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| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Nonequilibrium Gas Dynamics and Molecular Simulation Iain D. Boyd, Thomas E. Schwartzentruber, 2017-03-23 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Rotational Energy Exchange Models -- 7.2.1 Constant Collision Number -- 7.2.2 The Parker Model -- 7.2.3 Variable Probability Exchange Model of Boyd -- 7.2.4 Nonequilibrium Direction Dependent Model -- 7.2.5 Model Results -- 7.3 Vibrational Energy Exchange Models -- 7.3.1 Constant Collision Number -- 7.3.2 The Millikan-White Model -- 7.3.3 Quantized Treatment for Vibration -- 7.3.4 Model Results -- 7.4 Dissociation Chemical Reactions -- 7.4.1 Total Collision Energy Model -- 7.4.2 Redistribution of Energy Following a Dissociation Reaction -- 7.4.3 Vibrationally Favored Dissociation Model -- 7.5 General Chemical Reactions -- 7.5.1 Reaction Rates and Equilibrium Constant -- 7.5.2 Backward Reaction Rates in DSMC -- 7.5.3 Three-Body Recombination Reactions -- 7.5.4 Post-Reaction Energy Redistribution and General Implementation -- 7.5.5 DSMC Solutions for Reacting Flows -- 7.6 Summary -- Appendix A: Generating Particle Properties -- Appendix B: Collisional Quantities -- Appendix C: Determining Post-Collision Velocities -- Appendix D: Macroscopic Properties -- Appendix E: Common Integrals -- References -- Index |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Dynamics of Lattice Materials A. Srikantha Phani, Mahmoud I. Hussein, 2017-09-25 Provides a comprehensive introduction to the dynamic response of lattice materials, covering the fundamental theory and applications in engineering practice Offers comprehensive treatment of dynamics of lattice materials and periodic materials in general, including phononic crystals and elastic metamaterials Provides an in depth introduction to elastostatics and elastodynamics of lattice materials Covers advanced topics such as damping, nonlinearity, instability, impact and nanoscale systems Introduces contemporary concepts including pentamodes, local resonance and inertial amplification Includes chapters on fast computation and design optimization tools Topics are introduced using simple systems and generalized to more complex structures with a focus on dispersion characteristics |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Analytical Mechanics of Space Systems Hanspeter Schaub, John L. Junkins, 2003 |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century Y. Jade Morton, Frank van Diggelen, James J. Spilker, Jr., Bradford W. Parkinson, Sherman Lo, Grace Gao, 2021-01-13 Covers the latest developments in PNT technologies, including integrated satellite navigation, sensor systems, and civil applications Featuring sixty-four chapters that are divided into six parts, this two-volume work provides comprehensive coverage of the state-of-the-art in satellite-based position, navigation, and timing (PNT) technologies and civilian applications. It also examines alternative navigation technologies based on other signals-of-opportunity and sensors and offers a comprehensive treatment on integrated PNT systems for consumer and commercial applications. Volume 1 of Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications contains three parts and focuses on the satellite navigation systems, technologies, and engineering and scientific applications. It starts with a historical perspective of GPS development and other related PNT development. Current global and regional navigation satellite systems (GNSS and RNSS), their inter-operability, signal quality monitoring, satellite orbit and time synchronization, and ground- and satellite-based augmentation systems are examined. Recent progresses in satellite navigation receiver technologies and challenges for operations in multipath-rich urban environment, in handling spoofing and interference, and in ensuring PNT integrity are addressed. A section on satellite navigation for engineering and scientific applications finishes off the volume. Volume 2 of Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications consists of three parts and addresses PNT using alternative signals and sensors and integrated PNT technologies for consumer and commercial applications. It looks at PNT using various radio signals-of-opportunity, atomic clock, optical, laser, magnetic field, celestial, MEMS and inertial sensors, as well as the concept of navigation from Low-Earth Orbiting (LEO) satellites. GNSS-INS integration, neuroscience of navigation, and animal navigation are also covered. The volume finishes off with a collection of work on contemporary PNT applications such as survey and mobile mapping, precision agriculture, wearable systems, automated driving, train control, commercial unmanned aircraft systems, aviation, and navigation in the unique Arctic environment. In addition, this text: Serves as a complete reference and handbook for professionals and students interested in the broad range of PNT subjects Includes chapters that focus on the latest developments in GNSS and other navigation sensors, techniques, and applications Illustrates interconnecting relationships between various types of technologies in order to assure more protected, tough, and accurate PNT Position, Navigation, and Timing Technologies in the 21st Century: Integrated Satellite Navigation, Sensor Systems, and Civil Applications will appeal to all industry professionals, researchers, and academics involved with the science, engineering, and applications of position, navigation, and timing technologies. pnt21book.com |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Orbital Motion in Strongly Perturbed Environments Daniel J. Scheeres, 2016-06-24 The investigation of minor solar system bodies, such as comets and asteroids, using spacecraft requires an understanding of orbital motion in strongly perturbed environments. The solutions to a wide range of complex and challenging problems in this field are reviewed in this comprehensive and authoritative work. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Aerospace Engineering Education During the First Century of Flight Barnes Warnock McCormick, Conrad F. Newberry, Eric Jumper, 2004 On 17 December 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC, the Wright brothers succeeded in achieving controlled flight in a heavier-than-air machine. This feat was accomplished by them only after meticulous experiments and a study of the work of others before them like Sir George Cayley, Otto Lilienthal, and Samuel Langley. The first evidence of the academic community becoming interested in human flight is found in 1883 when Professor J. J. Montgomery of Santa Clara College conducted a series of glider tests. Seven years later, in 1890, Octave Chanute presented a number of lectures to students of Sibley College, Cornell University entitled Aerial Navigation. This book is a collection of papers solicited from U. S. universities or institutions with a history of programs in Aerospace/Aeronautical engineering. There are 69 institutions covered in the 71 chapters. This collection of papers represents an authoritative story of the development of educational programs in the nation that were devoted to human flight. Most of these programs are still in existence but there are a few papers covering the history of programs that are no longer in operation. documented in Part I as well as the rapid expansion of educational programs relating to aeronautical engineering that took place in the 1940s. Part II is devoted to the four schools that were pioneers in establishing formal programs. Part III describes the activities of the Guggenheim Foundation that spurred much of the development of programs in aeronautical engineering. Part IV covers the 48 colleges and universities that were formally established in the mid-1930s to the present. The military institutions are grouped together in the Part V; and Part VI presents the histories of those programs that evolved from proprietary institutions. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Brains in Space: Effects of Spaceflight on the Human Brain and Behavior, volume II Raffaella Ricci, Rahul Goel, Donna R. Roberts, Elena S. Tomilovskaya, Floris L. Wuyts, 2023-12-20 |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Volume 150 American Astonautical Society Contributors, Francesco Vicario, 2014-03-25 Advances in the Astronautical Sciences Series Volume 150 is a collection of scientific papers that were presented at the American Astronautical Society/American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Astrodynamics Conference held August 11-15, 2013, in Hilton Head, South Carolina. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Bioregenerative Life-Support Systems for Crewed Missions to the Moon and Mars Cyprien Verseux, Jean-Pierre Paul de Vera, Natalie Leys, Lucie Poulet, 2022-10-20 |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Comparative Measurements of Total Temperature in a Supersonic Turbulent Boundary Layer Using a Conical Equilibrium and Combined Temperature-pressure Probe R. L. P. Voisinet, Roland E. Lee, Hans Ulrich Meier, 1974 The predominant probes used for measuring total temperature in a compressible boundary-layer flow are described. The results of a direct comparison between two of these probes, the conical equilibrium temperature probe (Danberg probe) and the combined temperature-pressure probe of the DFVLR-AVA, are presented. The comparison was made by testing the probes simultaneously in the nozzle-wall turbulent boundary-layer flow of the NOL Boundary Layer Channel at zero and moderate heat-transfer conditions... |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: The Effects of Heavy Water (D2O) as a Catalyst in a CO2-N2 Gasdynamic Laserm John S. Vamos, 1974 |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Analytical Procedures Used to Obtain and Evaluate the Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length Extracted from Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer Data W. J. Glowacki, 1974 Results of a study on the effect of freestream pressure gradient on the eddy viscosity and mixing length for incompressible equilibrium turbulent boundary layers were presented in a separate report. The present report describes in detail the analytical procedures used to obtain those results. A procedure is discussed for extracting shear stress, eddy viscosity, and mixing length distributions from experimental velocity profile data. Also a simple turbulent boundary layer calculation procedure is presented which was used to verify and to evaluate the data. (Modified author abstract). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Measurements of a Supersonic Favorable-pressure-gradient Turbulent Boundary Layer with Heat Transfer Robert L. P. Voisinet, Roland E. Lee, 1973 The results of a detailed experimental investigation of the compressible turbulent boundary layer in a favorable-pressure-gradient flow are presented for zero, moderate and severe heat-transfer conditions. The studies were conducted on a flat nozzle wall at momentum thickness Reynolds numbers from 6,700 to 56,000 and at three wall-to-adiabatic-wall temperature ratios. An attempt was made to hold values of Clauser's pressure-gradient parameter constant. Complete profile measurements were taken with Pitot pressure probes and conical-equilibrium and fine-wire temperature probes. (Modified author abstract). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Temperature Dependence of CO2 Laser Radiation Absorption in SF6 -air Mixtures Jerry L. Wagner, 1973 Experimental results for the temperature dependence of the 10.6 micrometer absorption coefficient of SF6-air mixtures are presented. A summary from previous works is also presented which provides complete variations of absorption coefficient with pressure, wavelength, and temperature. This fundamental physical data provides insight into the understanding of laser radiation absorption mechanisms in SF6-air mixtures. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Shock-tube Diagnostics Utilizing Laser Raman Spectroscopy Anthony A. Boiarski, 1975 The laser Raman scattering technique shows potential as a diagnostic method for determining the chemical and thermodynamic state of high-temperature gases. To investigate the utility of this technique for shock-tube diagnostics, and to validate the method at known elevated temperatures, vibrational Raman intensities were measured behind an incident shock wave. Intensity history data through the wave front, vibrational excitation times of oxygen in air, along with temperature and density measurements for oxygen and nitrogen in air were obtained over a range of postshock conditions. The measured densities and temperatures were found to be in good agreement with shock-wave theory. An excitation time measurement also agreed well with shock-tube data obtained with other diagnostic methods. In general, the results indicated that the Raman scattering technique was accurate at elevated temperatures and should prove useful in determining the thermochemical state of gases in continuous flows as well as in shock tubes and other impulse facilities. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Wind Turbine Control and Monitoring Ningsu Luo, Yolanda Vidal, Leonardo Acho, 2014-08-30 Maximizing reader insights into the latest technical developments and trends involving wind turbine control and monitoring, fault diagnosis, and wind power systems, ‘Wind Turbine Control and Monitoring’ presents an accessible and straightforward introduction to wind turbines, but also includes an in-depth analysis incorporating illustrations, tables and examples on how to use wind turbine modeling and simulation software. Featuring analysis from leading experts and researchers in the field, the book provides new understanding, methodologies and algorithms of control and monitoring, computer tools for modeling and simulation, and advances the current state-of-the-art on wind turbine monitoring and fault diagnosis; power converter systems; and cooperative & fault-tolerant control systems for maximizing the wind power generation and reducing the maintenance cost. This book is primarily intended for researchers in the field of wind turbines, control, mechatronics and energy; postgraduates in the field of mechanical and electrical engineering; and graduate and senior undergraduate students in engineering wishing to expand their knowledge of wind energy systems. The book will also interest practicing engineers dealing with wind technology who will benefit from the comprehensive coverage of the theoretic control topics, the simplicity of the models and the use of commonly available control algorithms and monitoring techniques. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Study of the Effect of Pressure Gradient on the Eddy Viscosity and Mixing Length for Incompressible Equilibrium Turbulent Boundary Layers W. J. Glowacki, S. W. Chi, 1974 Shear stress, eddy viscosity, and mixing length distributions corresponding to five two-dimensional, incompressible equilibrium turbulent boundary layers were calculated by substituting measured velocity profile data into the governing equations. The five flows cover the range from moderate adverse pressure gradient to strong favorable pressure gradient. (Modified author abstract). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Encyclopedia of Microfluidics and Nanofluidics Dongqing Li, 2008-08-06 Covering all aspects of transport phenomena on the nano- and micro-scale, this encyclopedia features over 750 entries in three alphabetically-arranged volumes including the most up-to-date research, insights, and applied techniques across all areas. Coverage includes electrical double-layers, optofluidics, DNC lab-on-a-chip, nanosensors, and more. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Dynamic Materials Models in Computer Programs Lennart Agardh, 1998-04 Presents unrevised proceedings of a 1996 workshop on material modeling held in Stockholm. Discussions include: analysis of concrete structures using Abaqus/Explicit; brittle failure and crack propagation in concrete; implementation of material models in Dyna-3D; analysis of impact on reinforced concrete structures with LS-Dyna3D; modeling of brittle materials for hydrocodes; implementation of the Johnson-Holmquist model as a user subroutine in Autodyne and penetration of tungsten rods into Alumina targets; and testing materials with Hopkinson Torsion Bar equipment. Charts and tables. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Green's Functions and Boundary Element Analysis for Modeling of Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Materials J. R. Berger, V. K. Tewary, 1998-03 Demonstrates the potential of Green's functions & boundary element methods in solving a broad range of practical materials science problems. Papers include: Accurate Discretization of Integral Operators, Boundary Element Analysis of Bimaterials Using Anisotropic Elastic Green's Functions, Mechanical Properties of Metal-Matrix Composites, Approximate Operators for Boundary Integral Equations in Transient Elastodynamics, Simulation of the Electrochemical Machining Process Using a 2D Fundamental Singular Solution, Elastic Green's Functions for Anisotropic Solids, & more. Charts & tables. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Balance for Measuring Skin Friction in the Presence of Ablation James R. Bruno, Donald B. Risher, 1968 This report describes a skin-friction balance that is presently being used to measure shear stresses acting on the wall of an ablative duct. Tests have been conducted in the 3 Megawatt Arc Tunnel with a Mach number of 3, a stagnation enthalpy of 3000 BTU/lb, and a stagnation pressure of 20 atmospheres. The balance is a direct deflection measuring device in that balance arm rotation is measured with a linear variable differential transformer as the balance arm deflects due to shear loads acting on the end of the balance arm. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: An Experimental Investigation of the Surface Pitot Probe Including Effects of Heat Transfer and Compressibility David L. Brott, William Joseph Yanta, Roland E. Lee, 1968 This report presents the experimental investigation of surface Pitot probe in both subsonic and supersonic flow. The effect of heat transfer on the results was also investigated in supersonic flow. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Slot Jet Interaction Studies of an Ogive Cylinder at M[infinity] Ralph Edward Phinney, Michael J Werle, J. Knott, W. C. Volz, 1968 An experimental study of the control forces and moments generated by a slot-type secondary jet located near the base of an ogive cylinder in a Mach 4 and 5 free stream was conducted in the NOL Supersonic Tunnel No. 2. The free-stream Reynolds number, based on body length, was held constant at 22,000,000 and the missile angle of attack was varied from -10 to +10 degrees. The jet slot spanned one quadrant of the cylindrical surface and was contained between two low aspect ratio fins. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Performance Capability of the NOL Hypersonic Tunnel Frank P. Baltakis, 1968 The report summarizes the performance capability data of the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory's Hypersonic Tunnel. The report includes a brief description of the facility, overall performance capability data, nozzle calibration data, and some nozzle boundary-layer thickness and temperature variation data. The nozzle aerodynamic design method is indicated and its adequacy in the range of the supply and test flow conditions of the Hypersonic Tunnel is briefly discussed. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Supersonic Wind Tunnel Magnus Measurements of the 7-, 8-, 9- and 10-caliber Army-Navy Spinner Projectile John E. Holmes, Frank J. Regan, Mary Ellen Falusi, 1968 The Army-Navy Spinner Projectile is a research shape that has been used as the foundation of many spin stabilized weapon designs. The purpose of the wind tunnel tests was to make supersonic wind tunnel Magnus measurements on AN Spinner configurations of 7-, 8-, 9- and 10-caliber lengths. Such an experimental study indicates the effect of length on the Magnus force and moment for a basic spin stabilized shape. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Method for Determining the Parameters of Ordinary Differential Equations Charles Eugene Knadler, 1968 The report presents a method for determining the parameters of ordinary differential equations, where it is not necessary that the equation have a closed-form solution. DIFRED, a computer data-reduction program utilizing the method, is also described. The program is written for an IBM 7090 computer operating under the IBSYS monitor. The mathematical formulation of the method is presented, and the FORTRAN listing of DIFRED and instructions for its use are included. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: On Hypersonic Blunt Body Flow Fields Obtained with a Time-dependent Technique John David Anderson (Jr.), Lorenzo M. Albacete, Allen Edward Winkelmann, 1968 New results are presented for inviscid, supersonic and hypersonic blunt-body flow fields obtained with a numerical time-dependent method patterned after that of Moretti and Abbett. In addition, important comments are made with regard to the physical and numerical nature of the method. Specifically, numerical results are presented for two-dimensional and axisymmetric parabolic and cubic blunt bodies as well as blunted wedges and cones; these results are presented for zero degrees angle of attack and for a calorically perfect gas with gamma = 1.4. The numerical results are compared with other existing theoretical and experimental data. Also, the effects of initial conditions and boundary conditions are systematically examined with regard to the convergence of the time-dependent numerical solutions, and the point is made that the initial conditions can not be completely arbitrary. Finally, in order to learn more about the performance of the time-dependent method, a numerical experiment is conducted to examine the unsteady propagation and region of influence of a slight pressure disturbance introduced at a point on the surface of a blunt body. |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: National Defense Graduate Fellowships United States. Office of Education, 1968 |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: An Experimental Investigation of the Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer with a Favorable Pressure Gradient David L. Brott, William Joseph Yanta, Roland E. Lee, 1969 The paper describes the results of a detailed experimental investigation of a two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in a favorable pressure gradient where the free-stream Mach number varied from 3.8 to 4.6 and the ratio of wall to adiabatic-wall temperature has a nominal value of 0.82. Detailed profile measurements were made with pressure and temperature probes; skin friction was measured directly with a shear balance. The velocity- and temperature-profile results were compared with zero pressure gradient and incompressible results. The skin-friction data were correlated with momentum-thickness Reynolds number and pressure-gradient parameter. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: An Exploratory Theoretical Investigation of the Effect of Longitudinal Surface Curvature on the Turbulent Boundary Layer Neal Tetervin, 1969 The equations of motion and total enthalpy are derived for a compressible turbulent boundary layer on an axisymmetric or two-dimensional surface with non-negligible longitudinal curvature. From these equations are derived the integral-momentum, kinetic-energy, and total-enthalpy equations for non-negligible longitudinal curvature. Calculations indicate that if concave curvature increases the skin friction sufficiently separation is delayed although the boundary layer is thickened. Also, an increase in curvature in the direction in which the surface pressure rises acts to hasten separation for concave curvature and delay it for convex curvature. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Oblique Shock Interaction Experiments David L. Merritt, Philip M. Aronson, 1969 A description is given of a unique experimental technique for simulating the interaction between a re-entry vehicle and an oblique blast wave. The technique combines a ballistics range with a shocktube. Models fly down the range and through the shocktube at an oblique angle. As a model passes through the shocktube, it intercepts a plane shock wave moving down the tube. Sequential photographs show the interaction between the model and the shock wave. Experiments were done with 9- and 15-degree half-angle cone models. The Mach numbers of both the models and the shock waves ranged from 2 to 5. The peak transient pressure on the model resulting from the reflection of the shock wave was calculated using data measured from the photographs. The analysis technique was verified by direct measurements of reflected shock pressures on a stationary cone model. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Measurements of Blast-induced Transient Pressures at the Base of a Cone in Supersonic Flow Frank P. Baltakis, 1969 Transient pressures, induced by a head-on blast wave, were measured at the base of a nine-degree half-angle cone in a supersonic stream using a wind-tunnel shocktube technique. Tests were conducted at free-stream Mach numbers of 3, 5 and 6.5 and at blast wave Mach numbers of 1.5 to 3, 2 to 5 and 4 to 8 at free-stream Mach numbers of 3, 5 and 6.5, respectively. Within the range of this experiment, shock-induced base pressure was found to increase approximately in proportion to the blast wave Mach number squared. When expressed in ratio to the free-stream static pressure, the induced base pressure was found to decrease, approximately, linearly with increasing free-stream Mach number. At the free-stream/blast wave Mach number conditions of 3/3, 5/5 and 6.5/8 the respective induced base pressure to initial free-stream static pressure ratios were 5, 8 and 18. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Computer Program for the Interception of a Re-entry Body by a Ground-launched Interceptor E. L. Harris, Carolyn H. Piper, 1969 A computer program is described which calculates the trajectory of a ground-launched vehicle intercepting a maneuvering re-entry body. The motion is planar and proportional navigation is used. Allowance is made for the finite length of time it takes the data acquisition system to process the tracking data, and for the time lag between the demand for a new course and the response to that demand. The Fortran listing of the program and a sample calculation are given. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Time-dependent Analysis for Quasi-one-dimensional Nozzle Flows with Vibrational and Chemical Nonequilibrium John David Anderson (Jr.), 1969 A new technique is presented for the numerical solution of quasi-one-dimensional, vibrational and chemical nonequilibrium nozzle flows including nonequilibrium conditions both upstream and downstream of the throat. This new technique is a time-dependent analysis which entails the explicite finite-difference solution of the quasi-one-dimensional unsteady flow equations in steps of time, starting with assumed initial distributions throughout the nozzle. The steady-state solution is approached at large values of time. A virtue of the present time-dependent analysis is its simplicity, which prevails from its initial physical formulation to the successful receipt of numerical results. Also, the present solution yields the transient as well as the steady-state nonequilibrium nozzle flows. To exemplify the present analysis, results are given for several cases of vibrational and chemical nonequilibrium expansions through nozzles. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Balance for Measuring Skin Friction in the Presence of Heat Transfer James R. Bruno, William Joseph Yanta, Donald B. Risher, 1969 The development of a skin-friction balance to be used in a wind tunnel with heat-transfer conditions is described. The balance is a null-type device with a floating head element whose temperature can be maintained between 100K and 345K. This is accomplished with a cooled or heated jacket that is placed in direct contact with the friction element. At the desired element temperature the jacket is separated from the element and the shear-force data is taken. The balance was used in a Mach 5 supersonic flow with moderate heat-transfer rates. Shear forces ranging from 0.05 gm/sq cm to 1 gm/sq cm have been measured and higher ranges can be obtained by simply changing a coil spring. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Generalization to Turbulent Boundary Layers of Mangler's Transformation Between Axisymmetric and Two-dimensional Laminar Boundary Layers Neal Tetervin, 1969 This report presents a derivation of a method for obtaining the properties of a turbulent boundary layer on a body of revolution from the properties on a corresponding two-dimensional body. The method is a generalization to turbulent flow of Mangler's well-known transformation for laminar flow; Mangler's transformation is a special case of the generalized transformation. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Time-dependent Quasi-one-dimensional Analysis of Population Inversions in an Expanding Gas John David Anderson (Jr.), 1969 A time-dependent technique for the numerical solution of convergent-divergent, nonequilibrium nozzle flows was used to analyze the rapid, vibrational nonequlibrium, supersonic expansion of CO2-N2-H2O and CO2-N2-He mixtures, wherein the finite rate molecular energy transfer processes can result in a population inversion between the (001) and (100) vibrational energy levels of CO2. Results for such population inversions are presented. Among these, a comparison was made between the present results and the recent results of Basov et al; this comparison indicates that Basov's calculations overestimate the population inversion in an expanding mixture of CO2 and N2. In addition, results are presented from a series of numerical experiments conducted to assess the validity of several simplified methods for computing population inversions. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: A Correlation of Heat-transfer and Skin-friction Data and an Experimental Reynolds Analogy Factor for Highly Cooled Turbulent Boundary Layers at Mach 5.0 Donald M. Wilson, 1969 Turbulent boundary-layer heat transfer and skin-friction coefficients were measured on sharp slender cones at a free-stream Mach number of 5.0. Wall-to-stagnation temperature ratios from 0.15 to 0.80 were obtained by precooling or preheating the model. Tests were conducted for a wide range of Reynolds numbers by varying the tunnel supply pressure and temperature, thus providing data for naturally turbulent boundary layers. The experimental results were compared with existing theories which predict convective Stanton number or skin-friction coefficients. These comparisons indicate that the heat-transfer data are best predicted by the Spalding-Chi law and the skin friction by the Sommer-Short reference temperature method. The experimental Reynolds analogy factor is adequately predicted by Colburn's incompressible correlation for wall-to-stagnation temperature ratios above about 0.5. However, for lower wall temperature ratios, the experimental Reynolds analogy factor decreases with decreased temperature ratios in a manner which has not been previously reported. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: Supersonic Ablation Studies with Teflon Erhard M. Winkler, M. T. Madden, Richard L. Humphrey, J. A. Koenig, 1969 An experimental program was carried out to study the effect of cracks in an ablative heat shield on the substructure heating. The test conditions involved stagnation pressures of 20 to 30 atmospheres, temperatures of 4000 to 9000R, and Mach numbers of 2.3 and 3. The models, made of teflon, has transverse and longitudinal cracks machined into the surface. They were instrumented for pressure, temperature, heat transfer and skin-friction measurements. The cracks were found to have pronounced effects on the ablative behavior. The heating is moderate under a laminar boundary layer, but can be catastrophic when the boundary layer is turbulent, depending upon the size and direction of the crack. The results for the transverse cracks were compared with an available analytical prediction. Ablation was found to reduce the wall shear stress by 40 percent or more. (Author). |
| colorado boulder aerospace engineering: An Experimental Investigation of the Flow Field Around a Yawed Cone Robert H. Feldhuhn, 1969 An experimental investigation of the flow field associated with a highly yawed cone was conducted at a Mach number of 5 and a free-stream Reynolds number per foot of 4,400,000. Surface static pressure measurements, flow-field surveys and schlieren photographs were obtained on a sharp five-degree semi-vertex angle cone at an angle of attack of 24 degrees. The results of the measurements indicate that the flow field on the leeward side of a highly yawed cone is very similar to that of a circular cylinder in supersonic cross flow. The essential difference between these two flow fields is the presence of a disturbance from the tip of the cone which separates the gas which has passed through the shock wave on the windward side from the flow which has passed through the weaker portion of the shock wave on the leeward side of the cone. (Author). |
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Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers, and desert lands. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the …
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Colorado, “the Centennial State,” was the thirty-eighth state to enter the Union on August 1, 1876. Its diverse geography encompasses 104,094 square miles of the American West and includes …
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Sep 18, 2024 · From the magical Rocky Mountain National Park to lesser-known mining towns, this list of the best places to visit in Colorado showcases the best the state has to offer.
Colorado - Wikipedia
Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers, and desert lands. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the …
Colorado Tourism - Official Colorado Vacation Guide | Colorado…
From towering mountains and vibrant cities to rich cultural heritage, every part of Colorado offers a unique blend of experiences. Explore the cities below to enjoy the state's diverse activities, …
The 26 Top Things to Do in Colorado, According to a Local
Mar 17, 2025 · Planning a trip to Colorado? From hiking in the Rocky Mountains to skiing in Aspen to staying in a haunted hotel, here are the top things to do in Colorado.
Colorado | Flag, Facts, Maps, & Points of Interest | Britannica
4 days ago · Geographical and historical treatment of Colorado, including maps and a survey of its people, economy, and government. Colorado’s history is written in the names of its cities, towns, …
Colorado: An Overview - Colorado Encyclopedia
Colorado, “the Centennial State,” was the thirty-eighth state to enter the Union on August 1, 1876. Its diverse geography encompasses 104,094 square miles of the American West and includes …
Visitors - Colorado.gov
Plan your Colorado vacation now and find out if you're Colo-Ready! Find the exact park facilities or activities that you're looking for. Find Your Next Adventure! Traveler information for Colorado …
Anti-Trump 'No Kings' protests planned across Colorado - The …
2 days ago · Colorado’s rallies are being held as part of a national effort to turn out large crowds in cities and towns across America. “They’ve defied our courts, deported Americans, disappeared …
Your ultimate guide to Colorado - Time Out
Colorado is packed with great things to do and places to go. But where do you begin? Cut through the noise with Time Out’s recommendations of the best attractions, restaurants, bars, nightlife...
Colorado Maps & Facts - World Atlas
May 21, 2024 · Colorado is a landlocked state located in the central United States. It borders Kansas in the east, Utah in the west, Arizona in the southwest, Nebraska and Wyoming in the …
18 Best Places to Visit in Colorado | U.S. News Travel
Sep 18, 2024 · From the magical Rocky Mountain National Park to lesser-known mining towns, this list of the best places to visit in Colorado showcases the best the state has to offer.
