| clustering definition in writing: The Psychology of Writing Ronald T. Kellogg, 1999-08-05 The human ability to render meaning through symbolic media such as art, dance, music, and speech defines, in many ways, the uniqueness of our species. One symbolic medium in particular--written expression--has aroused increasing interest among researchers across disciplines, in areas as diverse as the humanities, education, and the social sciences because it offers a fascinating window into the processes underlying the creation and enunciation of symbolic representation. In The Psychology of Writing, cognitive psychologist Ronald T. Kellogg reviews and integrates the fast-growing, multidisciplinary field of composition research, a field that seeks to understand how people formulate and express their thoughts with the symbols of written text. By examining the production of written text, the book fills a large gap in cognitive psychology, which until now has focused on speech production, comprehension, and reading, while virtually ignoring how people write. Throughout, the author masterfully examines the many critical factors that come together during the writing process--including writer personality, work schedules, method of composing, and knowledge. In providing an important new theoretical framework that enables readers from a wide range of backgrounds to navigate the extensive composition literature, the author drives home the profound significance of meaning-making as a defining feature of human cognition. Kellogg not only draws from the work of leading composition scholars, but quotes insights into the writing process proffered by some of the most gifted practitioners of the writing craft--including E.M. Forster, John Updike, and Samuel Johnson. Engaging and lively, The Psychology of Writing is the perfect introduction to the subject for students, researchers, journalists, and interested general readers. |
| clustering definition in writing: ACADEMIC WRITING FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Dr. Iskandar Abdul Samad, S.Pd., M.A , Dr. Siti Sarah Fitriani, S.Pd., M.A , Endah Anisa Rahma, S.Pd., M.Pd , Dr. Sofia, S.Si., M.Sc , Novalia Rizkanisa, S.Pd., M.Pd , 2020-10-20 Writing is a series of related texts that are made by developing ideas through a process of drafting, shaping, rereading, editing, and revising with the purpose of communicating the ideas to others. When thought are written down, ideas can be examined, reconsidered, rearranged, and changed. |
| clustering definition in writing: Writing the Natural Way Gabriele L. Rico, 1983 Shows all writers how effective writing can beas natural as telling a story to a friend, and as easy as daydreaming. |
| clustering definition in writing: Practical Ideas for Teaching Writing as a Process Carol B. Olson, 1996-02 Contains a collection of specific classroom strategies & suggestions for teaching writing to elementary school students according to an eight-stage process. Specific techniques for teaching each stage of the writing process & descriptions of proven approaches for using these techniques are also included. A wonderful resource, a labor of love from a large & talented group of educators. Had its beginnings in the California Writing Project at the Univ. of California, Irvine. Best Seller! Illustrated. |
| clustering definition in writing: Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, Second Edition Guojun Gan, Chaoqun Ma, Jianhong Wu, 2020-11-10 Data clustering, also known as cluster analysis, is an unsupervised process that divides a set of objects into homogeneous groups. Since the publication of the first edition of this monograph in 2007, development in the area has exploded, especially in clustering algorithms for big data and open-source software for cluster analysis. This second edition reflects these new developments, covers the basics of data clustering, includes a list of popular clustering algorithms, and provides program code that helps users implement clustering algorithms. Data Clustering: Theory, Algorithms and Applications, Second Edition will be of interest to researchers, practitioners, and data scientists as well as undergraduate and graduate students. |
| clustering definition in writing: Study Writing Liz Hamp-Lyons, Ben Heasley, 2006-07-27 A course in written English for academic purposes. |
| clustering definition in writing: Writing Spaces Dana Driscoll, Matthew Vetter, 2020-03-07 Volumes in Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing offer multiple perspectives on a wide range of topics about writing. In each chapter, authors present their unique views, insights, and strategies for writing by addressing the undergraduate reader directly. Drawing on their own experiences, these teachers-as-writers invite students to join in the larger conversation about the craft of writing. Consequently, each essay functions as a standalone text that can easily complement other selected readings in first year writing or writing-intensive courses across the disciplines at any level. Volume 3 continues the tradition of previous volumes with topics such as voice and style in writing, rhetorical appeals, discourse communities, multimodal composing, visual rhetoric, credibility, exigency, working with personal experience in academic writing, globalized writing and rhetoric, constructing scholarly ethos, imitation and style, and rhetorical punctuation. |
| clustering definition in writing: Clustering Algorithms John A. Hartigan, 1975 Shows how Galileo, Newton, and Einstein tried to explain gravity. Discusses the concept of microgravity and NASA's research on gravity and microgravity. |
| clustering definition in writing: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology Mehdi Khosrow-Pour, Mehdi Khosrowpour, 2009 This set of books represents a detailed compendium of authoritative, research-based entries that define the contemporary state of knowledge on technology--Provided by publisher. |
| clustering definition in writing: Ready-To-Use Writing Proficiency Lessons and Activities Carol H. Behrman, 2003-12-29 An experienced teacher and author, Carol Behrman helps students develop the sound foundation they need to become proficient writers throughout their lives. Included are a variety of easy-to-use reproducible activity sheets to provide review and application of basic language skills as well as extensive practice in producing the types of writing called for in standardized tests. The steps of the writing process are emphasized throughout. Each set of activities is accompanied by detailed lesson plans and suggestions to the teacher for presenting and implementing the skills and concepts being addressed. Each section is followed by a practice test focusing on the concepts and skills covered in the section, plus answer keys and scoring guides with writing samples. These practical tests will help students prepare for the types of questions they will be asked on actual tests. |
| clustering definition in writing: The Random-Cluster Model Geoffrey R. Grimmett, 2006-12-13 The random-cluster model has emerged as a key tool in the mathematical study of ferromagnetism. It may be viewed as an extension of percolation to include Ising and Potts models, and its analysis is a mix of arguments from probability and geometry. The Random-Cluster Model contains accounts of the subcritical and supercritical phases, together with clear statements of important open problems. The book includes treatment of the first-order (discontinuous) phase transition. |
| clustering definition in writing: Elements of the Helping Process Raymond Fox, 2001 Bridge the gulf between theoretical science and clinical application! This new edition of Elements of the Helping Process is a practical guide filled with novel ideas and innovative methods for tailoring the helping process to meet clients'special needs. Every chapter of the original edition has been updated, and new chapters in this edition discuss resiliency and its clinical enhancement; trauma and its impact on both clients and clinicians; and practice evaluation processes. The down-to-earth advice in this book draws upon both theoretical foundations and practical techniques and integrates individual and family approaches to assessment and intervention. With common sense and minimal professional jargon, this book will show you how to customize social work to the needs of the client, highlighting components such as writing, developing family trees, and creating logs and profiles. Elements of the Helping Process, Second Edition, provides practical guidelines, systematic directions, and suggestions for actively responding to clients and their needs. Here you'll find detailed descriptions of steps to follow for each phase of the helping process. Use this invaluable synthesis of theories, strategies, and techniques to create a climate of trust and to match assessment and intervention with the unique goals of your clients. This valuable book contains thoughtful, insightful discussions of: a paradigm that emphasizes the health and strengths of the client attachment behavior and empathy creating a safehouse seven levels of helping relationships what to expect from clients at first contact (with a helpful checklist to guide you in assessing first contacts) the importance and process of assessment clients, goals, and contracting guidelines for discovering and capturing a client's life story the benefits of logging and guidelines for using a log the power of metaphor the process of termination; how to know when a client is ready and much, much more! In contrast to guides based strictly on orthodox theory, this user-friendly book bridges the gap between scientific theories and the day-to-day decisions facing clinicians, making it easy for professionals to apply these strategies to individual practices. |
| clustering definition in writing: Building Blocks of Writing Skills Robert Iki Leso, 2012-09 Building Blocks of Writing Skills has been purposely written to meet the writing skills need for the Schools in Papua New Guinea. It is designed to be user-friendly and simplified to meet the teaching and learning needs of the students and teachers in the classroom. This book is a rich material for students and teachers who wish to prepare for National Written Expression Examinations that is organized annually across the country. In five well written chapters, the author swiftly takes the student how to write good narrative, descriptive, expository argumentative papers and letter writing. Each chapter is carefully blended with a step by step direction on how a student should prepare and present a well constructed paper. Indeed, the author has systematically arranged this book in order for the students to easily define, recall and display the different types of writings. It is equipped with useful, handy and practical activities to test the students' knowledge and skills in writing. In all, it is a well written book for students who need it. Without a doubt, this book is not only about helping the students to write clearly and logically to present their narrative, descriptive, expository, argumentative accounts and letter writing but also to develop the knowledge and skill levels of the students to become better person in the future. Those who begin to use this book will acclaim it as a gift from someone who has seen the need for good writing and has given some thoughts and time to come up with this resourceful book. This is a must book for both students and teachers who have the drive to master the skills of writing and become better at it. |
| clustering definition in writing: Handbook of Research on Cluster Theory Charlie Karlsson, 2010-01-01 Karlsson has assembled a strong mix of papers that collectively provide a good sense of some of the latest research in the field. Edward Feser, Review of Regional Studies This is a book every regional scientist and spatial analyst should have on their bookshelf. Like most Handbook type publications it provides depth and breadth on the basics of the industrial clustering concept. However, unlike most of these type of collections, it goes beyond the foundation material to identify and speculate on questions that are emerging on the research frontiers such as at the intersection of cluster theory and agglomeration processes, knowledge spillovers and technology transfer not to mention the obvious link to economic development theory, policy and practice. Roger R. Stough, George Mason University, US This eclectic volume presents a host of methods to describe tendencies for the joint location of economic agents in space. And it illustrates useful applications of these concepts in diverse fields financial services, culture, tourism, and industry, to name just a few. John M. Quigley, University of California, US Clusters have increasingly dominated local and regional development policies in recent decades and the growing intellectual and political interest for clusters and clustering is the prime motivation for this Handbook. Charlie Karlsson unites leading experts to present a thorough overview of economic cluster research. Topics explored include agglomeration and cluster theory, methods for analysing clusters, clustering in different spatial contexts and clustering in service industries. Encompassing the developed economies of Europe and North America, the Handbook provides a basis for improving cluster policy formulation, interpretation and analyses. This comprehensive overview of research on economic clusters will be of interest to scholars and PhD students in (regional) economics, economic geography, regional planning and management as well as practitioners and policymakers at the national, regional and local levels involved in cluster formation and cluster management. |
| clustering definition in writing: How to Read Like a Writer Mike Bunn, When you Read Like a Writer (RLW) you work to identify some of the choices the author made so that you can better understand how such choices might arise in your own writing. The idea is to carefully examine the things you read, looking at the writerly techniques in the text in order to decide if you might want to adopt similar (or the same) techniques in your writing. You are reading to learn about writing. Instead of reading for content or to better understand the ideas in the writing (which you will automatically do to some degree anyway), you are trying to understand how the piece of writing was put together by the author and what you can learn about writing by reading a particular text. As you read in this way, you think about how the choices the author made and the techniques that he/she used are influencing your own responses as a reader. What is it about the way this text is written that makes you feel and respond the way you do? |
| clustering definition in writing: Real Essays with Readings with 2009 MLA Update Susan Anker, 2009-06-23 Click here to find out more about the 2009 MLA Updates and the 2010 APA Updates. Real Essays with Readings is the essay-level book in Susan Anker’s highly successful series of writing texts that motivate students with their message that writing is an essential skill in college and in real life — and that this skill is achievable. Anker’s advice, examples, and assignments show the relevance of writing to all aspects of students’ lives, and profiles of former students prove that success is attainable. Like all the books in the Anker series, Real Essays presents writing in logical, manageable increments: step-by-step writing guides and a focus on the four basics of each mode of writing keep students from becoming overwhelmed. Real Essays maintains its emphasis on what really matters by focusing on the four most serious errors (fragments, run-ons, subject-verb agreement problems, and verb form problems). Real Essays gives students what they need to succeed in college and become stronger academic writers. |
| clustering definition in writing: Cluster Analysis Brian S. Everitt, Sabine Landau, Morven Leese, Daniel Stahl, 2011-01-14 Cluster analysis comprises a range of methods for classifying multivariate data into subgroups. By organizing multivariate data into such subgroups, clustering can help reveal the characteristics of any structure or patterns present. These techniques have proven useful in a wide range of areas such as medicine, psychology, market research and bioinformatics. This fifth edition of the highly successful Cluster Analysis includes coverage of the latest developments in the field and a new chapter dealing with finite mixture models for structured data. Real life examples are used throughout to demonstrate the application of the theory, and figures are used extensively to illustrate graphical techniques. The book is comprehensive yet relatively non-mathematical, focusing on the practical aspects of cluster analysis. Key Features: Presents a comprehensive guide to clustering techniques, with focus on the practical aspects of cluster analysis Provides a thorough revision of the fourth edition, including new developments in clustering longitudinal data and examples from bioinformatics and gene studies./li> Updates the chapter on mixture models to include recent developments and presents a new chapter on mixture modeling for structured data Practitioners and researchers working in cluster analysis and data analysis will benefit from this book. |
| clustering definition in writing: How to Write a Non-fiction Book in 60 Days , How to Write a Non-fiction Book in 60 Days Fourth Edition Ideal for consultants, workshop leaders, speakers, or freelance writers, who want to write a solid first draft of a non-fiction book - in 60 days Want to write a non-fiction book? Learn how to take your book from inspiration to completion in days, not years. Do you have a book just waiting to come out? Are you procrastinating because you think it will take you years to write? This book will show you how to write a comprehensive first draft - a draft you can send to an agent or publisher or one you can edit and self-publish - in 60 days. Written by successful freelance writer, author, and writing instructor Paul Lima, How To Write A Non-fiction Book In 60 Days takes you, step-by-step, from your book idea to a detailed chapter-by-chapter outline, to a solid first draft - in 60 days. In addition, 60 Days includes two bonus chapters: one on constructing effective sentences and paragraphs and one on self-publishing using print on demand (POD) and e-book distributors that get your book in all major online retailers, at no cost to you*. |
| clustering definition in writing: English for a Better World Iv' 2007 Ed. , |
| clustering definition in writing: Practical Ideas for Teaching Writing as a Process at the Elementary School and Middle School Levels Carol Booth Olson, 1996 |
| clustering definition in writing: ECAI 2004 Ramon López de Mántaras, Lorenza Saitta, 2004 This is the Golden Age for Artificial Intelligence. The world is becoming increasingly automated and wired together. This also increases the opportunities for AI to help people and commerce. Almost every sub field of AI had now been used in substantial applications. Some of the fields highlighted in this publication are: CBR Technology; Model Based Systems; Data Mining and Natural Language Techniques. Not only does this publication show the activities, capabilities and accomplishments of the sub fields, it also focuses on what is happening across the field as a whole. |
| clustering definition in writing: The Call of the Writer's Craft Tom Bird, 2009-07-18 Getting a book successfully published is as much about talent and creative drive as it is a matter of determination and business practice. Luckily for would-be authors, this book delivers the how-to on both the creativity and the business. Lecturer and writing retreat leader Tom Bird introduces authors to their Divine Author Within, and guides them through the process of listening to this inner muse. They will learn how to tap into their creative connected mind and relax their logical critical mind so they will be able to write the book they've always wanted to--in just two drafts! Once the book is complete, writers learn how to sell their book. Bird instructs his readers how to successfully navigate the publishing world so that they can make the right choices for their work. |
| clustering definition in writing: Reading to Write Peter Elias Sotiriou, 2002 READING TO WRITE, a brief rhetoric, thematic reader and handbook, is based on the assumption that reading interesting and challenging selections is the most productive way to embrace the writing process. |
| clustering definition in writing: Writing in the Environmental Sciences L. Michelle Baker, 2017-07-20 Tailored to environmental scientists, this guide outlines seven steps for writing documents in the context of conserving natural resources. |
| clustering definition in writing: Using Talk to Support Writing Ros Fisher, Susan Jones, Shirley Larkin, Debra Myhill, 2010-04-22 Using Talk to Support Writing presents a new and innovative approach to the teaching of early writing. The authors discuss both theoretical and practical issues around using talk in the classroom to support children as they learn to write. Set within the context of national concern for achievement in the development of writing ability, it addresses the gap in understanding early teaching and focuses on the exploration of how talk and writing interface. This includes: - Numerous examples of teaching and activities for using talk to support writing - Using extensive data from classrooms; video and audio recordings, and transcripts of children′s talk - Exploring three aspects of talk when used to support writing: talk for idea generation; talk for oral rehearsal and talk for reflection. This book is for students on Primary ITT courses, particularly for English specialists. Students on M-level English and literacy courses will also find it useful. |
| clustering definition in writing: Elementary Cluster Analysis James C. Bezdek, 2022-10-17 The availability of packaged clustering programs means that anyone with data can easily do cluster analysis on it. But many users of this technology don't fully appreciate its many hidden dangers. In today's world of grab and go algorithms, part of my motivation for writing this book is to provide users with a set of cautionary tales about cluster analysis, for it is very much an art as well as a science, and it is easy to stumble if you don't understand its pitfalls. Indeed, it is easy to trip over them even if you do! The parenthetical word usually in the title is very important, because all clustering algorithms can and do fail from time to time. Modern cluster analysis has become so technically intricate that it is often hard for the beginner or the non-specialist to appreciate and understand its many hidden dangers. Here's how Yogi Berra put it, and he was right: In theory there's no difference between theory and practice. In practice, there is ~Yogi Berra This book is a step backwards, to four classical methods for clustering in small, static data sets that have all withstood the tests of time. The youngest of the four methods is now almost 50 years old: Gaussian Mixture Decomposition (GMD, 1898) SAHN Clustering (principally single linkage (SL, 1909)) Hard c-means (HCM, 1956, also widely known as (aka) k-means) Fuzzy c-means (FCM, 1973, reduces to HCM in a certain limit) The dates are the first known writing (to me, anyway) about these four models. I am (with apologies to Marvel Comics) very comfortable in calling HCM, FCM, GMD and SL the Fantastic Four. Cluster analysis is a vast topic. The overall picture in clustering is quite overwhelming, so any attempt to swim at the deep end of the pool in even a very specialized subfield requires a lot of training. But we all start out at the shallow end (or at least that's where we should start!), and this book is aimed squarely at teaching toddlers not to be afraid of the water. There is no section of this book that, if explored in real depth, cannot be expanded into its own volume. So, if your needs are for an in-depth treatment of all the latest developments in any topic in this volume, the best I can do - what I will try to do anyway - is lead you to the pool, and show you where to jump in. |
| clustering definition in writing: Multiplex Networks Emanuele Cozzo, Guilherme Ferraz de Arruda, Francisco Aparecido Rodrigues, Yamir Moreno, 2018-06-27 This book provides the basis of a formal language and explores its possibilities in the characterization of multiplex networks. Armed with the formalism developed, the authors define structural metrics for multiplex networks. A methodology to generalize monoplex structural metrics to multiplex networks is also presented so that the reader will be able to generalize other metrics of interest in a systematic way. Therefore, this book will serve as a guide for the theoretical development of new multiplex metrics. Furthermore, this Brief describes the spectral properties of these networks in relation to concepts from algebraic graph theory and the theory of matrix polynomials. The text is rounded off by analyzing the different structural transitions present in multiplex systems as well as by a brief overview of some representative dynamical processes. Multiplex Networks will appeal to students, researchers, and professionals within the fields of network science, graph theory, and data science. |
| clustering definition in writing: A Description of the Effects of Certain Spatial Visualization Techniques on the Composing Processes of Selected Two Year College Students Fred Barton, 1989 |
| clustering definition in writing: Typologies and Taxonomies Kenneth D. Bailey, 1994-06-13 How do we group different subjects on a variety of variables? Should we use a classification procedure in which only the concepts are classified (typology), one in which only empirical entities are classified (taxonomy), or some combination of both? In this clearly written book, Bailey addresses these questions and shows how classification methods can be used to improve research. Beginning with an exploration of the advantages and disadvantages of classification procedures including those typologies that can be constructed without the use of a computer, the book covers such topics as clustering procedures (including agglomerative and divisive methods), the relationship among various classification techniques (including the relationship of monothetic, qualitative typologies to polythetic, quantitative taxonomies), a comparison of clustering methods and how these methods compare with related statistical techniques such as factor analysis, multidimensional scaling and systems analysis, and lists classification resources. This volume also discusses software packages for use in clustering techniques. |
| clustering definition in writing: Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-Centered Systems I Abdelkader Hameurlain, Josef Küng, Roland Wagner, 2009-08-28 Data management, knowledge discovery, and knowledge processing are core and hot topics in computer science. They are widely accepted as enabling technologies for modern enterprises, enhancing their performance and their decision making processes. Since the 1990s the Internet has been the outstanding driving force for application development in all domains. An increase in the demand for resource sharing (e. g. , computing resources, s- vices, metadata, data sources) across different sites connected through networks has led to an evolvement of data- and knowledge-management systems from centralized systems to decentralized systems enabling large-scale distributed applications prov- ing high scalability. Current decentralized systems still focus on data and knowledge as their main resource characterized by: heterogeneity of nodes, data, and knowledge autonomy of data and knowledge sources and services large-scale data volumes, high numbers of data sources, users, computing resources dynamicity of nodes These characteristics recognize: (i) limitations of methods and techniques developed for centralized systems (ii) requirements to extend or design new approaches and methods enhancing efficiency, dynamicity, and scalability (iii) development of large scale, experimental platforms and relevant benchmarks to evaluate and validate scaling Feasibility of these systems relies basically on P2P (peer-to-peer) techniques and agent systems supporting with scaling and decentralized control. Synergy between Grids, P2P systems and agent technologies is the key to data- and knowledge-centered systems in large-scale environments. |
| clustering definition in writing: Research Methods in Education Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, 2002-09-11 This is a new edition of one of our best-selling textbooks. The authors have thoroughly updated the fourth edition and included more text on current developments in research practice, action research, developments in ICT, questionnaire design, ethnographic research, conducting needs analysis, constructing and using tests, observational methods, reliability and validity, ethical issues and curriculum research. The entire text has been redesigned to cater for the increasingly sophisticated needs of the educational researcher. The new edition is more comprehensive, up-to-date and user-friendly, with increased accessibility. The authors, who are experienced teachers in the field, have produced a better written book (if that's possible) containing readable and realistic views of research and methodology, and show how to interpret the data. |
| clustering definition in writing: Broadcast News Workshop '99 Proceedings Darpa, 1999-06-29 |
| clustering definition in writing: Robust Cluster Analysis and Variable Selection Gunter Ritter, 2014-09-02 Clustering remains a vibrant area of research in statistics. Although there are many books on this topic, there are relatively few that are well founded in the theoretical aspects. In Robust Cluster Analysis and Variable Selection, Gunter Ritter presents an overview of the theory and applications of probabilistic clustering and variable selection, synthesizing the key research results of the last 50 years. The author focuses on the robust clustering methods he found to be the most useful on simulated data and real-time applications. The book provides clear guidance for the varying needs of both applications, describing scenarios in which accuracy and speed are the primary goals. Robust Cluster Analysis and Variable Selection includes all of the important theoretical details, and covers the key probabilistic models, robustness issues, optimization algorithms, validation techniques, and variable selection methods. The book illustrates the different methods with simulated data and applies them to real-world data sets that can be easily downloaded from the web. This provides you with guidance in how to use clustering methods as well as applicable procedures and algorithms without having to understand their probabilistic fundamentals. |
| clustering definition in writing: Thinking/writing Carol Booth Olson, 1992 |
| clustering definition in writing: Dictionary of Information Technology Ramesh Bangia, 2010 |
| clustering definition in writing: High Availability Floyd Piedad, Michael Hawkins, 2001 A best practices guide tothe people and process issues associated with maximizing application availability. Focus is on how enterprises can design systems that are easier to maintain. |
| clustering definition in writing: Revisiting the Assessment of Second Language Abilities: From Theory to Practice Sahbi Hidri, 2018-01-12 This book presents an overview of revisiting the assessment of language abilities. It also showcases how the measurement of such constructs can result in negative or positive washback and how outcomes might be conducive to repercussions that decide on the future of many stakeholders. The 23 chapters were selected among tens of chapters received from different contexts that addressed the issue of revisiting the assessment of language abilities, such as Tunisia, Ukraine, Algeria, Russia, KSA, Sudan, Egypt, Canada, Kurdistan, UK, USA, Iran, Turkey, etc. These contexts have highlighted the necessity to revisit the different constructs which should be assessed with a clear and straightforward foundation on students’ learning objectives and their actual language ability. To do so, most of the chapters present hands-on use of relevant statistical tests that might serve in revisiting the construct definition both theoretically and operationally. Perhaps the sole and intricate question that the authors of these contributions ask is what it means to revisit the assessment of the construct of individualized language ability and how. In addition, the book accentuates the momentousness and significance of reflecting on test fairness and validation as the mainspring and backbone for democratization of assessment. This book appeals to a broad readership, such as English Language Teaching (ELT) practitioners, language teachers, students, testing organizations, policy-makers, test designers, writers of test specifications, testing experts, researchers, program evaluators, especially in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as well as other international contexts. |
| clustering definition in writing: Writing is Critical Action Tilly Warnock, 1989 |
| clustering definition in writing: Practical Ideas , 1986 |
| clustering definition in writing: Grouping Multidimensional Data Jacob Kogan, Charles Nicholas, 2006-02-10 Publisher description |
The Clustering Approach to Better Essay Writing - Royal …
By using a series of boxes and connectors, students can map out their ideas quickly and know exactly where they are going in their answer to an essay question. The clustering approach …
Clustering - earlham.edu
Clustering is also called mind mapping or idea mapping. It is a strategy that allows you to explore the relationships between ideas. • Put the subject in the center of a page. Circle or underline it. …
Microsoft Word - Clustering.doc - msubillings.edu
Clustering Clustering can be used to find topics and to organize thoughts. This technique can be used for any kind of writing. A general topic is needed in order to start the clustering process. …
Prewriting Strategies Worksheet Clustering/Mind Map - Rio …
Clustering/Mind Map Instructions: Select one of the prompt s below. Use the clustering strategy to get started. Remember, clustering is often referred to as mind mapping. This process allows …
Clustering - Kent State University
To generate and organize ideas for writing. Procedure: 1. Choose a nucleus word and circle it on a blank sheet of paper. 2. Cluster, circling each new thought and connecting it. Don’t force …
THE USE OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE …
This research focuses on improving writing skills in descriptive text using clustering technique. Writing skill is one of the skills that are quite complicated to learn because it requires extra …
Teaching Writing through Clustering Technique - The IAFOR …
Clustering technique can help students in solving their problem in writing text, especially for generating and organizing ideas in planning stage. This study aims at capturing secondary …
Clustering Definition In Writing Copy - archive.ncarb.org
Clustering Definition In Writing: Clustering Rui Xu,Don Wunsch,2008-11-03 This is the first book to take a truly comprehensive look at clustering It begins with an introduction to cluster …
This toolkit contains the following sections - Jackson State …
help students begin to organize their ideas. Often clustering is a pre-writing strat. gy used after free writing or brainstorming. A number of iPad apps are excelle. t for clustering (also called …
THE EFFECT OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE ON STUDENTS` …
Abstract: The purposes of this research are to know: 1) The application of Clustering technique in writing descriptive text ability at the ninth grade of SMP Negeri 1 Marancar, 2) The Students’ …
USING CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING …
Disini, menggunakan teknik clustering efektif dalam membantu siswa mendapatkan ide dalam menulis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan dan mencari tahu …
BRAINSTORMING Definition Clustering Outlining.
Definition: Brainstorming is a pre-writing technique that helps gather ideas in order to better organize and speed up the writing process. There are many techniques that can be applied to …
The Thinking-Writing Connection: Using Clustering to Help …
clustering is used to teach students how to write a persuasive piece on a controversial topic, a type of writing required by both their local and state writing assessment
The Clustering Approach to Better Essay Writing - rfwp.com
After twelve years of teaching essay writing to high school freshmen and sophomores, I devised the concept of essay clustering. By using a series of boxes and connectors, students can map …
Clustering In Writing Definition (book) - occupythefarm.org
Clustering in writing is a powerful tool that empowers writers to generate compelling, organized, and engaging content. By facilitating a visual and dynamic exploration of ideas, clustering …
Clustering Definition In Writing - archive.ncarb.org
clustering and offers practical guidelines for applying clustering tools by carefully chosen real life datasets and extensive data analyses The procedures addressed in this book include …
CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING - IAIN Kediri
Key Words: Clustering Technique , teaching writing, descriptive text. Writing is one of the productive skills in English. It is more complicated than the other skills because need hard …
prewriting strategies all 5 - Mt. San Antonio College
Clustering, also known as mind mapping or idea mapping, is a strategy that allows you to explore the relationships between ideas. • Put the subject in the center of a page. Circle or underline it. …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE ON
Title : The Effectiveness of Using Clustering Technique on Students’ Descriptive Text Writing Ability Writer : Yuannisa Fathanah Students’ Number : 1803046002 This study is to investigate …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE TO …
Keywords: Effectiveness, Clustering Technique, Writing, Analytical Exposition. This research was conducted to find whether the use of clustering technique as pre-writing stage is more effective …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES …
clustering technique is to improve students' writing descriptive text skills which can be seen from the difference in the average student‟ test results where the pre-test and post-test scores …
Academic Writing @ Harvard Structure, Style, & Strategy
Writing in graduate school takes lots of practice. As Goldberg explained in her book, Writing Down to the Bones, “the more you do it, the better you get at it.” This reminds me of a PD I once …
1 Prewriting Strategies - Marietta College
Handout prepared by the Marietta College Writing Center 4. Brainstorming What it is—A strategy you can use individually or in groups to quickly generate content. How to do it alone—Spend …
K-means - University of Pennsylvania
K-Means algorithm uPick K cluster centroids at random uAlternate until convergence lAssign points to nearest centroid lSet centroid to the mean of the examples assigned to it
Constructing Meaning in the Disciplines: Reconceptualizing …
forces. One is that writing-to-learn proponents are parochial in insist-ing that writing should be the primary means of meaning construction across the curriculum: that other composing …
Clustering In Writing Definition Copy - ex.awam.org.my
Clustering In Writing Definition Guojun Gan,Chaoqun Ma,Jianhong Wu. Clustering In Writing Definition Clustering Rui Xu,Don Wunsch,2008-11-03 This is the first book to take a truly …
THE USE OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE …
This research focuses on improving writing skills in descriptive text using clustering technique. Writing skill is one of the skills that are quite complicated to learn because it requires extra …
THE EFFECT OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE ON …
So, it can be concluded that clustering technique affects students’ writing ability. In spesific, clustering technique improved students’ content, organization, and coherent text. Keywords: …
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 1.1 …
A. WRITING 1. DEFINITION OF WRITING Based on 2013 Curriculum about basic of standard competencies, English is one of the supplementary subjects that has been learnt by the …
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Nature of Writing 1. Definition …
A. Nature of Writing 1. Definition of writing In teaching language, there are four skills that should be mastered by the students or learners. There are reading, speaking, listening and writing. …
Salisbury University Writing Across the Curriculum Faculty …
ungraded) writing-to-learn activities in our classes, as well as formal (usually graded) written assignments where we pay particular attention to their writing skills. *l. The act of writing …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN …
English teacher was good, (2) the implementation of the clustering technique in teaching writing of narrative text has applied well, (3) the instructional material used at SMA PGRI 56 Ciputat was …
The Analysis of Writing Tasks in High School English …
writing tasks in ten English textbooks for 1st- and 2nd-year high school students. Results showed that writing tasks largely incorporated the process-genre based approach. However, pre …
Using Focused Freewriting to Stimulate Ideas and Foster …
writing a good medium to foster critical thinking but that "written feedback to students", "oral feedback", "the act of writing" and "revising papers" (p.266) are the four most effective …
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Writing 1. The …
A. Writing . 1. The Definition of Writing Communication can be done in two ways: in oral and written form. When someone cannot share the ideas by speaking, he or she can use a written …
Fisher Digital Publications
After their writing piece was scored using the 6+1 writing traits rubric, they were then introduced to a number of graphic organizers to use during the remaining tutoring sessions. These graphic …
Chapter 15 CLUSTERING METHODS - Swarthmore College
forming clustering in large data sets are discussed. Finally, the chapter presents how to determine the number of clusters. Keywords: Clustering, K-means, Intra-cluster homogeneity, Inter …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING CLUSTERING …
Keywords: Descriptive Text, Clustering Technique, Students’ Writing Ability. vi MOTTO “and He is with you wherever you are.” (al-Hadid/57:4) “Tempatkan sesuatu dengan niat yang baik, maka …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING CLUSTERING …
an effectiveness of using Clustering Technique toward students’ writing ability in narrative text at the first semester at the tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Pringsewu in the academic …
Collocation Networks of Selected Words in Academic …
show that ‘research’ and ‘study’ are used rather interchangeably in the writing of the abstracts; however, ‘paper’ has fewer shared collocations in the same academic context. Keywords: …
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN …
Definition of the Clustering Technique In the writing process, one important prewriting step is clustering. Several experts have provided definitions of this technique. According to Langan …
Mind Mapping - Kwantlen Polytechnic University
clustering diagram. Examples of Clustering and Mind Mapping Clustering is a good way to start the process of inventing new writing but may need elaboration to be useful to the process of …
STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILL THROUGH CLUSTERING …
4 try and discard several clusters before finding one that is promising. Clustering works as follows: 1) In a word or phrase, write your topic in the center of a piece of paper.
Creating Meaningful Writing Experiences for Young Children
used writing to support broader literacy learning. For example, even though almost all teachers had writing centers and activities in their classrooms, they tended to focus on name writing …
Clustering - IIT Delhi
Clustering •Clustering is a technique for finding similarity groups in data, called clusters. I.e., –it groups data instances that are similar to (near) each other in one cluster and data instances …
CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING WRITING - IAIN …
C . Clustering Techniqu e 1. The Definition of Clustering Technique ..... 17 2. Teaching Writing Using Clustering ..... 18 3. The Application of Clustering Technique in Writing Descriptive Text …
THESIS THE USE OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE TO …
clustering technique in teaching writing to the students.Clustering is one of the technique to generate the ideas like brainstorming technique. This ... Definition of Writing Writing is a skill, …
THE EFFECT OF USING CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE ON …
The title of this study was “The Effect of Using Clustering Technique on Students’ Achievement in Writing Descriptive Text“ with purpose for submitting in partial fulfillment of the requirement to …
The Impact of Teaching Clustering Prewriting Strategies on …
In addition, Ghufron (2014) conducted a study on the effect of clustering as a pre-writing strategy on improving students’ skills while writing descriptive skills. The results of this study indicated …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE …
feel the writer's experience through their writing. Writing makes it easier for a person to convey their ideas, knowledge, and feelings to others. In reality, many students get stuck when they …
The use of clustering technique to improve students skill in …
writing is the activity of creating visual images and sensory impression through words. A good description is a word picture, the readers. It is usually written logically and vivid detail. The …
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Writing Skills 1.
Definition of Writing Writing is a skill that belongs to productive skill ( Harmer, 2007 : 265 ) as cited by Ihda M. Saifullah, 2017 . It means that the production of ... Clustering Clustering is another …
THE EFFECT OF USING CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE ON …
approach affects students' recall texts. The influence of employing clustering approach on students' writing skills in recount texts at the tenth grade students of SMA Swasta Darul Iman …
HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING - MIT Mathematics
Clustering by this distance is implemented by the “single” option. Note that D min does not satisfy the triangle inequality (it is not a metric in the mathematical sense) because ... At this writing …
THE EFFECT OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE ON …
So, it can be concluded that clustering technique affects students’ writing ability. In spesific, clustering technique improved students’ content, organization, and coherent text. Keywords: …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN …
effect of clustering technique toward the students’ scorein writing recount text was rejected.Therefore, teaching writing using clustering technique ofthe tenth grade students of …
BRAINSTORMING Definition Clustering Outlining.
BRAINSTORMING Definition: Brainstorming is a pre-writing technique that helps gather ideas in order to better organize and speed up the writing process. There are many techniques that …
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. The …
The Definition of Writing Writing is an act of communication. Writing is one of the four skills in English language learning. Dulay stated that writing is the only mode in which ... Clustering is …
Formative Assessment Writing Activities and
Definition Classroom Options Writing Break Stop in the middle of class and give students two minutes to write about the lesson or topic. Students can discuss in pairs, share and write …
Poetry Explications - The Writing Center
The Writing Center Poetry Explications What this handout is about A poetry explication is a relatively short analysis which describes the possible meanings and relationships of the words, …
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ SKILL IN WRITING …
IMPROVING STUDENTS' SKILL IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT THROUGH CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE (A pre-Experintent Research at the Second Grade of MTs Khazanah Kebaiikan …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN …
Key words: the effectiveness, teaching writing, recount text, clustering technique. Writing is one of skill that consider as a difficult skill for some students. There are many techniques that the …
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING CLUSTERING …
This study is to investigate the effectiveness of the clustering technique on students’ writing ability of descriptive text in the Seventh Grade of SMPN 16 Semarang in the Academic Year …
Clustering Algorithms - Stanford University
1. For&each&point,&place&itin&the&cluster&whose& currentcentroid&itis&nearest,&and&update&the& centroid&of&the&cluster.& 2. …
USING CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE IN TEACHING …
4.5 Clustering Technique Is Easy To Be Implemented 54 4.6 Their Motivation in Learning Writing Increases Due To Implementation of Clustering Technique 55 4.7 Clustering Technique Is a …
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS USING CLUSTERING …
Clustering Technique To Improve Descriptive Text Writing Skill At The Tenth Graders Of Vocational High School 03 Metro In The Academic Year 2016 / 2017”. This undergraduate …
An Overview of Dyslexia: Definition, Characteristics, …
All of these interventions have shown to benefit the reading and writing abilities of persons with dyslexia. Conclusions: The unique nature and presentation of dyslexia varies among …
THE USE OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE …
Keywords: Clustering Technique, CAR, Writing Skill INTRODUCTION ... The definition of clustering technique is about technique there are three terms that have to
STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF AI-POWERED WRITING …
AI-powered writing tools, different student types were identified by using the k-means clustering method. The results ... (e.g., writing is a hobby of mine) were used to build the instrument …
A THESIS THE EFFECT OF CLUSTERING TECHNIQUE …
faced by students in writing include lack of vocabulary, poor grammar, inability to arrange words into sentences, inability to spell every word correctly, choose the right words, write certain …
