of these areas, and the less prominent position of blind people in society resulted in noticeably fewer cruel representations in literature. This book will interest students of literature, history, art history, and religion because it will provide clear contexts for considering any medieval artifact relating to blindness---a literary text, a historical document, a theological treatise, or a work of art. For some readers, the book will serve as an introduction to the field of disability studies, an area of increasing interest both within and outside of the academy. Edward Wheatley is Surtz Professor of Medieval Literature at Loyola University, Chicago. |
| blinding in a study: Systematic Reviews in Health Care Matthias Egger, George Davey-Smith, Douglas Altman, 2008-04-15 The second edition of this best-selling book has been thoroughly revised and expanded to reflect the significant changes and advances made in systematic reviewing. New features include discussion on the rationale, meta-analyses of prognostic and diagnostic studies and software, and the use of systematic reviews in practice. |
| blinding in a study: Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Public Health Approaches to Reduce Vision Impairment and Promote Eye Health, 2017-01-15 The ability to see deeply affects how human beings perceive and interpret the world around them. For most people, eyesight is part of everyday communication, social activities, educational and professional pursuits, the care of others, and the maintenance of personal health, independence, and mobility. Functioning eyes and vision system can reduce an adult's risk of chronic health conditions, death, falls and injuries, social isolation, depression, and other psychological problems. In children, properly maintained eye and vision health contributes to a child's social development, academic achievement, and better health across the lifespan. The public generally recognizes its reliance on sight and fears its loss, but emphasis on eye and vision health, in general, has not been integrated into daily life to the same extent as other health promotion activities, such as teeth brushing; hand washing; physical and mental exercise; and various injury prevention behaviors. A larger population health approach is needed to engage a wide range of stakeholders in coordinated efforts that can sustain the scope of behavior change. The shaping of socioeconomic environments can eventually lead to new social norms that promote eye and vision health. Making Eye Health a Population Health Imperative: Vision for Tomorrow proposes a new population-centered framework to guide action and coordination among various, and sometimes competing, stakeholders in pursuit of improved eye and vision health and health equity in the United States. Building on the momentum of previous public health efforts, this report also introduces a model for action that highlights different levels of prevention activities across a range of stakeholders and provides specific examples of how population health strategies can be translated into cohesive areas for action at federal, state, and local levels. |
| blinding in a study: Randomization in Clinical Trials William F. Rosenberger, John M. Lachin, 2015-11-23 Praise for the First Edition “All medical statisticians involved in clinical trials should read this book...” - Controlled Clinical Trials Featuring a unique combination of the applied aspects of randomization in clinical trials with a nonparametric approach to inference, Randomization in Clinical Trials: Theory and Practice, Second Edition is the go-to guide for biostatisticians and pharmaceutical industry statisticians. Randomization in Clinical Trials: Theory and Practice, Second Edition features: Discussions on current philosophies, controversies, and new developments in the increasingly important role of randomization techniques in clinical trials A new chapter on covariate-adaptive randomization, including minimization techniques and inference New developments in restricted randomization and an increased focus on computation of randomization tests as opposed to the asymptotic theory of randomization tests Plenty of problem sets, theoretical exercises, and short computer simulations using SAS® to facilitate classroom teaching, simplify the mathematics, and ease readers’ understanding Randomization in Clinical Trials: Theory and Practice, Second Edition is an excellent reference for researchers as well as applied statisticians and biostatisticians. The Second Edition is also an ideal textbook for upper-undergraduate and graduate-level courses in biostatistics and applied statistics. William F. Rosenberger, PhD, is University Professor and Chairman of the Department of Statistics at George Mason University. He is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and author of over 80 refereed journal articles, as well as The Theory of Response-Adaptive Randomization in Clinical Trials, also published by Wiley. John M. Lachin, ScD, is Research Professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics as well as in the Department of Statistics at The George Washington University. A Fellow of the American Statistical Association and the Society for Clinical Trials, Dr. Lachin is actively involved in coordinating center activities for clinical trials of diabetes. He is the author of Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks, Second Edition, also published by Wiley. |
| blinding in a study: ClinicalTrials Curtis L. Meinert, 2012-03-27 The classic, definitive guide to the design, conduct, and analysis of randomized clinical trials. |
| blinding in a study: Herbal and Traditional Medicine Lester Packer, Sissi Wachtel-Galor, Choon Nam Ong, Barry Halliwell, 2004-08-30 Responding to the increased popularity of herbal medicines and other forms of complementary or alternative medicine in countries around the world, this reference reviews and evaluates various safety, toxicity, and quality-control issues related to the use of traditional and herbal products for health maintenance and disease prevention and treatment. With over 3,550 current references, the book highlights the role of herbal medicine in national health care while providing case studies of widely used herbal remedies and their effects on human health and wellness and the need for the design and performance of methodologically sound clinical trials for the plethora of herbal medicines. |
| blinding in a study: Finding What Works in Health Care Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research, 2011-07-20 Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. |
| blinding in a study: Missing Data Patrick E. McKnight, Katherine M. McKnight, Souraya Sidani, Aurelio José Figueredo, 2007-03-28 While most books on missing data focus on applying sophisticated statistical techniques to deal with the problem after it has occurred, this volume provides a methodology for the control and prevention of missing data. In clear, nontechnical language, the authors help the reader understand the different types of missing data and their implications for the reliability, validity, and generalizability of a study’s conclusions. They provide practical recommendations for designing studies that decrease the likelihood of missing data, and for addressing this important issue when reporting study results. When statistical remedies are needed--such as deletion procedures, augmentation methods, and single imputation and multiple imputation procedures--the book also explains how to make sound decisions about their use. Patrick E. McKnight's website offers a periodically updated annotated bibliography on missing data and links to other Web resources that address missing data. |
| blinding in a study: Ending Medical Reversal Vinayak K. Prasad, Adam S. Cifu, 2019-05-14 Why medicine adopts ineffective or harmful medical practices only to abandon them—sometimes too late. Medications such as Vioxx and procedures such as vertebroplasty for back pain are among the medical advances that turned out to be dangerous or useless. What Dr. Vinayak K. Prasad and Dr. Adam S. Cifu call medical reversal happens when doctors start using a medication, procedure, or diagnostic tool without a robust evidence base—and then stop using it when it is found not to help, or even to harm, patients. In Ending Medical Reversal, Drs. Prasad and Cifu narrate fascinating stories from every corner of medicine to explore why medical reversals occur, how they are harmful, and what can be done to avoid them. They explore the difference between medical innovations that improve care and those that only appear to be promising. They also outline a comprehensive plan to reform medical education, research funding and protocols, and the process for approving new drugs that will ensure that more of what gets done in doctors' offices and hospitals is truly effective. |
| blinding in a study: Bias in Clinical Intervention Research Lise Lotte Gluud, 2005 |
| blinding in a study: Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research Dixon Thomas, 2018-11-23 Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research offers readers a solid foundation in clinical pharmacy and related sciences through contributions by 83 leading experts in the field from 25 countries. This book stresses educational approaches that empower pharmacists with patient care and research competencies. The learning objectives and writing style of the book focus on clarifying the concepts comprehensively for a pharmacist, from regular patient counseling to pharmacogenomics practice. It covers all interesting topics a pharmacist should know. This book serves as a basis to standardize and coordinate learning to practice, explaining basics and using self-learning strategies through online resources or other advanced texts. With an educational approach, it guides pharmacy students and pharmacists to learn quickly and apply. Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research provides an essential foundation for pharmacy students and pharmacists globally. - Covers the core information needed for pharmacy practice courses - Includes multiple case studies and practical situations with 70% focused on practical clinical pharmacology knowledge - Designed for educational settings, but also useful as a refresher for advanced students and researchers |
| blinding in a study: Dynamics of Brain Edema Hanna M. Pappius, William Feindel, 2012-12-06 A workshop on Dynamic Aspects of Cerebral Edema was organized to pro vide an opport~nitY,for interdisciplinary and detailed consideration of this subject, so crucial in neurology and neurosurgery. The previ ous workshops were held in Vienna in 1965 and in Mainz in 1972. In the meantime, our ideas on mechanisms of resolution of cerebral edema had been changing drastically. Controversy had arisen regarding the role of biogenic amines in the development of edema. Active work in several centers had indicated the possibility of a reversible compo nent in edematous changes associated with ischemia, the control of which could be of therapeutic significance in the problem of stroke. It was felt that a thorough discussion, at this time, by those involv ed in these various studies should help to resolve the controversies, to crystallize the implications of the new findings, and to evaluate their application for patient care. In preparing the proceedings for publication we have edited the manu scripts and selected the discussions with an aim to highlight new find ings, to make this volume readable, and to eliminate duplication. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the institutions and organizations previously listed. Many individuals contributed to the success of the workshop and the preparation of the proceedings for publication. Doctors J.B. Brierley, I. Klatzo, H.J. Reulen, and A.G. |
| blinding in a study: A Dictionary of Epidemiology Miquel S. Porta, Sander Greenland, Miguel Hernán, Isabel dos Santos Silva, John M. Last, 2014 This edition is the most updated since its inception, is the essential text for students and professionals working in and around epidemiology or using its methods. It covers subject areas - genetics, clinical epidemiology, public health practice/policy, preventive medicine, health promotion, social sciences and methods for clinical research. |
| blinding in a study: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| blinding in a study: Blind Source Separation Ganesh R. Naik, Wenwu Wang, 2014-05-21 Blind Source Separation intends to report the new results of the efforts on the study of Blind Source Separation (BSS). The book collects novel research ideas and some training in BSS, independent component analysis (ICA), artificial intelligence and signal processing applications. Furthermore, the research results previously scattered in many journals and conferences worldwide are methodically edited and presented in a unified form. The book is likely to be of interest to university researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in computer science and electronics who wish to learn the core principles, methods, algorithms and applications of BSS. Dr. Ganesh R. Naik works at University of Technology, Sydney, Australia; Dr. Wenwu Wang works at University of Surrey, UK. |
| blinding in a study: The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials, 2010-12-21 Randomized clinical trials are the primary tool for evaluating new medical interventions. Randomization provides for a fair comparison between treatment and control groups, balancing out, on average, distributions of known and unknown factors among the participants. Unfortunately, these studies often lack a substantial percentage of data. This missing data reduces the benefit provided by the randomization and introduces potential biases in the comparison of the treatment groups. Missing data can arise for a variety of reasons, including the inability or unwillingness of participants to meet appointments for evaluation. And in some studies, some or all of data collection ceases when participants discontinue study treatment. Existing guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials, and the analysis of the resulting data, provide only limited advice on how to handle missing data. Thus, approaches to the analysis of data with an appreciable amount of missing values tend to be ad hoc and variable. The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials concludes that a more principled approach to design and analysis in the presence of missing data is both needed and possible. Such an approach needs to focus on two critical elements: (1) careful design and conduct to limit the amount and impact of missing data and (2) analysis that makes full use of information on all randomized participants and is based on careful attention to the assumptions about the nature of the missing data underlying estimates of treatment effects. In addition to the highest priority recommendations, the book offers more detailed recommendations on the conduct of clinical trials and techniques for analysis of trial data. |
| blinding in a study: Blind Spots Max H. Bazerman, Ann E. Tenbrunsel, 2012-12-23 When confronted with an ethical dilemma, most of us like to think we would stand up for our principles. But we are not as ethical as we think we are. In Blind Spots, leading business ethicists Max Bazerman and Ann Tenbrunsel examine the ways we overestimate our ability to do what is right and how we act unethically without meaning to. From the collapse of Enron and corruption in the tobacco industry, to sales of the defective Ford Pinto, the downfall of Bernard Madoff, and the Challenger space shuttle disaster, the authors investigate the nature of ethical failures in the business world and beyond, and illustrate how we can become more ethical, bridging the gap between who we are and who we want to be. Explaining why traditional approaches to ethics don't work, the book considers how blind spots like ethical fading--the removal of ethics from the decision--making process--have led to tragedies and scandals such as the Challenger space shuttle disaster, steroid use in Major League Baseball, the crash in the financial markets, and the energy crisis. The authors demonstrate how ethical standards shift, how we neglect to notice and act on the unethical behavior of others, and how compliance initiatives can actually promote unethical behavior. They argue that scandals will continue to emerge unless such approaches take into account the psychology of individuals faced with ethical dilemmas. Distinguishing our should self (the person who knows what is correct) from our want self (the person who ends up making decisions), the authors point out ethical sinkholes that create questionable actions. Suggesting innovative individual and group tactics for improving human judgment, Blind Spots shows us how to secure a place for ethics in our workplaces, institutions, and daily lives. |
| blinding in a study: The Art of Choosing Sheena Iyengar, 2010-04-01 Every day we make choices. Coke or Pepsi? Save or spend? Stay or go? Whether mundane or life-altering, these choices define us and shape our lives. Sheena Iyengar asks the difficult questions about how and why we choose: Is the desire for choice innate or bound by culture? Why do we sometimes choose against our best interests? How much control do we really have over what we choose? Sheena Iyengar's award-winning research reveals that the answers are surprising and profound. In our world of shifting political and cultural forces, technological revolution, and interconnected commerce, our decisions have far-reaching consequences. Use The Art of Choosing as your companion and guide for the many challenges ahead. |
| blinding in a study: Developing and Monitoring Smart Environments for Intelligent Cities Mahmood, Zaigham, 2020-11-20 In recent years, intelligent cities, also known as smart cities or cognitive cities, have become a perceived solution for improving the quality of life of citizens while boosting the efficiency of city services and processes. This new vision involves the integration of various sectors of society through the use of the internet of things. By continuing to enhance research for the better development of the smart environments needed to sustain intelligent cities, citizens will be empowered to provision the e-services provided by the city, city officials will have the ability to interact directly with the community as well as monitor digital environments, and smart communities will be developed where citizens can enjoy improved quality of life. Developing and Monitoring Smart Environments for Intelligent Cities compiles the latest research on the development, management, and monitoring of digital cities and intelligent environments into one complete reference source. The book contains chapters that examine current technologies and the future use of internet of things frameworks as well as device connectivity approaches, communication protocols, security challenges, and their inherent issues and limitations. Including unique coverage on topics such as connected vehicles for smart transportation, security issues for smart homes, and building smart cities for the blind, this reference is ideal for practitioners, urban developers, urban planners, academicians, researchers, and students. |
| blinding in a study: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda, 2017-03-31 Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agendaâ€outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issuesâ€that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs. |
| blinding in a study: Thriving Blind Kristin Smedley, 2019-02-26 Stories of blind people who use creativity and determination to live the life of their dreams. Also includes lists of resources for advocacy, rehabilitation, recreation, and support systems for the blind. |
| blinding in a study: Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race Reni Eddo-Lodge, 2020-11-12 'Every voice raised against racism chips away at its power. We can't afford to stay silent. This book is an attempt to speak' The book that sparked a national conversation. Exploring everything from eradicated black history to the inextricable link between class and race, Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race is the essential handbook for anyone who wants to understand race relations in Britain today. THE NO.1 SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER WINNER OF THE BRITISH BOOK AWARDS NON-FICTION NARRATIVE BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018 FOYLES NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR BLACKWELL'S NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR WINNER OF THE JHALAK PRIZE LONGLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE FOR NON-FICTION LONGLISTED FOR THE ORWELL PRIZE SHORTLISTED FOR A BOOKS ARE MY BAG READERS AWARD |
| blinding in a study: Arts, Culture, and Blindness Simon Hayhoe, 2008 This is the first book to study adult and child art students actually participating in courses designed with their needs in mind in universities and schools for the blind. In doing so, it uniquely delves into the topic of the culture of education and society and its affects on an understanding of blindness and the visual arts. Furthermore, through an analysis of individual and group behaviour, the book also introduces a new cultural model for studying blindness and disability, investigates the social influences on the nature of blindness and the treatment of people who are blind, and examines the influences that have affected the self belief of blind students and the way they create art. There are a number of books on the education of people who are blind or deaf. However, these are largely descriptive or based on experimental rather than observational or social research. Furthermore, books that have analysed blindness and the arts only analyse tactile perception in the education of students who are blind, not social and cultural factors. In addition, although there have been many books and articles analysing research on the perception of aesthetics and blindness, there are only two, one first published in the 1950s and now long out of print (Lowenfeld V & Brittain WL, 1987), and the other published in 2003 (Axel E & Levent N Eds., 2003) that consider the practice of this subject in depth. In particular, there have been no books solely addressing the culture of arts education by non-visual means. This book represents a unique study of the theory of blindness and the arts. In its first section it analyses traditional models of blindness and disability, finding that the history of disability is more a reflection of changes in society towards its scientific study and classification. This book then presents a unique social psychological study of arts students, both children and adults, in situ, their understanding and practice of the arts, particularly the visual arts, and their reaction to the attitudes of their teachers, past and present. In researching the material for the book, the book's author has collaborated with internationally renown charities in the area of blindness, galleries, exhibitions and art, such as Art Education for the Blind, New York and BlindArt, London, leading to interest from museum and gallery professionals in his work. University courses and practising teachers can also benefit from this book. In particular, there are few resources which directly relate to studies of teaching practise in undergraduate and postgraduate courses specialising in the education of students with physical disabilities, or students studying for undergraduate, postgraduate and research degrees in subjects such as Disability Studies, Sociology, Social and Applied Psychology, and Fine Art and Design. |
| blinding in a study: Randomised Controlled Trials Alejandro R. Jadad, 1998 The contributors to this study present a balanced view of the strengths and weaknesses of randomised controlled trials in the medical setting. They cover all the essential issues without using statistics. |
| blinding in a study: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
| blinding in a study: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| blinding in a study: Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ, 2014-04-01 This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. |
| blinding in a study: Blind in Early Modern Japan Wei Yu Wayne Tan, 2022-09-05 A history of the blind in Japan that challenges contemporary notions of disability |
| blinding in a study: Statistics and Data Analysis for Nursing Research Denise F. Polit, Eileen Lake, 2013-11-01 This edition uses a conversational style to teach students how to use statistical methods and procedures to analyze research findings. Readers are guided through the complete analysis process from performing a statistical analysis to the rationale behind doing so. |
Blinding - Concrete Engineering general discussion - Eng-Tips
Apr 3, 2009 · Agree that blinding concrete (or what I call a mudmat) is a good idea many times for ease in setting formwork and steel, to prevent damage of the founding soil in case of rain or just …
Blinding Concrete - Specified Grade - Eng-Tips
Dec 1, 2002 · I have a question of all you experienced structural (foundation) and geotechnical engineers. For the project on which I am currently working, there are two grades of PCC (plain …
Blinding Media Filters - Water treatment and distribution - Eng-Tips
Feb 9, 2004 · The flocculation occurs in the bed, however, your problem is the flocc forming too soon, forming large flocc and collecting on the media surface and blinding it. You want to be …
Blinding - Concrete Engineering general discussion - Eng-Tips
Jun 24, 2013 · Blinding is doing a different job to cover. It's simply there to provide a decent working surface nothing else. Cover implies protection for reinforcement, which blinding might …
concrete blinding dimensions - Structural engineering general ...
Oct 31, 2017 · for the concrete blinding dimensions under isolated footings, does it need to be same size of the footing or bigger. in our case we have a 30cm blinding since the hard rock is at 60cm …
Positive Isolation - Blinds - Valve engineering | Eng-Tips
May 2, 2005 · Isolation of equipment shall be accomplished by blinding or disconnecting and disaligning. Where equipment, operations or conditions will not allow blinding or disconnecting …
Blind concrete ? - Structural engineering general discussion - Eng …
Apr 1, 2002 · In some cases, e.g. under slabs, it is possible to use polythene film instead of blinding concrete; particularly where mesh rebar can be rapidly place in position and the excavation will …
concrete grades please 2 - Eng-Tips
Mar 24, 2007 · Blinding concrete or walkways: 15 ,, = 2175 psi = 152 kg/m2; gen. 2000 psi If you have concerns how to meet the spcs strength, you must send the material samples to the soil …
new building next to existing - Structural engineering general ...
Feb 14, 2017 · I would excavate the previous disturbed soil near the existing wall up to ftg level and fill with blinding conc. then consider continuous ftgs vertical to the existing bldg.. Click to …
Retaining Wall Shear Key 2 - Eng-Tips
Mar 27, 2014 · The friction surface will develop below the bottom of blinding under the key and for developing of shear surface, some passıve pressure should develop , that is the wall should move …
Upholding Blinding in Clinical Trials: Strategies and …
iSAT has no access to any ongoing study data except the snapshot data for the unblind analysis. • Unblind data is saved and analyzed in secured folders for each study with access controlled …
Standard Operating Procedure for the Preparation of a Trial
response system (IxRS) for randomisation, blinding and code breaks. 5. RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL Any researcher or member of a study team who has been given the …
CHECKLIST FOR RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS
study may be distorted. Blinding of those delivering treatment is used in order to minimize this risk. Blinding of those delivering treatment refers to procedures that prevent those delivering …
Clinical study protocol template - ClinicalTrials.gov
US Clinical Development& Medical Affairs-General Medicine AIN457/Secukinumab Clinical Trial Protocol CAIN457FUS01 / NCT02798211 A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, …
Blinding the un-Blinded
Blinded Study Team: The Trial (Blinded) Statistician and Sponsor team members who remain blinded throughout the ... blinding the dictionary we will still report the same observed typeof …
The impact of lack of blinding of patients, treatment ... - The …
Thus, there is a need for a meta-epidemiological study of blinding in randomised clinical trials that: 1) Differentiate clearly between lack of blinding of patients, care providers, and outcome …
Reporting Life Sciences Research - Nature
r eporting life sciences research pril ii Cell lines: To help curb the inadvertent use of cross-contaminated or misidentified cell lines, authors are asked to check their reagents against the …
GUIDELINES FOR COMPLETING A RESEARCH PROTOCOL FOR …
nested case-control studies) and (B) cohort studies. In the former, the study groups are chosen on the basis of their disease or outcome of interest. In a cohort study the comparison groups are …
Supplementary Appendix - The New England Journal of …
Blinding at the study site A site blinding plan was established at each site to identify which personnel would be blinded or unblinded at a site level. A pharmacy manual and specific …
Assessment of blinding in randomized controlled trials of ...
Mar 1, 2010 · study characteristics, methods of blinding assessment, and summary results from studies with blinding assess-ments (details of data extracted were shown inAppendix 1 p.4). …
The Blinding of Protesters and Bystanders in Iran
2 For purposes of this research, we define blinding as injuries that led to a partial or total loss of vision, affecting one or both eyes, consistent with the definition used in UNFFM, “Detailed …
Critical Appraisal of Randomized Controlled Trials: An Overview
Blinding in RCTs of surgical treatments is typically more difficult than in pharmacological trials.5,35 Similarly, blindfolded doctors/ investigators are considerably less likely than …
Blinding of study statisticians in clinical trials: a qualitative …
tive study were t:o understand the various models of statis-tical work in clinical trials units (CTUs); the rationale, from various perspectives, of blinding or not blinding statisti-cians; the benets …
Table of Contents - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious ...
treatment assignment(s). Single-blinding usually refers to the subject(s) being unaware, and double-blinding usually refers to the subject(s), investigator(s), monitor, and, in some cases, …
Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in …
blinding is less important than often believed or meta-epidemiological study limitations, such as residual confounding or imprecision. At this stage, replication of this study is suggested and …
Handling Data “Blinding” for Oncology Open Label …
Handling Data “Blinding” for Oncology Open Label Studies Using a SAS Macro . James Zhao . Merck & Co. Inc., Upper Gwynedd, PA . INTRODUCTION . In Oncology, many clinical trials …
Blinding of Investigational Products - Almac
OF BLINDING Blinding or masking is intended to limit the occurrence of conscious and unconscious bias in the conduct and interpretation of a clinical trial, arising from the influence …
Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials
during the study. Criteria for a judgment of ‘Low risk’ of bias. Any one of the following: • No blinding or incomplete blinding, but the review authors judge that the outcome is not likely to …
Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies - Cochrane
epidemiological study analyses a collection of meta-analyses, in each of which the component studies have been classified according to some study-level characteristic. An early example …
Research Department & STH Researcher
Oct 13, 2011 · blinding of the study. 5.3. The Research Coordinator confirms that the study may be un-blinded by email to the PI, copying in the Pharmacy Clinical Trials Manager (or …
IMPAACT Appendix I - Unblinding - IMPAACT Network
• Double-blinded study: The participant, site investigator, other site staff, and protocol team are unaware of the treatment assignment • Partial-blinded study: Within a study arm, some of the …
Guidance for Clinical Trial Sponsors - U.S. Food and Drug …
Guidance for Clinical Trial Sponsors . Establishment and Operation of Clinical Trial Data Monitoring Committees . For questions on the content of this guidance, contact the Office of …
Study Management SM 307.01 STANDARD OPERATING …
Blinding/Masking: A procedure in which one or more parties to the trial are kept unaware of the treatment assignment(s). Single blinding usually refers to the subject(s) being unaware, and …
Blinding: Who, what, when, why, how? - canjsurg.ca
individuals involved in a clinical research study, most commonly a ran - domized controlled trial (RCT). Although randomization minimizes ... Blinding is a critical methodologic feature of …
Randomized Controlled Trials (Experimental Studies)
Blinding the study participants by using placebos, or a sham treatment, is common practice in clinical trials. The ERIC NOTEBOOK PAGE 2 . ERIC at the UNC CH Department of …
Protocol Deviations and Protocol Violations Made Simple
• Improper breaking of the blinding of the study • Use of prohibited medication • Incorrect or missing tests • Mishandled samples • Multiple visits missed or outside permissible windows • …
Assessing Blinding in Clinical Trials - NeurIPS
Blinding Level The existing work on the assessment of trial blinding uses the collected auxiliary data to calculate a statistic referred to as the blinding index. For a 3-tier auxiliary …
Bias File 5. How blind are the blind? The story of Vitamin C for …
However, blinding is not always possible or feasible. For example, blinding is a big challenge in surgical intervention trials , although sham procedures have been tried, often with ethical …
In Vitro Bioequivalence Data for a Topical Product - U.S. Food …
The IVRT pivotal study comparing the [drug] release rates between the test and RLD products should be performed in a manner compatible with the general procedures and
DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION - Great …
Maintaining the study blind in accordance with the protocol and study-specific blinding/unblinding procedures. Only reveal intervention allocation if instructed to do so by the study medical …
CLINICAL STUDY PROTOCOL A Phase 1A Single Ascending …
two-part study in healthy adult males and females of non-childbearing potential. Because the safety profile of PK10571 in humans is unknown and this is the first clinical study to assess …
Definitions of blinding in randomised controlled trials of ...
The aim of this study was to analyse the completeness of the reporting of blinding in RCTs of interventions in the field of anaesthesiology, the actual blinding status of the various persons …
Blinding or masking - ajodo.org
Blinding or masking Nikolaos Pandis, Associate Editor of Statistics and Research Design Bern, Switzerland, and Corfu, Greece ... the study. For example, in a trial comparing oral hy-giene …
STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF CLINICAL STUDY REPORTS
provide a clear explanation of how the critical design features of the study were chosen and enough information on the plan, methods and conduct of the study so that there is no …
Guideline o the Investigation of Bioequivalence - European …
included in the list regardless of the study outcome. Full study reports should be provided for all studies, except pilot studies for which study report synopses (in accordance with ICH E3) are …
Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool - National Center for …
the study. Blinding was likely effective. Not described in sufficient detail High Low Unclear Detection bias Blinding (outcome assessment) Described all measures used, if any, to blind …
STU-SOP-DMS-002– Standard Operating Procedure on …
phase of the trial to prevent unblinding the entire treatment arm and the entire study in the case of a two-armed study when the treatment allocated to a trial participant has to be revealed for …
Blinding of study statisticians in clinical trials : a qualitative ...
This is a repository copy of Blinding of study statisticians in clinical trials : a qualitative study in UK clinical trials units. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: …
1.0 PURPOSE 2.0 SCOPE 3.0 BACKGROUND - National …
Blinding: A procedure in which one or more parties to the trial are kept unaware of 57 the treatment assignment(s). Single-blinding usually refers to the subject(s) being 58 unaware, …
Advancing Psychedelic Clinical Study Design - Reagan-Udall
• Blinding methods • Pre-, within-, and post-trial expectations (e.g., expectation bias) • Study context (set and setting) • Outcome definitions (efficacy, adverse effects) • Factors that may …
Preview: Post-class quiz 5 - Clinical Trials Question 1 5 points
A. The purpose of blinding is to reduce bias in determining the outcome. B. The purpose of blinding is to reduce confounding. C. In a double blinded study, neither the subject nor the …
Appendix II: Cochrane Handbook Risk of Bias Assessment
study. Criteria for a judgement of ‘Low risk’ of bias. Any one of the following: No blinding or incomplete blinding, but the review authors judge that the outcome is not likely to be …
Randomisation and Code Breaking - g14784.ideagenqpulse.com
6.2. Blinding The blinding of the trial must be maintained for the entire duration of the trial until database lock. The protocol should define the level of blinding required in the trial (e.g. …
Similar Risk of Kidney Failure among Patients with Blinding …
population. The purposes of this study were to characterize the incidence of kidney failure associated with intravitreal anti-VEGF exposure and compare the risk of kidney failure in …
BE-DRI Question by Question Specifications Guide Form 222: …
D. Maintaining Blinding for Evaluation Staff Data recorded on F222 identify the patient’s treatment assignment. Local procedures must be implemented to maintain blinding of Study Evaluation …
SOP S-1035 UoL - University of Leicester
In order to maintain the blinding, unblinded documentation should be retained separately from the rest of the documentation until the end of the study or until the study randomisation code has …
Blinding in randomised clinical trials of psychological ... - CTU
without blinding.7–9 These results were confirmed in a metaep-idemiological study of 228 Cochrane meta-analyses, in which exaggerated effect estimates were found in trials without …
Reporting Summary - Harvard University
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and this data availability statement is included in the manuscript. 2 ...
Blinding in pharmacological trials: the devil is in the details
This method of blinding eliminates the need for matching placebo manufacturing, and is particularly useful for active-controlled trials requiring com-parator blinding. However, over …
Blinding of statisticians in clinical trials: a qualitative study in …
Reference: Iflaifel M, Partlett C, Bell J, Cook A, Gamble C, Julious S, et al. Blinding of study statisticians in clinical trials: a qualitative study in UK clinical trials units. Trials. 2022;23(1):535. …
