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| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Harlem vs. Columbia University Stefan M. Bradley, 2010-10-01 In 1968–69, Columbia University became the site for a collision of American social movements. Black Power, student power, antiwar, New Left, and Civil Rights movements all clashed with local and state politics when an alliance of black students and residents of Harlem and Morningside Heights openly protested the school's ill-conceived plan to build a large, private gymnasium in the small green park that separates the elite university from Harlem. Railing against the university's expansion policy, protesters occupied administration buildings and met violent opposition from both fellow students and the police. In this dynamic book, Stefan M. Bradley describes the impact of Black Power ideology on the Students' Afro-American Society (SAS) at Columbia. While white students--led by Mark Rudd and Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)--sought to radicalize the student body and restructure the university, black students focused on stopping the construction of the gym in Morningside Park. Through separate, militant action, black students and the black community stood up to the power of an Ivy League institution and stopped it from trampling over its relatively poor and powerless neighbors. Comparing the events at Columbia with similar events at Harvard, Cornell, Yale, and the University of Pennsylvania, Bradley locates this dramatic story within the context of the Black Power movement and the heightened youth activism of the 1960s. Harnessing the Civil Rights movement's spirit of civil disobedience and the Black Power movement's rhetoric and methodology, African American students were able to establish an identity for themselves on campus while representing the surrounding black community of Harlem. In doing so, Columbia's black students influenced their white peers on campus, re-energized the community's protest efforts, and eventually forced the university to share its power. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Columbia College Paulina Ann Batterson, 2001 Columbia College, formerly known as Christian College, was founded in 1851 in the small frontier town of Columbia, Missouri. Touted as the first women's college west of the Mississippi River, Columbia College emerged as virtually a sister college to the University of Missouri, sharing leadership, faculty, and curriculum. Covering each of the school's presidential administrations, Columbia College examines all aspects of the college--academic, administrative, financial, athletic, and student life. Particular emphasis is placed on the role various individuals played over the years. Although created through the zealous efforts of progressive leaders of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the college was bound by its charter to be nondenominational--an issue that sometimes led to passionate sectarian quarrels within the fledgling institution. Despite pre-Civil War political differences, denominational rivalries, and personality clashes, the college struggled to survive. Through 150 years of continuity and change, Columbia College has tenaciously upheld its liberal-arts tradition as a teaching-centered institution, seeking innovative ways to broaden educational horizons and meet the needs of new generations. From the sheltered environment of Christian Female College, Columbia College has evolved into a modern coeducational institution with twenty-four military and civilian extended campuses across the United States and in Puerto Rico and a thriving evening campus that specializes in adult education. Columbia College will be of great interest to Columbia College alumni, as well as to anyone with an interest in liberal arts and adult education. Those wishing to preserve the endangered tradition of the small private college will find the Columbia College experience not only an inspiration, but also a lesson in creativity, loyalty, and dedication. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: The College Solution Lynn O'Shaughnessy, 2008-06-06 “The College Solution helps readers look beyond over-hyped admission rankings to discover schools that offer a quality education at affordable prices. Taking the guesswork out of saving and finding money for college, this is a practical and insightful must-have guide for every parent!” —Jaye J. Fenderson, Seventeen’s College Columnist and Author, Seventeen’s Guide to Getting into College “This book is a must read in an era of rising tuition and falling admission rates. O’Shaughnessy offers good advice with blessed clarity and brevity.” —Jay Mathews, Washington Post Education Writer and Columnist “I would recommend any parent of a college-bound student read The College Solution.” —Kal Chany, Author, The Princeton Review’s Paying for College Without Going Broke “The College Solution goes beyond other guidebooks in providing an abundance of information about how to afford college, in addition to how to approach the selection process by putting the student first.” —Martha “Marty” O’Connell, Executive Director, Colleges That Change Lives “Lynn O’Shaughnessy always focuses on what’s in the consumer’s best interest, telling families how to save money and avoid making costly mistakes.” —Mark Kantrowitz, Publisher, FinAid.org and Author, FastWeb College Gold “An antidote to the hype and hysteria about getting in and paying for college! O’Shaughnessy has produced an excellent overview that demystifies the college planning process for students and families.” —Barmak Nassirian, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers For millions of families, the college planning experience has become extremely stressful. And, unless your child is an elite student in the academic top 1%, most books on the subject won’t help you. Now, however, there’s a college guide for everyone. In The College Solution, top personal finance journalist Lynn O’Shaughnessy presents an easy-to-use roadmap to finding the right college program (not just the most hyped) and dramatically reducing the cost of college, too. Forget the rankings! Discover what really matters: the quality and value of the programs your child wants and deserves. O’Shaughnessy uncovers “industry secrets” on how colleges actually parcel out financial aid—and how even “average” students can maximize their share. Learn how to send your kids to expensive private schools for virtually the cost of an in-state public college...and how promising students can pay significantly less than the “sticker price” even at the best state universities. No other book offers this much practical guidance on choosing a college...and no other book will save you as much money! • Secrets your school’s guidance counselor doesn’t know yet The surprising ways colleges have changed how they do business • Get every dime of financial aid that’s out there for you Be a “fly on the wall” inside the college financial aid office • U.S. News & World Report: clueless about your child Beyond one-size-fits-all rankings: finding the right program for your teenager • The best bargains in higher education Overlooked academic choices that just might be perfect for you |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: A College of Her Own Robert McCaughey, 2020-09-01 In 1889, Annie Nathan Meyer, still in her early twenties, led the effort to start Barnard College after Columbia College refused to admit women. Named after a former Columbia president, Frederick Barnard, who had advocated for Columbia to become coeducational, Barnard, despite many ups and downs, became one of the leading women’s colleges in the United States. A College of Her Own offers a comprehensive and lively narrative of Barnard from its beginnings to the present day. Through the stories of presidents and leading figures as well as students and faculty, Robert McCaughey recounts Barnard’s history and how its development was shaped by its complicated relationship to Columbia University and its New York City location. McCaughey considers how the student composition of Barnard and its urban setting distinguished it from other Seven Sisters colleges, tracing debates around class, ethnicity, and admissions policies. Turning to the postwar era, A College of Her Own discusses how Barnard benefited from the boom in higher education after years of a precarious economic situation. Beyond the decisions made at the top, McCaughey examines the experience of Barnard students, including the tumult and aftereffects of 1968 and the impact of the feminist movement. The concluding section looks at present-day Barnard, the shifts in its student body, and its efforts to be a global institution. Informed by McCaughey’s five decades as a Barnard faculty member and administrator, A College of Her Own is a compelling history of a remarkable institution. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Catalogue of Columbia College Columbia University, 1864 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Comm Check... Michael Cabbage, William Harwood, 2009-12-01 On February 1, 2003, the unthinkable happened. The space shuttle Columbia disintegrated 37 miles above Texas, seven brave astronauts were killed and America's space program, always an eyeblink from disaster, suffered its second catastrophic in-flight failure. Unlike the Challenger disaster 17 years earlier, Columbia's destruction left the nation one failure away from the potential abandonment of human space exploration. Media coverage in the immediate aftermath focused on the possible cause of the disaster, and on the nation's grief. But the full human story, and the shocking details of NASA's crucial mistakes, have never been told -- until now. Based on dozens of exclusive interviews, never-before-published documents and recordings of key meetings obtained by the authors, Comm Check takes the reader inside the conference rooms and offices where NASA's best and brightest managed the nation's multi-billion-dollar shuttle program -- and where they failed to recognize the signs of an impending disaster. It is the story of a space program pushed to the brink of failure by relentless political pressure, shrinking budgets and flawed decision making. The independent investigation into the disaster uncovered why Columbia broke apart in the sky above Texas. Comm Check brings that story to life with the human drama behind the tragedy. Michael Cabbage and William Harwood, two of America's most respected space journalists, are veterans of all but a handful of NASA's 113 shuttle missions. Tapping a network of sources and bringing a combined three decades of experience to bear, the authors provide a rare glimpse into NASA's inner circles, chronicling the agency's most devastating failure and the challenges that face NASA as it struggles to return America to space. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Publication , 1974 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: The School of Mines Quarterly , 1885 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Documents of the Senate of the State of New York New York (State). Legislature. Senate, 1897 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: The Electrical Engineer , 1889 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Colleges Worth Your Money Andrew Belasco, Dave Bergman, Michael Trivette, 2024-06-01 Colleges Worth Your Money: A Guide to What America's Top Schools Can Do for You is an invaluable guide for students making the crucial decision of where to attend college when our thinking about higher education is radically changing. At a time when costs are soaring and competition for admission is higher than ever, the college-bound need to know how prospective schools will benefit them both as students and after graduation. Colleges Worth Your Moneyprovides the most up-to-date, accurate, and comprehensive information for gauging the ROI of America’s top schools, including: In-depth profiles of 200 of the top colleges and universities across the U.S.; Over 75 key statistics about each school that cover unique admissions-related data points such as gender-specific acceptance rates, early decision acceptance rates, and five-year admissions trends at each college. The solid facts on career outcomes, including the school’s connections with recruiters, the rate of employment post-graduation, where students land internships, the companies most likely to hire students from a particular school, and much more. Data and commentary on each college’s merit and need-based aid awards, average student debt, and starting salary outcomes. Top Colleges for America’s Top Majors lists highlighting schools that have the best programs in 40+ disciplines. Lists of the “Top Feeder” undergraduate colleges into medical school, law school, tech, journalism, Wall Street, engineering, and more. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Cumulative List of Organizations Described in Section 170 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 , 1988 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Johnson's Univeral Cyclopædia , 1887 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Johnson's (revised) Universal Cyclopaedia , 1886 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Cumulative List of Organizations Described in Section 170 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 , 2003 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Annual Report of the Regents of the University, to the Legislature of the State of New-York University of the State of New York. Board of Regents, 1865 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Annual Report of the Regents University of the State of New York, 1898 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Report of a Committee of the Trustees of Columbia College, Appointed to Inquire Into the Condition of the Institution, and to Consider Such Measures as Might be Judged Expedient to Increase Its Efficiency and Usefulness ... Columbia University, 1858 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Johnson's Universal Cyclopaedia , 1886 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: The Columbia University Club Columbia University Club, 1907 Consists of, Incorporators, charter, constitution, house rules, officers and members of the Columbia University Club. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Columbia University and Morningside Heights Michael V. Susi, 2007 Outgrowing its remarkably shortlived location in midtown Manhattan, Columbia College moved uptown in the mid1890s, not only transforming itself into an urban university under university president Seth Low, but also creating an urban campus guided by Charles McKim, William Rutherford Mead, and Stanford White's master plan. The university became a major constituent of what would be described as New York's Acropolis on Morningside Heights. It was preceded in this endeavor by the Cathedral Church of St. John the Divine and St. Luke's Hospital, and it was soon joined by Barnard College, Teachers College, and Union Theological Seminary, among others. The arrival of the Interborough Rapid Transit Subway in 1904 spurred residential and retail development. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Electrical Engineer , 1895 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Federal Procurement Data System , 1987 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Engineering News , 1893 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Engineering News and American Railway Journal , 1892 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Educational Pamphlets 40 , 1893 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Self Culture; a Monthly Devoted to the Interests of the Home University League Edward Cornelius Toune, Graeme Mercer Adam, 1895 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Engineering , 1893 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer , 1885 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: From Immigrant to Inventor Michael Pupin, 2005-01-01 As I sat on the deck of the ship which was taking me to the universities of Europe, and watched its eagerness to get away from the busy harbor of New York, I thought of the day when, nine years before, I had arrived on the immigrant ship. I said to myself: Michael Pupin, the most valuable asset which you carried into New York harbor nine years ago was your knowledge of, and profound respect and admiration for, the best traditions of your race...the most valuable assets which you are now taking with you from New York harbor is your knowledge of, and profound respect and admiration for, the best traditions of your adopted country. Michael Pupin's was a genuinely American story, the lifelong journey of a boy from rural Serbia, from a town so tiny it appeared on no maps, who became one of the greatest scientists of the early 20th century, changing the lives of people the world over with his technological innovations-he invented the therapeutic X-ray and made telephone communications practical and inexpensive-and helping to invent the modern world we know today. First published in 1922, Pupin's autobiography won the Pulitzer Prize in 1924, but Pupin's insightful and incisive words are their own greatest recommendation.Also available from Cosimo Classics: Pupin's The New Reformation.American physicist and writer MICHAEL IDVORSKY PUPIN (1858-1935) was born in Serbia and emigrated to the United States as a teenager. As a professor and researcher at Columbia University, he invented sonar and made important discoveries in the fields of X-ray physics and telecommunications. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Follow Your Interests to Find the Right College Janet, Paul Marthers, 2015-11-23 Follow Your Interests to Find the Right College is a different sort of college guide -- one that helps students and their families better understand the vast amount of options available for college based on a student's interests. Topics in this comprehensive, easy-to-understand guide include, but are not limited to: • the argument for liberal arts • college degrees programs in Canada, UK, Australia, and beyond • art and architecture programs • business • equine-related opportunities • engineering • health care majors • Ivy League • benefits of public liberal arts colleges and university honors programs • armed service academies • environmentally-oriented colleges and programs • faith-based colleges And much more…. Students, parents, and college advisers will appreciate the vast amount of information presented and synthesized in this user-friendly format. Even the most college-savvy reader can turn to the well-researched, thoughtful chapters on almost every academic or social area as well as advice on broader college-related topics, such as financing college and advice for home-schooled students. By providing and interpreting vast amounts of data not collectively available online or in other guidebooks, each chapter provides both an overview and fine detail for a wide variety of subjects. Using this book as a starting point, parents and advisers can quickly increase their knowledge in a given area and be ready to help students explore options with confidence, while also making the best use of their time. Once you know what you want in a college, you can evaluate the best way, from an admissions strategy, to get there. Until you know what you want, however, it doesn't make sense to jump into the application game. Your admissions plan could be very different from your friends' based on what you actually want to get out of your college experience. Knowing the options and figuring out the best ones for you will make you, your child, or your student a smarter, more strategic, and more confident college applicant. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Monthly Checklist of State Publications Library of Congress. Exchange and Gift Division, 1965 June and Dec. issues contain listings of periodicals. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: A Lever Long Enough Robert McCaughey, 2014-06-03 In this comprehensive social history of Columbia University's School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS), Robert McCaughey combines archival research with oral testimony and contemporary interviews to build a critical and celebratory portrait of one of the oldest engineering schools in the United States. McCaughey follows the evolving, occasionally rocky, and now integrated relationship between SEAS's engineers and the rest of the Columbia University student body, faculty, and administration. He also revisits the interaction between the SEAS staff and the inhabitants and institutions of the City of New York, where the school has resided since its founding in 1864. McCaughey compares the historical struggles and achievements of the school's engineers with their present-day battles and accomplishments, and he contrasts their teaching and research approaches with those of their peers at other free-standing and Ivy League engineering schools. What begins as a localized history of a school striving to define itself within a university known for its strengths in the humanities and the social sciences becomes a wider story of the transformation of the applied sciences into a critical component of American technology and education. |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: General Catalogue of the Psi Upsilon Fraternity... Psi Upsilon, 1888 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Survey of Adult Technical Education in the New York Industrial Area New York Chamber of Commerce. Committee on Commercial Education, 1933 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Railroad Gazette , 1895 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Cassier's Magazine Henry Harrison Suplee, 1892 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: The Atlantic Monthly , 1869 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Remarks on Engineers' Surveying Instruments , 1889 |
| columbia college vs columbia engineering: Education pamphlets , 1926 |
Columbia College and Columbia Engineering 2022 2023 …
Oct 19, 2022 · b2Total graduate figures are for the entire University and are reported in both the Columbia College/Columbia Engineering and Columbia General Studies versions of the CDS. …
Combined Data for Columbia College and Columbia …
Columbia is that our diversity is not just some abstract concept—it complements our education, expands our horizons, constantly challenges our views and beliefs, and ultimately allows us to …
Fall Headcount Enrollment by School, 2013–2024 - Columbia …
Columbia College enrollments include 42 study abroad students. Undergraduate Engineering enrollments include 7 study abroad students.
Columbia University Facts 2020
Columbia University Libraries is one of the top five academic library systems in North America. The collections include over 13 million volumes, over 160,000 current journals and serials, as …
2020 Beyond Columbia Survey Results: Columbia College (CC) …
collected in the 2020 Beyond Columbia Survey. The outcomes of 67.6% of all CC and SEAS degree-earners have been collected for this report as of December 31st, 2020.
Class of 2025 Profile - Columbia Undergraduate Admissions
“What I love about Columbia is that our diversity is not just some abstract concept—it complements our education, expands our horizons, constantly challenges our views and …
Class of 2027 Profile - Columbia Undergraduate Admissions
Data points differ from the most recent Columbia College and Columbia Engineering Common Data Set because the reporting date is different. Additionally, certain definitions vary as noted. …
Key to Columbia Course Listings - Columbia College and …
Based on course demand, some academic departments offer the same course during 2 or more different time slots. Each time slot is assigned a different section number. The term “points” …
AS OF 11-1-2024 Columbia University Enrollment by School …
Columbia College enrollments include 42 study abroad students. Undergraduate Engineering enrollments include 7 study abroad students.
Dual-Degree Engineering via the Columbia University …
Dual-Degree Engineering via the Columbia University Combined Plan Columbia University's Combined Plan enables students to receive both a liberal arts and engineering education in a …
Columbia College and School of Engineering Undergraduate …
Apr 4, 2025 · Columbia College and School of Engineering Undergraduate Fall Admissions Statistics, 2015–2024 • Admissions data was contributed by the Columbia …
Columbia’s Combined Plan Program Affiliated Institutions
* Affiliates whose partnership with Columbia will terminate at the end of the 2019-2020 academic year. ~ Guaranteed admission will not be available for candidates who began college, whether …
2023 Beyond Columbia Survey Results: Columbia College (CC) …
Apr 4, 2024 · • Engineering – Web/Software, Finance, and Consulting are the most popular job functions graduates serve within employing organizations. • Columbia University is the most …
3-2 COMBINED PLAN PROGRAM - Columbia College and …
Columbia College an opportunity to earn both a bachelor of arts degree from Columbia College (CC) and a bachelor of science degree from Columbia Engineering (CE) in five years.
Columbia Class of 2028 Profile - Columbia Undergraduate …
While data alone is insufficient to reveal the depth, dedication and inspiration that the Class of 2028 brings to the Columbia community, we are pleased to share the following statistics to …
Ranking the Schools Best Undergraduate Engineering …
Think your future lies in engineering? On these pages, you’ll find the U.S. News rankings of undergraduate programs ac-credited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and …
The Combined Plan Program at Columbia University
double major in two engineering subjects while at Columbia? Depending on your department and schedule, you may be able to take non-technical elective courses or complete a minor, but a …
Enrollment by School and Degree Level, Fall 2022 - Columbia …
Columbia College enrollments include 42 study abroad students. Undergraduate Engineering enrollments include 7 study abroad students.
PRESENTATION OF ALLIANCE DUAL DEGREE AND JOINT …
New joint BS/MS Program allows Columbia Engineering students (Applied Physics, Applied Math, IEOR and Computer Engineering Majors) to spend 3 years at the Columbia University School …
Top Graduate Schools Top Company Industries
2022 Beyond Columbia Survey Results: Columbia College (CC) and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science – Undergraduates (SEAS) All numbers below represent the …
Columbia College and Columbia Engineering 2022 2023 …
Oct 19, 2022 · b2Total graduate figures are for the entire University and are reported in both the Columbia College/Columbia Engineering and Columbia General Studies versions of the CDS. …
Combined Data for Columbia College and Columbia …
Columbia is that our diversity is not just some abstract concept—it complements our education, expands our horizons, constantly challenges our views and beliefs, and ultimately allows us to …
Fall Headcount Enrollment by School, 2013–2024 - Columbia …
Columbia College enrollments include 42 study abroad students. Undergraduate Engineering enrollments include 7 study abroad students.
Columbia University Facts 2020
Columbia University Libraries is one of the top five academic library systems in North America. The collections include over 13 million volumes, over 160,000 current journals and serials, as …
2020 Beyond Columbia Survey Results: Columbia College …
collected in the 2020 Beyond Columbia Survey. The outcomes of 67.6% of all CC and SEAS degree-earners have been collected for this report as of December 31st, 2020.
Class of 2025 Profile - Columbia Undergraduate Admissions
“What I love about Columbia is that our diversity is not just some abstract concept—it complements our education, expands our horizons, constantly challenges our views and …
Class of 2027 Profile - Columbia Undergraduate Admissions
Data points differ from the most recent Columbia College and Columbia Engineering Common Data Set because the reporting date is different. Additionally, certain definitions vary as noted. …
Key to Columbia Course Listings - Columbia College and …
Based on course demand, some academic departments offer the same course during 2 or more different time slots. Each time slot is assigned a different section number. The term “points” …
AS OF 11-1-2024 Columbia University Enrollment by School …
Columbia College enrollments include 42 study abroad students. Undergraduate Engineering enrollments include 7 study abroad students.
Dual-Degree Engineering via the Columbia University …
Dual-Degree Engineering via the Columbia University Combined Plan Columbia University's Combined Plan enables students to receive both a liberal arts and engineering education in a …
Columbia College and School of Engineering …
Apr 4, 2025 · Columbia College and School of Engineering Undergraduate Fall Admissions Statistics, 2015–2024 • Admissions data was contributed by the Columbia …
Columbia’s Combined Plan Program Affiliated Institutions
* Affiliates whose partnership with Columbia will terminate at the end of the 2019-2020 academic year. ~ Guaranteed admission will not be available for candidates who began college, whether …
2023 Beyond Columbia Survey Results: Columbia College …
Apr 4, 2024 · • Engineering – Web/Software, Finance, and Consulting are the most popular job functions graduates serve within employing organizations. • Columbia University is the most …
3-2 COMBINED PLAN PROGRAM - Columbia College and …
Columbia College an opportunity to earn both a bachelor of arts degree from Columbia College (CC) and a bachelor of science degree from Columbia Engineering (CE) in five years.
Columbia Class of 2028 Profile - Columbia Undergraduate …
While data alone is insufficient to reveal the depth, dedication and inspiration that the Class of 2028 brings to the Columbia community, we are pleased to share the following statistics to …
Ranking the Schools Best Undergraduate Engineering …
Think your future lies in engineering? On these pages, you’ll find the U.S. News rankings of undergraduate programs ac-credited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and …
The Combined Plan Program at Columbia University
double major in two engineering subjects while at Columbia? Depending on your department and schedule, you may be able to take non-technical elective courses or complete a minor, but a …
Enrollment by School and Degree Level, Fall 2022 - Columbia …
Columbia College enrollments include 42 study abroad students. Undergraduate Engineering enrollments include 7 study abroad students.
PRESENTATION OF ALLIANCE DUAL DEGREE AND JOINT …
New joint BS/MS Program allows Columbia Engineering students (Applied Physics, Applied Math, IEOR and Computer Engineering Majors) to spend 3 years at the Columbia University School …
Top Graduate Schools Top Company Industries
2022 Beyond Columbia Survey Results: Columbia College (CC) and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science – Undergraduates (SEAS) All numbers below represent the …
