| closest languages to english: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson, 2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural background of the earliest known Germanic languages and examines their similarities and differences. The Languages covered include:Gothic Old Norse Old SaxonOld English Old Low Franconian Old High German Written in a lively style, each chapter opens with a brief cultural history of the people who used the language, followed by selected authentic and translated texts and an examination of particular areas including grammar, pronunciation, lexis, dialect variation and borrowing, textual transmission, analogy and drift. |
| closest languages to english: The Story of the English Language Mario Pei, 1968 |
| closest languages to english: Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue John McWhorter, 2009-10-27 A survey of the quirks and quandaries of the English language, focusing on our strange and wonderful grammar Why do we say “I am reading a catalog” instead of “I read a catalog”? Why do we say “do” at all? Is the way we speak a reflection of our cultural values? Delving into these provocative topics and more, Our Magnificent Bastard Language distills hundreds of years of fascinating lore into one lively history. Covering such turning points as the little-known Celtic and Welsh influences on English, the impact of the Viking raids and the Norman Conquest, and the Germanic invasions that started it all during the fifth century ad, John McWhorter narrates this colorful evolution with vigor. Drawing on revolutionary genetic and linguistic research as well as a cache of remarkable trivia about the origins of English words and syntax patterns, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue ultimately demonstrates the arbitrary, maddening nature of English— and its ironic simplicity due to its role as a streamlined lingua franca during the early formation of Britain. This is the book that language aficionados worldwide have been waiting for (and no, it’s not a sin to end a sentence with a preposition). |
| closest languages to english: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex Charles Darwin, 2008-09-02 In the current resurgence of interest in the biological basis of animal behavior and social organization, the ideas and questions pursued by Charles Darwin remain fresh and insightful. This is especially true of The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Darwin's second most important work. This edition is a facsimile reprint of the first printing of the first edition (1871), not previously available in paperback. The work is divided into two parts. Part One marshals behavioral and morphological evidence to argue that humans evolved from other animals. Darwin shoes that human mental and emotional capacities, far from making human beings unique, are evidence of an animal origin and evolutionary development. Part Two is an extended discussion of the differences between the sexes of many species and how they arose as a result of selection. Here Darwin lays the foundation for much contemporary research by arguing that many characteristics of animals have evolved not in response to the selective pressures exerted by their physical and biological environment, but rather to confer an advantage in sexual competition. These two themes are drawn together in two final chapters on the role of sexual selection in humans. In their Introduction, Professors Bonner and May discuss the place of The Descent in its own time and relation to current work in biology and other disciplines. |
| closest languages to english: The Way of the Linguist Steve Kaufmann, 2005-11 The Way of The Linguist, A language learning odyssey. It is now a cliché that the world is a smaller place. We think nothing of jumping on a plane to travel to another country or continent. The most exotic locations are now destinations for mass tourism. Small business people are dealing across frontiers and language barriers like never before. The Internet brings different languages and cultures to our finger-tips. English, the hybrid language of an island at the western extremity of Europe seems to have an unrivalled position as an international medium of communication. But historically periods of cultural and economic domination have never lasted forever. Do we not lose something by relying on the wide spread use of English rather than discovering other languages and cultures? As citizens of this shrunken world, would we not be better off if we were able to speak a few languages other than our own? The answer is obviously yes. Certainly Steve Kaufmann thinks so, and in his busy life as a diplomat and businessman he managed to learn to speak nine languages fluently and observe first hand some of the dominant cultures of Europe and Asia. Why do not more people do the same? In his book The Way of The Linguist, A language learning odyssey, Steve offers some answers. Steve feels anyone can learn a language if they want to. He points out some of the obstacles that hold people back. Drawing on his adventures in Europe and Asia, as a student and businessman, he describes the rewards that come from knowing languages. He relates his evolution as a language learner, abroad and back in his native Canada and explains the kind of attitude that will enable others to achieve second language fluency. Many people have taken on the challenge of language learning but have been frustrated by their lack of success. This book offers detailed advice on the kind of study practices that will achieve language breakthroughs. Steve has developed a language learning system available online at: www.thelinguist.com. |
| closest languages to english: A grammar of Pichi Kofi Yakpo, 2019 Pichi is an Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creole spoken on the island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. It is an offshoot of 19th century Krio (Sierra Leone) and shares many characteristics with West African relatives like Nigerian Pidgin, Cameroon Pidgin, and Ghanaian Pidgin English, as well as with the English-lexifier creoles of the insular and continental Caribbean. This comprehensive description presents a detailed analysis of the grammar and phonology of Pichi. It also includes a collection of texts and wordlists. Pichi features a nominative-accusative alignment, SVO word order, adjective-noun order, prenominal determiners, and prepositions. The language has a seven-vowel system and twenty-two consonant phonemes. Pichi has a two-tone system with tonal minimal pairs, morphological tone, and tonal processes. The morphological structure is largely isolating. Pichi has a rich system of tense-aspect-mood marking, an indicative-subjunctive opposition, and a complex copular system with several suppletive forms. Many features align Pichi with the Atlantic-Congo languages spoken in the West African littoral zone. At the same time, characteristics like the prenominal position of adjectives and determiners show a typological overlap with its lexifier English, while extensive contact with Spanish has left an imprint on the lexicon and grammar as well. |
| closest languages to english: A Frequency Dictionary of German Randall Jones, Erwin Tschirner, 2015-06-03 A Frequency Dictionary of German is an invaluable tool for all learners of German, providing a list of the 4,034 most frequently used words in the language. Based on a 4.2 million-word corpus which is evenly divided between spoken, fiction and non-fiction texts, the dictionary provides a detailed frequency-based list plus alphabetical and part of speech indexes. All entries in the rank frequency list feature the English equivalent, a sample sentence plus an indication of major register variation. The dictionary also contains twenty-one thematically organized lists of frequently used words on a variety of topics as well as eleven special vocabulary lists. A Frequency Dictionary of German aims to enable students of all levels to maximize their study of German vocabulary in an efficient and engaging way. |
| closest languages to english: The Romance Languages Rebecca Posner, 1996-09-05 What is a Romance language? How is one Romance language related to others? How did they all evolve? And what can they tell us about language in general? In this comprehensive survey Rebecca Posner, a distinguished Romance specialist, examines this group of languages from a wide variety of perspectives. Her analysis combines philological expertise with insights drawn from modern theoretical linguistics, both synchronic and diachronic. She relates linguistic features to historical and sociological factors, and teases out those elements which can be attributed to divergence from a common source and those which indicate convergence towards a common aim. Her discussion is extensively illustrated with new and original data, and an up-to-date and comprehensive bibliography is included. This volume will be an invaluable and authoritative guide for students and specialists alike. |
| closest languages to english: English as a Global Language David Crystal, 2012-03-29 Written in a detailed and fascinating manner, this book is ideal for general readers interested in the English language. |
| closest languages to english: Japanese from Zero! George Trombley, Japanese From Zero! is an innovative and integrated approach to learning Japanese that was developed by professional Japanese interpreter George Trombley, Yukari Takenaka and was continuously refined over eight years in the classroom by native Japanese professors. Using up-to-date and easy-to-grasp grammar, Japanese From Zero! is the perfect course for current students of Japanese as well as absolute beginners. |
| closest languages to english: An Introduction to the Celtic Languages Paul Russell, 2014-07-15 This text provides a single-volume, single-author general introduction to the Celtic languages. The first half of the book considers the historical background of the language group as a whole. There follows a discussion of the two main sub-groups of Celtic, Goidelic (comprising Irish, Scottish, Gaelic and Manx) and Brittonic (Welsh, Cornish and Breton) together with a detailed survey of one representative from each group, Irish and Welsh. The second half considers a range of linguistic features which are often regarded as characteristic of Celtic: spelling systems, mutations, verbal nouns and word order. |
| closest languages to english: Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary Kate Woodford, Guy Jackson, 2003 The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary is the ideal dictionary for advanced EFL/ESL learners. Easy to use and with a great CD-ROM - the perfect learner's dictionary for exam success. First published as the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, this new edition has been completely updated and redesigned. - References to over 170,000 words, phrases and examples explained in clear and natural English - All the important new words that have come into the language (e.g. dirty bomb, lairy, 9/11, clickable) - Over 200 'Common Learner Error' notes, based on the Cambridge Learner Corpus from Cambridge ESOL exams Plus, on the CD-ROM: - SMART thesaurus - lets you find all the words with the same meaning - QUICKfind - automatically looks up words while you are working on-screen - SUPERwrite - tools for advanced writing, giving help with grammar and collocation - Hear and practise all the words. |
| closest languages to english: French for Reading Karl C. Sandberg, Eddison C. Tatham, 1997 Programmed text for acquisition of reading skills for beginning courses or rapid review. |
| closest languages to english: The Search for the Perfect Language Umberto Eco, 1997-04-08 The idea that there once existed a language which perfectly and unambiguously expressed the essence of all possible things and concepts has occupied the minds of philosophers, theologians, mystics and others for at least two millennia. This is an investigation into the history of that idea and of its profound influence on European thought, culture and history. From the early Dark Ages to the Renaissance it was widely believed that the language spoken in the Garden of Eden was just such a language, and that all current languages were its decadent descendants from the catastrophe of the Fall and at Babel. The recovery of that language would, for theologians, express the nature of divinity, for cabbalists allow access to hidden knowledge and power, and for philosophers reveal the nature of truth. Versions of these ideas remained current in the Enlightenment, and have recently received fresh impetus in attempts to create a natural language for artificial intelligence. The story that Umberto Eco tells ranges widely from the writings of Augustine, Dante, Descartes and Rousseau, arcane treatises on cabbalism and magic, to the history of the study of language and its origins. He demonstrates the initimate relation between language and identity and describes, for example, how and why the Irish, English, Germans and Swedes - one of whom presented God talking in Swedish to Adam, who replied in Danish, while the serpent tempted Eve in French - have variously claimed their language as closest to the original. He also shows how the late eighteenth-century discovery of a proto-language (Indo-European) for the Aryan peoples was perverted to support notions of racial superiority. To this subtle exposition of a history of extraordinary complexity, Umberto Eco links the associated history of the manner in which the sounds of language and concepts have been written and symbolized. Lucidly and wittily written, the book is, in sum, a tour de force of scholarly detection and cultural interpretation, providing a series of original perspectives on two thousand years of European History. The paperback edition of this book is not available through Blackwell outside of North America. |
| closest languages to english: Language Edward Sapir, 1921 Professor Sapir analyzes, for student and common reader, the elements of language. Among these are the units of language, grammatical concepts and their origins, how languages differ and resemble each other, and the history of the growth of representative languages--Cover. |
| closest languages to english: Language Interrupted John McWhorter, 2007-06-18 Foreigners often say that English language is easy. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings (the verb speak is conjugated hablo, hablas, hablamos), and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straight forward (I speak, you speak, we speak). But linguists generally swat down claims that certain languages are easier than others, since it is assumed all languages are complex to the same degree. For example, they will point to English's use of the word do -- Do you know French? This usage is counter-intuitive and difficult for non-native speakers. Linguist John McWhorter agrees that all languages are complex, but questions whether or not they are all equally complex. The topic of complexity has become a hot issue in recent years, particularly in creole studies, historical linguistics, and language contact. As McWhorter describes, when languages came into contact over the years (when French speakers ruled the English for a few centuries, or the vikings invaded England), a large number of speakers are forced to learn a new language quickly, and this came up with a simplified version, a pidgin. When this ultimately turns into a real language, a creole, the result is still simpler and less complex than a non-interrupted language that has been around for a long time. McWhorter makes the case that this kind of simplification happens in degrees, and criticizes linguists who are reluctant to say that, for example, English is simply simpler than Spanish for socio-historical reasons. He analyzes how various languages that seem simple but are not creoles, actually are simpler than they would be if they had not been broken down by large numbers of adult learners. In addition to English, he looks at Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Malay, and some Arabic varieties. His work will interest not just experts in creole studies and historical linguistics, but the wider community interested in language complexity. |
| closest languages to english: Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing Wurm, Stephen A., 2001-07-17 Close to half of the 6,000 languges spoken in the world are doomed or likely to disappear in the foreseeable future. The disappearance of any language is an irreparable loss for the heritage of all humankind. This new edition of the Atlas, first published in 1996, is intended to give a graphic picture of the magnitude of the problem and a comprehensive list of languages in danger. |
| closest languages to english: The Phonology of Danish Hans Basbøll, 2005-05-06 The book is the most comprehensive account of the phonology of Danish ever published in any language. It gives a clear analysis of the sound patterns of modern Danish and examines the relations between its speech sounds and grammar. The author develops new models for the analysis of phonology and morphology-phonology interactions, and shows how these may be applied to Danish and to other languages. Danish has an unusually rich vowel system and exhibits radical reduction processes that make it difficult for foreigners to understand. The sound pattern is equally challenging for the analyst. Professor Basbøll develops a non-circular model for the sonority syllable and applies it to Danish phonotactics. He presents a radically new and insightful analysis of stød, a syllable accent which has a complex grammatical distribution and is unique among the world ́s languages. He also describes syllabic and word structures, and stress and intonation. The book is fully referenced and indexed. It will be widely welcomed by phonologists and scholars of Danish, and is likely to become the standard account of Danish phonology. |
| closest languages to english: The Stranger Albert Camus, 2012-08-08 With the intrigue of a psychological thriller, Camus's masterpiece gives us the story of an ordinary man unwittingly drawn into a senseless murder on an Algerian beach. Behind the intrigue, Camus explores what he termed the nakedness of man faced with the absurd and describes the condition of reckless alienation and spiritual exhaustion that characterized so much of twentieth-century life. First published in 1946; now in translation by Matthew Ward. |
| closest languages to english: The Sky at Night: Book of the Moon – A Guide to Our Closest Neighbour Maggie Aderin-Pocock, 2018-09-13 How well do you know our closest neighbour? Featured on BBC Radio 4 Saturday Live and BBC Breakfast The moon has fascinated humankind since the beginning of history. But far from being just a big rock out in space, the Moon has a phenomenal power over the earth, with its ability to create great waves, dictate the length of the day and summon the seasons. It is a key player in the story of our planet. In this unique celebration of the Moon, lunar expert and space scientist Dr Maggie Aderin Pocock takes readers on a journey through the Moon’s past, present and future. She uncovers the way the Moon has captured our imaginations, contemplates how it was formed, and uncovers why we need the Moon to protect our fragile earth. Drawing on the latest scientific research, she then looks forward to what might be to come – will we return to the moon or will it become a launch pad to go into the great unknown? Filled with fascinating facts and anecdotes, and written with warmth and passion, The Book of the Moon is for scientists and stargazers alike. You'll never look at our closest neighbour in the same way again. |
| closest languages to english: The Klingon Dictionary Marc Okrand, 1992-01-01 The official guide to Klingon/English words and phrases! The classic comprehensive Star Trek sourcebook for Klingon language and syntax! The only book of its kind, this dictionary includes the fundamental grammar rules, words, and expressions that illustrate the nature of the complex Klingon culture as well as: *A precise pronunciation guide *Commands in Clipped Klingon *Proper use of affixes and suffixes *Conjunctions, exclamations, and superlatives *Simple and complex sentence structure PLUS: a small phrasebook with Klingon translations for essential expressions such as Activate the transport beam, Always trust your instincts, and the ever-popular Surrender or die! Qapla’! |
| closest languages to english: The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin Peter Schrijver, 2024-01-08 |
| closest languages to english: Armenian Origins of Basque: The Linguistic Verdict Vahan Setyan, 2017-12-29 Basque-Armenian language parallels are undeniable, statistically significant, and suspiciously absent in the mainstream academia. This manuscript brings forth the works of many who have examined the Basque language and most particularly, Vahan Sarkisian (1954-2011), a Basqologist, professor and world-renowned academician, who served as a Director of the Chair of Romance Philology at the University of Yerevan, President of the International Association of Hispanics, Director of the Basque-Armenian International Journal - Araxes, and an honorary academician of Euskaltzaindia (1919), the official institution, which is responsible for the Basque language, its corpus and its status in society. He saw the obvious link between two ancient language branches, but left this world too soon. This manuscript is aimed to resurrect his research and revitalize this topic for a serious consideration across all scientific disciplines. |
| closest languages to english: The Sanskrit Language Thomas Burrow, 2001 The Sanskrit Language presents a systematic and comprehensive historical account of the developments in phonology and morphology. This is the only book in English which treats the structure of the Sanskrit language in its relation to the other Indo-European languages and throws light on the significance of the discovery of Sanskrit. It is this discovery that contributed to the study of the comparative philology of the Indo-European languages and eventually the whole science of modern linguistics. Besides drawing on the works of Brugmann and Wackernagel, Professor Burrow incorporates in this book material from Hittite and taking into account various verbal constructions as found in Hittite, he relates the perfect form of Sanskrit to it. The profound influence that the Dravidian languages had on the structure of the Sanskrit language has also been presented lucidly and with a balanced perspective. In a nutshell, the present work can be called, without exaggeration, a pioneering endeavour in the field of linguistics and Indology. |
| closest languages to english: Dominant Language Constellations Joseph Lo Bianco, Larissa Aronin, 2020-09-07 This volume is dedicated to the concept and several applications of Dominant Language Constellations (DLC), by which it advances understanding of current multilingualism through addition of a novel perspective from which to view contemporary language use and acquisition. The term Dominant Language Constellation denotes the set of a person’s or group's most expedient languages, functioning as an entire unit and enabling an individual or group to meet their needs in a multilingual environment. The volume presents pioneering contributions that employ DLC as the lens for analysing a wide array of issues. These include multilingual syntactic development, cross-linguistic interaction and multilingual production in formal and informal educational contexts, as well as linguistic profiles of multilingual groups used in elementary school and higher education. Other DLC issues include discussions of how identity, emotions and attitudes operate in various minority and majority contexts. Because the DLC concept does not assume any inherent hierarchy of languages it can serve as a framework public policy in multilingual countries/communities faced with challenging policy determinations regarding choice of languages for use in education settings and more widely in social institutions and the economy. Some chapters develop and extend the DLC concept, others adapt and apply it to a variety of contexts, both global and local. Many chapters feature educational and social settings across large parts of the world– Africa, Australia, Europe, North America (Canada and the USA) and Southeast Asia. The volume can serve as supplementary reading for courses on multilingualism, sociolinguistics, language policy and planning, educational linguistics, Second and Third Language Acquisition. |
| closest languages to english: How Languages Work Carol Genetti, 2014-01-23 This new introduction to linguistics presents language in all its amazing complexity, while guiding students gently through the basics. Students emerge with an appreciation of the diversity of the world's languages as well as a deeper understanding of the structure of language, and its broader social and cultural context. |
| closest languages to english: Spanish for Reading Fabiola Franco, Karl C. Sandberg, 1998-03-01 A unique approach to Spanish reading comprehension, Spanish for Reading can be used as a textbook supplement in classrooms or by anybody who is teaching himself Spanish. It begins by demonstrating similarities between words and parts of words in Spanish and English, and proceeds to offer practical instruction that will help readers broaden recognition of words and phrases. Each of the book's fifteen chapters concludes with a reading passage, the first of them quite easy to comprehend, and successive passages increasingly complex and sophisticated. Early passages are simple essays on Spain's and the Spanish-speaking world's language, geography, and culture. Later passages are excerpts from well-known works by world renowned Spanish writers, including Jorge Luis Borges, Pablo Neruda, and Gabriel Garcia-Marquez. Students who use this volume methodically will ultimately be reading and understanding these passages in their original, unedited Spanish, without need to seek outside help. Short of spending time in Spain or Latin America, here is as good an introduction to Spanish culture as a student will be able to find anywhere. Photos and line drawings. |
| closest languages to english: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Christopher Moseley, 2010-01-01 Languages are not only tools of communication, they also reflect a view of the world. Languages are vehicles of value systems and cultural expressions and are an essential component of the living heritage of humanity. Yet, many of them are in danger of disappearing. UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger tries to raise awareness on language endangerment. This third edition has been completely revised and expanded to include new series of maps and new points of view. |
| closest languages to english: Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Peter Mark Roget, John Lewis Roget, 1890 |
| closest languages to english: The Merriam-Webster Thesaurus Merriam-Webster, 2023-06 Find the right word fast! This indispensable guide from America's Language Experts is the perfect tool for readers and writers! This all new edition of The Merriam-Webster Thesaurus features more than 150,000 word choices, including related words, antonyms, and near antonyms. Each main entry provides the meaning shared by the synonyms listed and abundant usage examples show words used in context. Words alphabetically organized for ease of use. A great complement to The Merriam-Webster Dictionary and perfect for school, home, or office. |
| closest languages to english: The Five Love Languages Gary Chapman, 2009-12-17 Marriage should be based on love, right? But does it seem as though you and your spouse are speaking two different languages? #1 New York Times bestselling author Dr. Gary Chapman guides couples in identifying, understanding, and speaking their spouse's primary love language-quality time, words of affirmation, gifts, acts of service, or physical touch. By learning the five love languages, you and your spouse will discover your unique love languages and learn practical steps in truly loving each other. Chapters are categorized by love language for easy reference, and each one ends with simple steps to express a specific language to your spouse and guide your marriage in the right direction. A newly designed love languages assessment will help you understand and strengthen your relationship. You can build a lasting, loving marriage together. Gary Chapman hosts a nationally syndicated daily radio program called A Love Language Minute that can be heard on more than 150 radio stations as well as the weekly syndicated program Building Relationships with Gary Chapman, which can both be heard on fivelovelanguages.com. The Five Love Languages is a consistent New York Times bestseller - with over 5 million copies sold and translated into 38 languages. This book is a sales phenomenon, with each year outselling the prior for 16 years running! |
| closest languages to english: WordNet Christiane Fellbaum, 1998 WordNet, an electronic lexical database, is considered to be the most important resource available to researchers in computational linguistics, text analysis, and many related areas. English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexicalized concept. Different relations link the synonym sets. The purpose of this volume is twofold. First, it discusses the design of WordNet and the theoretical motivations behind it. Second, it provides a survey of representative applications, including word sense identification, information retrieval, selectional preferences of verbs, and lexical chains. |
| closest languages to english: British or American English? John Algeo, 2006-08-10 Speakers of British and American English display some striking differences in their use of grammar. In this detailed survey, John Algeo considers questions such as: •Who lives on a street, and who lives in a street? •Who takes a bath, and who has a bath? •Who says Neither do I, and who says Nor do I? •After 'thank you', who says Not at all and who says You're welcome? •Whose team are on the ball, and whose team isn't? Containing extensive quotations from real-life English on both sides of the Atlantic, collected over the past twenty years, this is a clear and highly organized guide to the differences - and the similarities - between the grammar of British and American speakers. Written for those with no prior knowledge of linguistics, it shows how these grammatical differences are linked mainly to particular words, and provides an accessible account of contemporary English in use. |
| closest languages to english: The Hidden Brain Shankar Vedantam, 2010 What if it is simply unconscious biases — in the way of memory, emotion and attention — that produce most misunderstandings and conflicts between people, groups and even nations? How can you tell if it isn't just your brain running on 'auto-pilot' that makes your moral decisions for you, instead of the logical thinking you've nurtured and developed? Reminiscent of Malcolm Gladwell's Blink, The Hidden Brain takes a look at how we actually think both consciously and unconsciously. In The Hidden Brain: how our unconscious minds elect presidents, control markets, wage wars, and save our lives, author and science journalist Shankar Vedantam describes unique cases of everyday unconscious decision making while applying the latest scientific studies to each situation. The result is fascinating. The Hidden Brain explores numerous questions and doubts about the choices we make and updates us on the most recent scientific research on unconscious thinking. Shankar believes most everything we do boils down to the inner workings of our brains. Most human actions are based on unconscious biases, not conscious decisions. Looking into 'the hidden brain' is how he can best explain, scientifically, the many contradictory and illogical things people say and do, regardless of their ability to reason. Shankar's recent journalism enables the lay-person to understand what the scientific and human behaviorist communities are discovering. And his book delves into a wide variety of stories that intriguingly point toward the astounding notion that people are much more dependent on the unconscious than most of us would like to believe, by linking this research to real life situations. If it isn't the unconscious how else do you explain biases that prompt us to think that a black woman leaning over a hospital bed is a nurse, rather than a surgeon? How do you explain why well-meaning managers choose some candidates for job interviews while eliminating others who are equally qualified? Can you explain why people don't always run out of a burning building? |
| closest languages to english: The Priory of the Orange Tree Samantha Shannon, 2020-02-06 THE INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLERA world divided. A queendom without an heir. An ancient enemy awakens.'Epic' Guardian'Majestic' Daily Mail'The new Game of Thrones' StylistAn enthralling, epic fantasy about a world on the brink of war with dragons - and the women who must lead the fight to save it.The House of Berethnet has ruled Inys for a thousand years. Still unwed, Queen Sabran the Ninth must conceive a daughter to protect her realm from destruction - but assassins are getting closer to her door.Ead Duryan is an outsider at court. Though she has risen to the position of lady-in-waiting, she is loyal to a hidden society of mages. Ead keeps a watchful eye on Sabran, secretly protecting her with forbidden magic.Across the dark sea, Tané has trained to be a dragonrider since she was a child, but is forced to make a choice that could see her life unravel.Meanwhile, the divided East and West refuse to parley, and forces of chaos are rising from their sleep... |
| closest languages to english: The Closest Thing to Flying Gill Lewis, 2019-02-07 Present day: Samira doesn't know where to call home. She and her mother came to England when she was four years old, brought across the desert and the sea by a man who has complete control. Always moving on, always afraid of being caught, she longs for freedom. 1891: Hen knows exactly where to call home. Her stifling mother makes sure of that. But her Aunt Kitty is opening her eyes to a whole new world. A world of animal rights, and votes for women, and riding bicycles! Trapped in a life of behaving like a lady, she longs for freedom. When Samira discovers Hen's diary, she finds the inspiration to be brave, to fight for her place in the world, and maybe even to uncover the secrets of her own past... Gill Lewis is the multi-award-winning and best-selling author of novels including Sky Hawk, White Dolphin, and A Story Like the Wind. This is her unforgettable tale of friendship, hope, and finding the courage to fight for what you believe in. |
| closest languages to english: The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingualism Annick De Houwer, Lourdes Ortega, 2018-11-15 The ability to speak two or more languages is a common human experience, whether for children born into bilingual families, young people enrolled in foreign language classes, or mature and older adults learning and using more than one language to meet life's needs and desires. This Handbook offers a developmentally oriented and socially contextualized survey of research into individual bilingualism, comprising the learning, use and, as the case may be, unlearning of two or more spoken and signed languages and language varieties. A wide range of topics is covered, from ideologies, policy, the law, and economics, to exposure and input, language education, measurement of bilingual abilities, attrition and forgetting, and giftedness in bilinguals. Also explored are cross- and intra-disciplinary connections with psychology, clinical linguistics, second language acquisition, education, cognitive science, neurolinguistics, contact linguistics, and sign language research. |
| closest languages to english: A Dictionary of the English Language ... to which are Prefixed an Introductory Dissertation on the Origin, History, and Connection of the Languages of Western Asia and of Europe Noah Webster, 1831 |
| closest languages to english: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, 1997 The Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture is a major new reference work that provides full, inclusive coverage of the major Indo-European language stocks, their origins, and the range of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. The Encyclopedia also includes numerous entries on archaeological cultures having some relationship to the origin and dispersal of Indo-European groups -- as well as entries on some of the major issues in Indo-European cultural studies.There are two kinds of entries in the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture: a) those that are devoted to archaeology, culture, or the various Indo -European languages; and b) those that are devoted to the reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European words.Entries may be accessed either via the General Index or the List of Topics: Entries by Category where all individual reconstructed head-forms can also be found. Reference may also be made to the Language Indices.In order to make the book as accessible as possible to the non-specialist, the Editors have provided a list of Abbreviations and Definitions, which includes a number of definitions of specialist terms (primarily linguistic) with which readers may not be acquainted. As the writing systems of many Indo-European groups vary considerably in terms of phonological representation, there is also included a list of Phonetic Definitions.With more than 700 entries, written by specialists from around the world, the Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture has become an essential reference text in this field. |
| closest languages to english: Extensive Reading Activities for Teaching Language Julian Bamford, Richard R. Day, 2004-08-16 This lively collection of over 100 classroom activities allows teachers to exploit fully the language learning potential of extensive reading. The activities, contributed by teachers who have used them successfully in classrooms all over the world, introduce extensive reading to students, and link it with the rest of the language curriculum. Here is a wealth of ideas for encouraging students to read, and for using students' reading experiences for further language practice and learning. These creative and enjoyable speaking, listening, role-play, reading, writing, and vocabulary activities are suitable for students of all ages and levels. Each activity is clearly explained, together with a personal note from its author. This is a handbook for teachers of general language courses, or grammar, listening, speaking, writing, or reading courses. It is written for teachers both non-native and native speaking, and for teachers both novice and experienced. It will also be of interest to teacher-educators. |
What languages are the most similar to English?
Apart from Scots, the closest languages to English in terms of lexical difference are probably the various English …
taxonomy - Why is it that Frisian is considered the clos…
May 10, 2013 · The article shows a “simplified family tree” of Germanic languages with Anglo-Frisian as a …
Languages understandable to English-speakers without lear…
Mar 5, 2013 · American English is English, just as Mexican Spanish is Spanish. These are not separate …
Worldwide map or data for linguistic distance?
Apr 22, 2016 · Even Celtic languages form a mini-group of four. Image courtesy of. I apologize the's no …
Does English have a sister language other than Scots an…
Sep 13, 2021 · Frisian is the closest extant language to English that may not reasonably be considered a dialect …
Bantu languages: Typology and variation - Denis Creissels
languages grouped with Narrow Bantu into the Southern Bantoid branch of Benue-Congo. Kiessling (this volume) provides an introduction to the West Ring languages of the Grassfields …
A Contrastive Analysis between Bangla and English …
English languages. Bangla is an Indo-European language and of similar linguistic lineage as English and other Indo-European languages although of a different branch (the Indo-Iranian) …
5. Hollander v. 2 readyforpublication - eScholarship
Needless to say, I always told them Dutch is one of the easiest and closest languages to English. Also, unlike German, Dutch did away with its cases. And I am not talking suitcases, but the …
Housing counselors near you
Languages: English Services: Financial Management/Budget Counseling, Financial, Budgeting and Credit Repair Workshops, Pre-purchase Counseling, Pre-purchase Homebuyer Education …
Validity of the Principle of Dynamic Equivalence - ACADEMY …
To achieve this goal, a D-E translation should strive for the "closest natural equivalent" of the source text. This approach toward translation is of great validity which is based on ...
Benchmarking Selected IB Diploma Programme Language …
Benchmarking Selected IB Diploma Programme Language Courses to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Submitted to the International Baccalaureate ...
Lexical Categories in the Salish and Wakashan Languages
Theoretical Perspectives on Languages of the Pacific Northwest Seth Cable Proseminar on Semantic Theory Fall 2008 1 Lexical Categories in the Salish and Wakashan Languages 1. …
The Luwian Language - web-corpora
The English name of the language goes back to the Hittite adverb luwili ‘in Luwian’, ... “core” Indo-European languages. The closest relatives of Luwian within the Anatolian group are small …
THE CANAANITE LANGUAGES - University Blog Service
internal subgrouping of the Canaanite languages remains murky due to two factors. First, most of the Canaanite languages are poorly attested, making it difficult to know when morphosyntactic …
Phonological Adaptation of Loanwords into Mada: An …
However, a large body of literature on loanword phonology in other languages exists. Haspelmath and Tadmor (2009) is a book on loanwords in different language families of the world. The …
The New Languages - JSTOR
Of the new languages, television comes closest to drama and 48. ritual. It combines music and art, language and gesture, rhetoric and color. It favors simultaneity of visual and auditory …
Simultaneous Learning of Two Foreign Languages, English …
Simultaneous Learning of Two Foreign Languages, English and French, by Adult Persian-Speaking Learners 1Rouhollah Rahmatian & Mahdieh Farshadjou1 1 French ... particularly in …
YASAR UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES …
CHOOSE THE ANSWER THAT HAS THE CLOSEST MEANING TO THE SENTENCE GIVEN. 41. It is high time you completed the report. a) You should have completed the report. b) You …
Closest Languages To English (PDF) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
English Language Learners in Public Schools - National …
English Language Learners in Public Schools. ... urban centers, with fringe being the closest to an urban center and remote being the farthest from one. In towns, ... languages, reported for …
Closest Languages To English (PDF) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
Closest Languages To English (PDF) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
Closest Languages To English (book) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in English …
The English translation of Chinese idioms is an old topic in translation studies. There are many relevant researches. In his works entitled Studies of Chinese Idiom Translation，Zhang …
Closest Languages To English (PDF) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
The position of Piedmontese on the Romance …
English is a social dialect of English, and colloquial French is a situational dialect of French. Varieties of dialects will be indicated with the term sub-dialects. 1 The label regional or …
A Historical Phonology of English - Edinburgh University Press
May 27, 2013 · A note on the Companion to A Historical Phonology of English xv 1 Periods in the history of English 1 1.1 Periods in the history of English 2 1.2 Old English (450–1066) 2 1.3 …
Closest Languages To English (book) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
Old English and Old Norse: An Inquiry into Intelligibility and ...
languages and their people that we, some 1,000 years later, are still attempting to discern the extent of their relationship. As new evidence and the reevaluation of old evidence emerges, …
Languages, Dialects, and Varieties - City University of New York
mon to find references to Standard English as being a dialect – admittedly a very important one – of English. Haugen points out that, while speakers of English have never seriously adopted …
Closest Languages To English (2024) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Dictionary of Languages Andrew Dalby,1998 This guide to the languages of the world details more than 400 languages in a clear A Z style The Story of the English Language Mario …
M ar s h al l e s e l an gu age - Archive.org
Jul 27, 2020 · (with English) L a n g u a g e c o d e s I S O m6 3 9 -1 h( tps:/ w.lo c.gov/standards/iso 639-2/php/langcodes ... a Micronesian language , is a me mber of the …
Closest Languages To English (book) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
Climbing the Tower of Treebanks: Improving Low-Resource …
languages without development treebanks, we additionally use (ii) for model selection (i.e., early stopping) in order to prevent overfitting to development treebanks of closest languages. Our …
arXiv:2305.15011v2 [cs.CL] 10 Oct 2023
nantly been on English, and instruction-tuning in languages beyond English remains limited. The closest work to ours is BLOOMZ (Muennighoff et al.,2022), which finetunes BLOOM (Scao et …
Peace Corps
These languages are grouped into geographical zones, which in their turn are divided into groups, sub-groups, dialect clusters (languages) and dialects. These four major ... colleague will read …
Closest Languages To English (Download Only)
Closest Languages To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
60 Ann Kumar - JSTOR
closest relative.8 The noted Spanish linguist Lorenzo Hervas realized the importance of grammatical structure and was the first to discover Indian words in Malagasy.9 Systematic …
Apple vs. Mangosteen: A Qualitative Study of Students ... - ed
English Language among Malaysian students and provides an opportunity for cultural exchange to both the ETAs and the host communities, this programme has since been garnering mixed …
Salikoko S. Mufwene - University of Chicago
tion of Indo-European languages has been concurrent with the gradual dispersal of ... The closest thing to what I suggest can be found in Hag`ege (2000). ... mance languages (e.g., Schlieben …
Languages Closest To English (Download Only) - finder …
Languages Closest To English: Old English and its Closest Relatives Orrin W. Robinson,2003-09-02 This accessible introductory reference source surveys the linguistic and cultural …
Closest Languages To English (PDF) - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English The Enthralling World of Kindle Books: A Comprehensive Guide Revealing the Pros of Kindle Books: A Realm of Ease and Versatility E-book books, with their …
Corrected Omnibus 77 copy:Restyled Omnibus Page
columns are from English, Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit. The words ‘Family tree’ of Indo-European languages. Two examples of regular sound-change: Old English ‘ah’ becomes Modern English …
Basics of Translation - Cambridge Scholars Publishing
background information on cohesion in English depending on Halliday and Hasan’s book Cohesion in English. Framed within a translational point of view, this chapter introduces Arabic …
Bio-Linguistic Studies on the South Indian Dravidian …
Hermann Gundert (1814-93) published Malayalam-English Dictionary (1872), A Grammar of the Malayalam language (1859). Manner’s Tulu-English Dictionary (1886), these are still …
ASJP World Language Tree of Lexical Similarity: Version 3 …
holding among 4350 of the world's languages and dialects (henceforth, languages) currently found in the ASJP database (ASJP stands for Automated Similarity Judgment Program). …
An Investigation into the Culture-Loaded Words Learning by …
English Language Teaching; Vol. 8, No. 8; 2015 ISSN 1916-4742 E-ISSN 1916-4750 ... word “red” may not be considered as a culture-loaded word for in these two languages the word …
Evaluating Language Statistics: The Ethnologue and Beyond
most widely known variety, and is the closest to the written form of Chinese, but whose varieties such as Cantonese, Fukkinese, Shanghai, Wu, and others, are actually related ... varieties, …
Phonological Adaptation of Loanwords into Mada: An …
However, a large body of literature on loanword phonology in other languages exists. Haspelmath and Tadmor (2009) is a book on loanwords in different language families of the world. The …
A COURSE IN MODERN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY - bsu.by
9. Fundamentals of English Lexicography: Number of Vocabulary Units in English — R. S. Ginzburg Main Types of English Dictionaries — G. Y. Knyazeva The authors owe a great debt …
Closest Languages To English [PDF] - 10anos.cdes.gov.br
Closest Languages To English: poignant stroll through a disappearing world the guardian - Mar 02 2023 web dec 1 2019 p hotographer zed nelson s four year study of hoxton street in east …
Reconstructing prehistoric languages
2Linguistics Program, Department of English, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA AB-B, 0000-0003-4574-5666; LP, 0000-0001-8679-5809 ... of extinct languages, this method cannot …
Linguistic Distance: A Quantitative Measure of the Distance …
English and Other Languages Barry R. Chiswick DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES Paul W. Miller Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit Institute for the Study of Labor ... closest to Hebrew. …
Linguistic Distance: A Quantitative Measure of the …
presents and discusses a scalar measure of the distance of other languages from English, based on the ease or difficulty Americans have in learning these other languages. This is followed …
Diagnosis Code Set General Equivalence Mappings - Centers …
Mar 5, 2015 · A sentence translated from English to Chinese may not be able to capture the full meaning of the original because of fundamental differences in the structure of the language. …
