| communities depend on business for: A Business Ecology Perspective on Community-Driven Open Source Markus Radits, 2019-01-25 This thesis approaches the phenomenon of open source software (OSS) from a managerial and organisational point of view. In a slightly narrower sense, this thesis studies commercialisation aspects around community-driven open source. The term ‘community-driven’ signifies open source projects that are managed, steered, and controlled by communities of volunteers, as opposed to those that are managed, steered, and controlled by single corporate sponsors. By adopting a business ecology perspective, this thesis places emphasis on the larger context within which the commercialisation of OSS is embedded (e.g., global and collaborative production regimes, ideological foundations, market characteristics, and diffuse boundary conditions). Because many business benefits arise as a consequence of the activities taking place in the communities and ecosystems around open source projects, a business ecology perspective may be a useful analytical guide for understanding the opportunities, challenges, and risks that firms face in commercializing OSS. There are two overarching themes guiding this thesis. The first theme concerns the challenges that firms face in commercialising community-driven open source. There is a tendency in the literature on business ecosystems and open source to emphasise the benefits, opportunities, and positive aspects of behaviour, at the expense of the challenges that firms face. However, business ecosystems are not only spaces of opportunity, they may also pose a variety of challenges that firms need to overcome in order to be successful. To help rectify this imbalance in the literature, the first theme particularly focuses on the challenges that firms face in commercialising community-driven open source. The underlying ambition is to facilitate a more balanced and holistic understanding of the collaborative and competitive dynamics in ecosystems around open source projects. The other theme concerns the complex intertwining of community engagement and profit-oriented venturing. As is acknowledged in the literature, the subject of firm-community interaction has become increasingly important because the survival, success, and sustainability of peer production communities has become of strategic relevance to many organisations. However, while many strategic benefits may arise as a consequence of firm-community interaction, there is a lack of research studying how the value-creating logics of firm–community interaction are embedded within the bigger picture in which they occur. Bearing this bigger picture in mind, this thesis explores the intertwining of volunteer community engagement and profit-oriented venturing by focusing on four aspects that are theorised in the literature: reinforcement, complementarity, synergy, and reciprocity. This thesis is designed as a qualitative exploratory single-case study. The empirical case is Joomla, a popular open source content management system. In a nutshell, the Joomla case in this thesis comprises the interactions in the Joomla community and the commercial activities around the Joomla platform (e.g., web development, consulting, marketing, customisation, extensions). In order to achieve greater analytical depth, the business ecology perspective is complemented with ideas and propositions from other theoretical areas, such as stakeholder theory, community governance, organizational identity, motivation theory, pricing, and bundling. The findings show that the common challenges in commercialising community-driven open source revolve around nine distinct factors that roughly cluster into three domains: the ecosystem, the community, and the firm. In short, the domain of the ecosystem comprises the global operating environment, the pace of change, and the cannibalisation of ideas. The domain of the community comprises the platform policy, platform image, and the voluntary nature of the open source project. And finally, the domain of the firm comprises the blurring boundaries between private and professional lives, the difficulty of estimating costs, and firm dependencies. Based on these insights, a framework for analysing community-based value creation in business ecosystems is proposed. This framework integrates collective innovation, community engagement, and value capture into a unified model of value creation in contexts of firm–community interaction. Furthermore, the findings reveal demonstrable effects of reinforcement, complementarity, synergy, and reciprocity in the intertwining of volunteer community engagement and profit-oriented venturing. By showing that this intertwining can be strong in empirical cases where commercial activities are often implicitly assumed to be absent, this thesis provides a more nuanced understanding of firm involvement in the realm of open source. Based on the empirical and analytical insights, a number of further theoretical implications are discussed, such as the role of intersubjective trust in relation to the uncertainties that commercial actors face, an alternative way of classifying community types, the metaphor of superorganisms in the context of open source, issues pertaining to the well-being of community participants, and issues in relation to the transitioning of open source developers from a community-based to an entrepreneurial self-identity when commercialising an open source solution. Furthermore, this thesis builds on six sub-studies that make individual contributions of their own. In a broad sense, this thesis contributes to the literature streams on the commercialisation of OSS, the business value and strategic aspects of open source, the interrelationships between community forms of organising and entrepreneurial activities, and the nascent research on ecology perspectives on peer-production communities. A variety of opportunities for future research are highlighted. Denna avhandling undersöker fenomenet öppen källkod, ’open source’, ur ett lednings och styrningsperspektiv. Mer konkret studeras aspekter på kommersialisering av ett community-drivet open source projekt (OSS, open source software). Uttrycket ’community-drivet’ hänvisar till open source projekt som drivs och styrs av volontärgrupper, till skillnad från open source projekt som drivs och styrs av enskilda företag. Genom att tillämpa ett affärsekologiperspektiv fokuserar denna avhandling på det vidare sammanhang som karaktäriserar kommersialisering av OSS, såsom globala och kollaborativa produktionssystem, värderingarna öppenhet och samarbete, marknadsstrukturer, och diffusa organisationsgränser. Aktiviteterna i open source communityn och dess kringliggande ekosystem kan bidra till många fördelar för företag, och därför kan ett affärsekologiperspektiv vara en användbar analytisk lins för att förstå de möjligheter, utmaningar och risker som företag står inför när de kommersialiserar OSS. Två övergripande teman lyfts fram i denna avhandling. Det första temat handlar om de utmaningar som företag står inför när de kommersialiserar community-driven OSS. Det finns i litteraturen om affärsekologier och open source en tendens att betona fördelar, möjligheter och positiva aspekter på beteende på bekostnad av att undersöka utmaningar som företag står inför. Affärsekologier innebär dock inte enbart möjligheter för företag, utan kan också orsaka en rad utmaningar som företag behöver hantera för att lyckas. Med utgångspunkt i denna obalans i litteraturen fokuserar det första temat på de utmaningar med kommersialisering av community-driven OSS. Detta görs för att bidra till en mer balanserad och holistisk förståelse av den på samma gång kollaborativa och konkurrerande dynamiken i affärsekologin runt ett open source projekt. Det andra temat handlar om sammanflätningen (intertwining) mellan community-deltagande och vinstdrivande verksamhet. Såsom det framgår i litteraturen har frågan om samverkan mellan företag och communities blivit allt viktigare, eftersom communityernas överlevnad, framgång och hållbarhet har blivit strategiskt viktiga för många organisationer. Även om många strategiska fördelar kan uppstå som en följd av samverkan mellan företag och communities saknas forskning om hur värdeskapande uppstår i en vidare kontext. Med ett bredare perspektiv i åtanke undersöker denna avhandling sammanflätningen av frivilligt community-deltagande och en vinstdrivande verksamhet genom att fokusera på fyra aspekter av sammanflätning som förekommer i litteraturen: förstärkning, komplementaritet, synergi, och ömsesidighet. Denna avhandling är utformad som en kvalitativ utforskande fallstudie. Det empiriska fallet är Joomla, ett innehållshanteringssystem som bygger på open source. Inom ramen för avhandlingen undersöks fallet i termer av samspel inom Joomla-communityn och de kommersiella aktiviteterna som sker runt Joomla-plattformen (t.ex., webbutveckling, rådgivning, marknadsföring, anpassningar, och extensions). För att uppnå ett analytiskt djup kompletteras affärsekologiperspektivet med idéer och förslag från andra teoretiska områden, såsom intressentmodellen, community-styrning, företagsidentitet, motivationsteori, prissättning, och buntning. Resultaten visar att utmaningarna med kommersialisering av community-driven OSS kretsar kring nio olika faktorer som kan grupperas i tre områden: ekosystemet, communityn, och företaget. Ekosystemsfaktorerna innefattar den globala verksamma miljön, förändringshastigheten och kannibalisering av idéer. Community-faktorerna innefattar plattformspolicy, plattformsimage, och att deltagandet i open source projektet sker på frivillig basis. Slutligen innefattar företagsfaktorerna suddiga gränser mellan privatliv och arbetsliv, svårigheten att uppskatta kostnader samt beroendeförhållanden mellan företag. Baserat på dessa insikter föreslås en modell för att analysera communitybaserad värdeskapande i affärsekologier. Modellen integrerar kollektiv innovation, community-deltagande, och value capture i en holistisk modell för community-baserad värdeskapande i kontexten samverkan mellan företag och communities. Vidare beskrivs effekterna av sammanflätningen av frivilligt community-deltagande och vinstdrivande verksamhet i termer av förstärkning, komplementaritet, synergi, och ömsesidighet. Genom att visa att sammanflätningen av frivilligt community-deltagande och vinstdrivande verksamhet kan vara stark i fall där det ofta antas implicit att kommersiella aktiviteter inte förekommer ger denna avhandling en mer nyanserad förståelse av företags roll i kontexten open source. Baserat på empiriska och analytiska insikter diskuterar denna avhandling ett antal teoretiska konsekvenser, såsom rollen som intersubjektiv tillit spelar i förhållande till den ovisshet som kommersiella aktörer står inför, ett alternativt sätt att klassificera community-typer, metaforen superorganismer i kontexten open source, community-deltagares välbefinnande, samt hur open source utvecklare hanterar övergången från en community-baserad självidentitet till en entreprenöriell självidentitet vid kommersialisering av OSS. Dessutom ger de sex delstudier som avhandlingen bygger på egna bidrag som presenteras i respektive delstudie. I stora drag bidrar denna avhandling till litteraturen om kommersialisering av OSS, affärsmässiga och strategiska aspekter på open source, samspelet mellan community-driven entreprenörsverksamhet samt den framväxande forskning som använder ett affärsekologiperspektiv för att studera kollegial produktion baserad på allmännytta. En mängd olika möjligheter för framtida forskning lyfts fram. |
| communities depend on business for: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| communities depend on business for: Communities and Organizations Chris Marquis, Michael Lounsbury, Royston Greenwood, 2011-11-23 Considers how diverse types of communities influence organizations, as well as the associated benefit of developing an accounting for community processes in organizational theory. This title focuses on social proximity and networks that has characterized the work on communities. |
| communities depend on business for: Any of Our Business? , 2009 Any of our Business? : Human rights and the UK private sector, first report of session 2009-10, Vol. 2: Oral and written Evidence |
| communities depend on business for: Making Good Communities Better Irwin T. Sanders, 2014-07-15 Irwin T. Sanders has translated his own experience as a social scientist into a practical, easy-to-read guide to community improvement. An impressive array of additional experts has teamed up with him to supply selected guideposts on twenty-one special problems in community organization. This popular handbook has been called by many civic workers the most practical, down-to-earth tool they have known for community engineering. Issued in two editions with a total of seven printings, it is now republished in a convenient, paper-bound form containing the complete text of the 1953 revision. |
| communities depend on business for: Revenue Revisions, 1947-48 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1947 Continuation of hearings on proposed changes to administrative provisions of the Revenue Code. Focuses on the taxation of farmers cooperatives, pt.4; Includes Federal Estate and Gift Taxes. A Proposal for Integration and for Correlation with Income Tax, Advisory Committee to Treas Dept on Estate and Gift Taxation (p. 3798-3973), pt.5. |
| communities depend on business for: Global Corporate Citizenship Anuradha Dayal-Gulati, Mark Finn, 2007-09-04 Looks at issues of corporate responsibility globally, at companies in developing countries facing important challenges within their own countries. |
| communities depend on business for: Victory United States. Office for Emergency Management, 1941 |
| communities depend on business for: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States United States. Congress. House, 1968 Some vols. include supplemental journals of such proceedings of the sessions, as, during the time they were depending, were ordered to be kept secret, and respecting which the injunction of secrecy was afterwards taken off by the order of the House. |
| communities depend on business for: Private-Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Geographical Science Committee, Committee on Private-Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience, 2010-03-23 The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) on the United States prompted a rethinking of how the United States prepares for disasters. Federal policy documents written since 9/11 have stressed that the private and public sectors share equal responsibility for the security of the nation's critical infrastructure and key assets. Private sector entities have a role in the safety, security, and resilience of the communities in which they operate. Incentivizing the private sector to expend resources on community efforts remains challenging. Disasters in the United States since 9/11 (e.g., Hurricane Katrina in 2005) indicate that the nation has not yet been successful in making its communities resilient to disaster. In this book, the National Research Council assesses the current states of the art and practice in private-public sector collaboration dedicated to strengthening community disaster resilience. |
| communities depend on business for: Victory , 1941 |
| communities depend on business for: Cultivating Communities of Practice Etienne Wenger, Richard A. McDermott, William Snyder, 2002-01-08 Today's economy is fueled by knowledge. Every leader knows this to be true, yet few have systematic methods for converting organizational knowledge into economic value. This book argues that communities of practice--groups of individuals formed around common interests and expertise--provide the ideal vehicle for driving knowledge-management strategies and building lasting competitive advantage. Written by leading experts in the field, Cultivating Communities of Practice is the first book to outline models and methods for systematically developing these essential groups. Through compelling research and company examples, including DaimlerChrysler, McKinsey & Company, Shell, and the World Bank, authors Etienne Wenger, Richard McDermott, and William M. Snyder show how world-class organizations have leveraged communities of practice to drive strategy, generate new business opportunities, solve problems, transfer best practices, develop employees' professional skills, and recruit and retain top talent. Underscoring the new central role communities of practice are playing in today's knowledge economy, Cultivating Communities of Practice is the definitive guide to fostering, designing, and developing these powerful groups within and across organizations. |
| communities depend on business for: Strategic Management for Tourism Communities Peter E. Murphy, Ann E. Murphy, 2004-11-05 Tourism, with its wide-ranging impact, needs to be managed effectively – but how? This book advocates taking a business approach to tourism that encourages greater collaboration between stakeholders in the practical assessment of tourism options. The approach places key business management functions and stakeholders at the forefront of tourism initiatives. The business management functions of planning, organising, leadership and control are the filters through which tourism opportunities are viewed, while the stakeholder groups of customers, residents, industry and government set the agenda for appropriate tourism development. Tourist destinations must engage in realistic assessments of their abilities to meet the needs and expectations of tourism stakeholders and then act on these assessments so their goals and objectives can be achieved. A new model for bridging stakeholder gaps is presented as a template for how communities can understand and make the most of their tourism resources. The Bridging Tourism Gaps Model is a practical tool to help destinations focus on the important factors in developing and maintaining tourism as a beneficial and vital part of their communities. This book builds on the success of Tourism: A Community Approach and the subsequent tourism planning experiences of both authors to advance strategic planning in tourism. |
| communities depend on business for: Learning-in-Community M. Venkatesh, R.V. Small, Janet Marsden, 2003-06-30 This work extends Kolb's experiential learning theory to community-based projects. It traces the conceptual and operational development of learning-in-community over the decade that we have used it in our teaching. It concludes by outlining a logical next step in efforts to democratize technology: social activism. This book is intended for faculty of undergraduate and graduate-level courses in information technology, business and management. |
| communities depend on business for: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Australia. Parliament. Senate, 2003 |
| communities depend on business for: Renewal communities , 2001 |
| communities depend on business for: OECD Rural Policy Reviews Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development in Canada OECD, 2020-01-21 Canada’s Constitution Act (1982) recognises three Indigenous groups: Indians (now referred to as First Nations), Inuit, and Métis. Indigenous peoples make a vital contribution to the culture, heritage and economic development of Canada. Despite improvements in Indigenous well-being in recent decades, significant gaps remain with the non-Indigenous population. This study focuses on four priority issues to maximise the potential of Indigenous economies in Canada. |
| communities depend on business for: The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security, 2009 |
| communities depend on business for: Electric Utility Rate Reform and Regulatory Improvement United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power, 1976 |
| communities depend on business for: Trade Agreements Extension United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1955 |
| communities depend on business for: The Starting and Managing Series United States. Small Business Administration, 1969 |
| communities depend on business for: Empowering Entrepreneurial Communities and Ecosystems Morgan R. Clevenger, Michael W-P Fortunato, 2022-07-15 Entrepreneurial Communities and Ecosystems: Case Study Insights aims to provide applied examples that embody the theories, principles, and processes that contribute to empowering everyday entrepreneurial communities and ecosystems. Relying on a diversity of narratives from a wide range of entrepreneurial communities, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and organizations, this book presents a collection of case studies that take the reader inside the minds of leaders who are working to empower entrepreneurs and build entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurial communities—sometimes from scratch. The book features research and stories from entrepreneurs, development agencies, entrepreneurial support and assistance organizations (i.e. feeders and supports), governments, and involved citizens and local leaders in their quest to make their communities more entrepreneuring. The book presents an analytic frame through which the case studies are cross-analyzed, providing meta-guidelines for pursuing a broad range of strategies for supporting local and regional entrepreneurial action. This research volume is equally useful as an undergraduate or graduate text on the sociology of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship as it is a field guide for ecosystem builders, policy makers, nonprofits, and entrepreneurship and social researchers worldwide. |
| communities depend on business for: Urban Planning and Land Policies United States. National Resources Committee, 1939 |
| communities depend on business for: Amber Waves , 2005 |
| communities depend on business for: Penn State Outreach , 2001 |
| communities depend on business for: Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Dylan Sandler, Anna K. Schwab, David J. Brower, 2016-08-05 This book introduces the concept of hazards as part of the earth’s natural systems, in contrast to disasters, which occur at the intersection of the built and natural environments. It emphasizes choices made by society that either increase or diminish our level of vulnerability to the impacts of hazards, and the role of the emergency manager in how these choices are made and acted upon. The book defines key concepts including mitigation, preparedness, resilience, vulnerability, and explains the role of the emergency manager in putting these principles into practice. |
| communities depend on business for: Routes 54, 19, and 107 Location and Environmental Study, Audrain, Monroe, Pike, and Ralls Counties , 2002 |
| communities depend on business for: Field Guide to the Future: Four Ways for Communities to Think Ahead Kristen Evans, Sandra J. Velarde, Rocio P. Prieto, Sheila N. Rao, Sandra Sertzen, Karina Dávila, Peter Cronkleton, Wil de Jong, 2006-01-01 Introduction: Communities and their future; Four methods for thinking ahead; Why the methods are useful; Participation; Getting ready: team preparations; Selection participants; Monitoring; Facilitating the methods step by step; Facilitation skills and tips. |
| communities depend on business for: Hearings United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, 1955 |
| communities depend on business for: Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development Norman Walzer, 2007-10-08 Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development delves into the current thinking on local entrepreneurship development programs and evaluates ways in which practitioners can implement successful entrepreneurship practices. Examining the role and potential for entrepreneurship programs in local economic development strategies, contributors to this edited collection have many years of experience working with entrerpreneurship initiatives in state and local governments. Focused on theory and case study, Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development examines conceptual issues involved in creating entrepreneurship programs as well as practical examples of programs organized by state, regional, and local agencies. |
| communities depend on business for: Black Enterprise , 1984-06 BLACK ENTERPRISE is the ultimate source for wealth creation for African American professionals, entrepreneurs and corporate executives. Every month, BLACK ENTERPRISE delivers timely, useful information on careers, small business and personal finance. |
| communities depend on business for: Corporate Stewardship Susan Albers Mohrman, James O'Toole, Edward E. Lawler III, 2017-09-29 Stewardship entails a profound understanding and acceptance of the challenges that result from the organization’s interdependence with the societal and ecological contexts in which it operates—and of what it takes to embrace the challenges to be a force for building a viable future. This book dares to ask ‘why’ business leaders should embrace stewardship in the current market where profit reigns supreme. A shift in approach represents fundamental change for the corporate world, and even the most advanced corporations consider themselves to be in the starting block of this transition. The book sets out the practical ways in which corporate stewardship can be achieved through embedding new approaches across the different functions of a business. This book, written by the leading thinkers in sustainability research, provides practical guidance on how companies can resolve the paradoxical challenges they face. How can they be at the same time profitable and responsible, effective and ethical, sustainable and adaptable? It explores what businesses are doing, what they can and should do to effectively respond to external challenges, and focuses on how leaders can create cultures, strategies, and designs far beyond “business as usual”.Stewards must not only make proper current use of that which they hold in trust, they also must leave it in better condition for use by future generations. Corporate Stewardship challenges managers, executives, and directors of global corporations to think and act as stewards of both their organizations and the physical and social environments in which they operate. |
| communities depend on business for: Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Becker, Annie, 2007-12-31 Compiles top research from the world's leading experts on many topics related to electronic commerce. Covers topics including mobile commerce, virtual enterprises, business-to-business applications, Web services, and enterprise methodologies. |
| communities depend on business for: The Future of the Corporation PLM (Firm), 1974 Papers from a conference sponsored by PLM in Malmo, Sweden, June 1970. Includes bibliographical references. |
| communities depend on business for: Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Select Committee on Small Business United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Small Business, 1980 |
| communities depend on business for: Projects and Publications of Interest to Planning and Development Agencies , 1949 |
| communities depend on business for: Trust Companies , 1912 |
| communities depend on business for: Defense , 1941 |
| communities depend on business for: Trade Expansion Act of 1962 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1962 Includes. Foreign Economic Policy for the 1960s, Report of Joint Economic Committee, Jan., 1962 (p. 101-154). U.S. Import Duties on Agricultural Products. 1959, Revised, 1962. Agricultural Handbook No. 143, USDA (p. 329-478). Import Restrictions Maintained by Countries of the European Economic Community by Several Other Countries That May Accede to the EEC, and by Japan (p. 480-600), pt.1; Includes Memorandum on H.R. 9900 of the 87th Congress, the Trade Expansion Act of 1962,' U.S. Tariff Commission, Apr. 9, 1962 (p. 905-1020), pt.2; Continuation of hearings on legislation to authorize the President to revise and reduce tariff and import restrictions, to authorize a trade adjustment assistance program, and to establish an Office of Special Representative for Trade Negotiations and an Interagency Trade Organization. Includes Joint Economic Committee Print Trade Restraints in the Western Community with Tariff Comparisons and Selected Statistical Tables Pertinent to Foreign Economic Policy, 1961 (p. 1891-1957), pt.3; Includes The European Common Market, Trade Expansion Act and California Agriculture, by Sidney Hoos (Mar. 2, 1962. p. 3699-3772), pt.6. |
| communities depend on business for: Compilation of Selected Acts Concerning National Forests and Related Matters United States, 2001 |
| communities depend on business for:: A Business Ecology Perspective on Community-Driven Open Source Markus Radits, 2019-01-25 This thesis approaches the phenomenon of open source software (OSS) from a managerial and organisational point of view. In a slightly narrower sense, this thesis studies commercialisation aspects around community-driven open source. The term ‘community-driven’ signifies open source projects that are managed, steered, and controlled by communities of volunteers, as opposed to those that are managed, steered, and controlled by single corporate sponsors. By adopting a business ecology perspective, this thesis places emphasis on the larger context within which the commercialisation of OSS is embedded (e.g., global and collaborative production regimes, ideological foundations, market characteristics, and diffuse boundary conditions). Because many business benefits arise as a consequence of the activities taking place in the communities and ecosystems around open source projects, a business ecology perspective may be a useful analytical guide for understanding the opportunities, challenges, and risks that firms face in commercializing OSS. There are two overarching themes guiding this thesis. The first theme concerns the challenges that firms face in commercialising community-driven open source. There is a tendency in the literature on business ecosystems and open source to emphasise the benefits, opportunities, and positive aspects of behaviour, at the expense of the challenges that firms face. However, business ecosystems are not only spaces of opportunity, they may also pose a variety of challenges that firms need to overcome in order to be successful. To help rectify this imbalance in the literature, the first theme particularly focuses on the challenges that firms face in commercialising community-driven open source. The underlying ambition is to facilitate a more balanced and holistic understanding of the collaborative and competitive dynamics in ecosystems around open source projects. The other theme concerns the complex intertwining of community engagement and profit-oriented venturing. As is acknowledged in the literature, the subject of firm-community interaction has become increasingly important because the survival, success, and sustainability of peer production communities has become of strategic relevance to many organisations. However, while many strategic benefits may arise as a consequence of firm-community interaction, there is a lack of research studying how the value-creating logics of firm–community interaction are embedded within the bigger picture in which they occur. Bearing this bigger picture in mind, this thesis explores the intertwining of volunteer community engagement and profit-oriented venturing by focusing on four aspects that are theorised in the literature: reinforcement, complementarity, synergy, and reciprocity. This thesis is designed as a qualitative exploratory single-case study. The empirical case is Joomla, a popular open source content management system. In a nutshell, the Joomla case in this thesis comprises the interactions in the Joomla community and the commercial activities around the Joomla platform (e.g., web development, consulting, marketing, customisation, extensions). In order to achieve greater analytical depth, the business ecology perspective is complemented with ideas and propositions from other theoretical areas, such as stakeholder theory, community governance, organizational identity, motivation theory, pricing, and bundling. The findings show that the common challenges in commercialising community-driven open source revolve around nine distinct factors that roughly cluster into three domains: the ecosystem, the community, and the firm. In short, the domain of the ecosystem comprises the global operating environment, the pace of change, and the cannibalisation of ideas. The domain of the community comprises the platform policy, platform image, and the voluntary nature of the open source project. And finally, the domain of the firm comprises the blurring boundaries between private and professional lives, the difficulty of estimating costs, and firm dependencies. Based on these insights, a framework for analysing community-based value creation in business ecosystems is proposed. This framework integrates collective innovation, community engagement, and value capture into a unified model of value creation in contexts of firm–community interaction. Furthermore, the findings reveal demonstrable effects of reinforcement, complementarity, synergy, and reciprocity in the intertwining of volunteer community engagement and profit-oriented venturing. By showing that this intertwining can be strong in empirical cases where commercial activities are often implicitly assumed to be absent, this thesis provides a more nuanced understanding of firm involvement in the realm of open source. Based on the empirical and analytical insights, a number of further theoretical implications are discussed, such as the role of intersubjective trust in relation to the uncertainties that commercial actors face, an alternative way of classifying community types, the metaphor of superorganisms in the context of open source, issues pertaining to the well-being of community participants, and issues in relation to the transitioning of open source developers from a community-based to an entrepreneurial self-identity when commercialising an open source solution. Furthermore, this thesis builds on six sub-studies that make individual contributions of their own. In a broad sense, this thesis contributes to the literature streams on the commercialisation of OSS, the business value and strategic aspects of open source, the interrelationships between community forms of organising and entrepreneurial activities, and the nascent research on ecology perspectives on peer-production communities. A variety of opportunities for future research are highlighted. Denna avhandling undersöker fenomenet öppen källkod, ’open source’, ur ett lednings och styrningsperspektiv. Mer konkret studeras aspekter på kommersialisering av ett community-drivet open source projekt (OSS, open source software). Uttrycket ’community-drivet’ hänvisar till open source projekt som drivs och styrs av volontärgrupper, till skillnad från open source projekt som drivs och styrs av enskilda företag. Genom att tillämpa ett affärsekologiperspektiv fokuserar denna avhandling på det vidare sammanhang som karaktäriserar kommersialisering av OSS, såsom globala och kollaborativa produktionssystem, värderingarna öppenhet och samarbete, marknadsstrukturer, och diffusa organisationsgränser. Aktiviteterna i open source communityn och dess kringliggande ekosystem kan bidra till många fördelar för företag, och därför kan ett affärsekologiperspektiv vara en användbar analytisk lins för att förstå de möjligheter, utmaningar och risker som företag står inför när de kommersialiserar OSS. Två övergripande teman lyfts fram i denna avhandling. Det första temat handlar om de utmaningar som företag står inför när de kommersialiserar community-driven OSS. Det finns i litteraturen om affärsekologier och open source en tendens att betona fördelar, möjligheter och positiva aspekter på beteende på bekostnad av att undersöka utmaningar som företag står inför. Affärsekologier innebär dock inte enbart möjligheter för företag, utan kan också orsaka en rad utmaningar som företag behöver hantera för att lyckas. Med utgångspunkt i denna obalans i litteraturen fokuserar det första temat på de utmaningar med kommersialisering av community-driven OSS. Detta görs för att bidra till en mer balanserad och holistisk förståelse av den på samma gång kollaborativa och konkurrerande dynamiken i affärsekologin runt ett open source projekt. Det andra temat handlar om sammanflätningen (intertwining) mellan community-deltagande och vinstdrivande verksamhet. Såsom det framgår i litteraturen har frågan om samverkan mellan företag och communities blivit allt viktigare, eftersom communityernas överlevnad, framgång och hållbarhet har blivit strategiskt viktiga för många organisationer. Även om många strategiska fördelar kan uppstå som en följd av samverkan mellan företag och communities saknas forskning om hur värdeskapande uppstår i en vidare kontext. Med ett bredare perspektiv i åtanke undersöker denna avhandling sammanflätningen av frivilligt community-deltagande och en vinstdrivande verksamhet genom att fokusera på fyra aspekter av sammanflätning som förekommer i litteraturen: förstärkning, komplementaritet, synergi, och ömsesidighet. Denna avhandling är utformad som en kvalitativ utforskande fallstudie. Det empiriska fallet är Joomla, ett innehållshanteringssystem som bygger på open source. Inom ramen för avhandlingen undersöks fallet i termer av samspel inom Joomla-communityn och de kommersiella aktiviteterna som sker runt Joomla-plattformen (t.ex., webbutveckling, rådgivning, marknadsföring, anpassningar, och extensions). För att uppnå ett analytiskt djup kompletteras affärsekologiperspektivet med idéer och förslag från andra teoretiska områden, såsom intressentmodellen, community-styrning, företagsidentitet, motivationsteori, prissättning, och buntning. Resultaten visar att utmaningarna med kommersialisering av community-driven OSS kretsar kring nio olika faktorer som kan grupperas i tre områden: ekosystemet, communityn, och företaget. Ekosystemsfaktorerna innefattar den globala verksamma miljön, förändringshastigheten och kannibalisering av idéer. Community-faktorerna innefattar plattformspolicy, plattformsimage, och att deltagandet i open source projektet sker på frivillig basis. Slutligen innefattar företagsfaktorerna suddiga gränser mellan privatliv och arbetsliv, svårigheten att uppskatta kostnader samt beroendeförhållanden mellan företag. Baserat på dessa insikter föreslås en modell för att analysera communitybaserad värdeskapande i affärsekologier. Modellen integrerar kollektiv innovation, community-deltagande, och value capture i en holistisk modell för community-baserad värdeskapande i kontexten samverkan mellan företag och communities. Vidare beskrivs effekterna av sammanflätningen av frivilligt community-deltagande och vinstdrivande verksamhet i termer av förstärkning, komplementaritet, synergi, och ömsesidighet. Genom att visa att sammanflätningen av frivilligt community-deltagande och vinstdrivande verksamhet kan vara stark i fall där det ofta antas implicit att kommersiella aktiviteter inte förekommer ger denna avhandling en mer nyanserad förståelse av företags roll i kontexten open source. Baserat på empiriska och analytiska insikter diskuterar denna avhandling ett antal teoretiska konsekvenser, såsom rollen som intersubjektiv tillit spelar i förhållande till den ovisshet som kommersiella aktörer står inför, ett alternativt sätt att klassificera community-typer, metaforen superorganismer i kontexten open source, community-deltagares välbefinnande, samt hur open source utvecklare hanterar övergången från en community-baserad självidentitet till en entreprenöriell självidentitet vid kommersialisering av OSS. Dessutom ger de sex delstudier som avhandlingen bygger på egna bidrag som presenteras i respektive delstudie. I stora drag bidrar denna avhandling till litteraturen om kommersialisering av OSS, affärsmässiga och strategiska aspekter på open source, samspelet mellan community-driven entreprenörsverksamhet samt den framväxande forskning som använder ett affärsekologiperspektiv för att studera kollegial produktion baserad på allmännytta. En mängd olika möjligheter för framtida forskning lyfts fram. |
| communities depend on business for:: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| communities depend on business for:: Communities and Organizations Chris Marquis, Michael Lounsbury, Royston Greenwood, 2011-11-23 Considers how diverse types of communities influence organizations, as well as the associated benefit of developing an accounting for community processes in organizational theory. This title focuses on social proximity and networks that has characterized the work on communities. |
| communities depend on business for:: Any of Our Business? , 2009 Any of our Business? : Human rights and the UK private sector, first report of session 2009-10, Vol. 2: Oral and written Evidence |
| communities depend on business for:: Making Good Communities Better Irwin T. Sanders, 2014-07-15 Irwin T. Sanders has translated his own experience as a social scientist into a practical, easy-to-read guide to community improvement. An impressive array of additional experts has teamed up with him to supply selected guideposts on twenty-one special problems in community organization. This popular handbook has been called by many civic workers the most practical, down-to-earth tool they have known for community engineering. Issued in two editions with a total of seven printings, it is now republished in a convenient, paper-bound form containing the complete text of the 1953 revision. |
| communities depend on business for:: Global Corporate Citizenship Anuradha Dayal-Gulati, Mark Finn, 2007-09-04 Looks at issues of corporate responsibility globally, at companies in developing countries facing important challenges within their own countries. |
| communities depend on business for:: Revenue Revisions, 1947-48 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1947 Continuation of hearings on proposed changes to administrative provisions of the Revenue Code. Focuses on the taxation of farmers cooperatives, pt.4; Includes Federal Estate and Gift Taxes. A Proposal for Integration and for Correlation with Income Tax, Advisory Committee to Treas Dept on Estate and Gift Taxation (p. 3798-3973), pt.5. |
| communities depend on business for:: Victory United States. Office for Emergency Management, 1941 |
| communities depend on business for:: Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States United States. Congress. House, 1968 Some vols. include supplemental journals of such proceedings of the sessions, as, during the time they were depending, were ordered to be kept secret, and respecting which the injunction of secrecy was afterwards taken off by the order of the House. |
| communities depend on business for:: Private-Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Earth Sciences and Resources, Geographical Science Committee, Committee on Private-Public Sector Collaboration to Enhance Community Disaster Resilience, 2010-03-23 The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (9/11) on the United States prompted a rethinking of how the United States prepares for disasters. Federal policy documents written since 9/11 have stressed that the private and public sectors share equal responsibility for the security of the nation's critical infrastructure and key assets. Private sector entities have a role in the safety, security, and resilience of the communities in which they operate. Incentivizing the private sector to expend resources on community efforts remains challenging. Disasters in the United States since 9/11 (e.g., Hurricane Katrina in 2005) indicate that the nation has not yet been successful in making its communities resilient to disaster. In this book, the National Research Council assesses the current states of the art and practice in private-public sector collaboration dedicated to strengthening community disaster resilience. |
| communities depend on business for:: Victory , 1941 |
| communities depend on business for:: Cultivating Communities of Practice Etienne Wenger, Richard A. McDermott, William Snyder, 2002-01-08 Today's economy is fueled by knowledge. Every leader knows this to be true, yet few have systematic methods for converting organizational knowledge into economic value. This book argues that communities of practice--groups of individuals formed around common interests and expertise--provide the ideal vehicle for driving knowledge-management strategies and building lasting competitive advantage. Written by leading experts in the field, Cultivating Communities of Practice is the first book to outline models and methods for systematically developing these essential groups. Through compelling research and company examples, including DaimlerChrysler, McKinsey & Company, Shell, and the World Bank, authors Etienne Wenger, Richard McDermott, and William M. Snyder show how world-class organizations have leveraged communities of practice to drive strategy, generate new business opportunities, solve problems, transfer best practices, develop employees' professional skills, and recruit and retain top talent. Underscoring the new central role communities of practice are playing in today's knowledge economy, Cultivating Communities of Practice is the definitive guide to fostering, designing, and developing these powerful groups within and across organizations. |
| communities depend on business for:: Strategic Management for Tourism Communities Peter E. Murphy, Ann E. Murphy, 2004-11-05 Tourism, with its wide-ranging impact, needs to be managed effectively – but how? This book advocates taking a business approach to tourism that encourages greater collaboration between stakeholders in the practical assessment of tourism options. The approach places key business management functions and stakeholders at the forefront of tourism initiatives. The business management functions of planning, organising, leadership and control are the filters through which tourism opportunities are viewed, while the stakeholder groups of customers, residents, industry and government set the agenda for appropriate tourism development. Tourist destinations must engage in realistic assessments of their abilities to meet the needs and expectations of tourism stakeholders and then act on these assessments so their goals and objectives can be achieved. A new model for bridging stakeholder gaps is presented as a template for how communities can understand and make the most of their tourism resources. The Bridging Tourism Gaps Model is a practical tool to help destinations focus on the important factors in developing and maintaining tourism as a beneficial and vital part of their communities. This book builds on the success of Tourism: A Community Approach and the subsequent tourism planning experiences of both authors to advance strategic planning in tourism. |
| communities depend on business for:: Learning-in-Community M. Venkatesh, R.V. Small, Janet Marsden, 2003-06-30 This work extends Kolb's experiential learning theory to community-based projects. It traces the conceptual and operational development of learning-in-community over the decade that we have used it in our teaching. It concludes by outlining a logical next step in efforts to democratize technology: social activism. This book is intended for faculty of undergraduate and graduate-level courses in information technology, business and management. |
| communities depend on business for:: Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Australia. Parliament. Senate, 2003 |
| communities depend on business for:: Renewal communities , 2001 |
| communities depend on business for:: OECD Rural Policy Reviews Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development in Canada OECD, 2020-01-21 Canada’s Constitution Act (1982) recognises three Indigenous groups: Indians (now referred to as First Nations), Inuit, and Métis. Indigenous peoples make a vital contribution to the culture, heritage and economic development of Canada. Despite improvements in Indigenous well-being in recent decades, significant gaps remain with the non-Indigenous population. This study focuses on four priority issues to maximise the potential of Indigenous economies in Canada. |
| communities depend on business for:: The Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative United States. Congress. House. Committee on Homeland Security, 2009 |
| communities depend on business for:: Electric Utility Rate Reform and Regulatory Improvement United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Power, 1976 |
| communities depend on business for:: Trade Agreements Extension United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1955 |
| communities depend on business for:: The Starting and Managing Series United States. Small Business Administration, 1969 |
| communities depend on business for:: Empowering Entrepreneurial Communities and Ecosystems Morgan R. Clevenger, Michael W-P Fortunato, 2022-07-15 Entrepreneurial Communities and Ecosystems: Case Study Insights aims to provide applied examples that embody the theories, principles, and processes that contribute to empowering everyday entrepreneurial communities and ecosystems. Relying on a diversity of narratives from a wide range of entrepreneurial communities, entrepreneurial ecosystems, and organizations, this book presents a collection of case studies that take the reader inside the minds of leaders who are working to empower entrepreneurs and build entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurial communities—sometimes from scratch. The book features research and stories from entrepreneurs, development agencies, entrepreneurial support and assistance organizations (i.e. feeders and supports), governments, and involved citizens and local leaders in their quest to make their communities more entrepreneuring. The book presents an analytic frame through which the case studies are cross-analyzed, providing meta-guidelines for pursuing a broad range of strategies for supporting local and regional entrepreneurial action. This research volume is equally useful as an undergraduate or graduate text on the sociology of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship as it is a field guide for ecosystem builders, policy makers, nonprofits, and entrepreneurship and social researchers worldwide. |
| communities depend on business for:: Urban Planning and Land Policies United States. National Resources Committee, 1939 |
| communities depend on business for:: Amber Waves , 2005 |
| communities depend on business for:: Penn State Outreach , 2001 |
| communities depend on business for:: Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness Dylan Sandler, Anna K. Schwab, David J. Brower, 2016-08-05 This book introduces the concept of hazards as part of the earth’s natural systems, in contrast to disasters, which occur at the intersection of the built and natural environments. It emphasizes choices made by society that either increase or diminish our level of vulnerability to the impacts of hazards, and the role of the emergency manager in how these choices are made and acted upon. The book defines key concepts including mitigation, preparedness, resilience, vulnerability, and explains the role of the emergency manager in putting these principles into practice. |
| communities depend on business for:: Routes 54, 19, and 107 Location and Environmental Study, Audrain, Monroe, Pike, and Ralls Counties , 2002 |
| communities depend on business for:: Field Guide to the Future: Four Ways for Communities to Think Ahead Kristen Evans, Sandra J. Velarde, Rocio P. Prieto, Sheila N. Rao, Sandra Sertzen, Karina Dávila, Peter Cronkleton, Wil de Jong, 2006-01-01 Introduction: Communities and their future; Four methods for thinking ahead; Why the methods are useful; Participation; Getting ready: team preparations; Selection participants; Monitoring; Facilitating the methods step by step; Facilitation skills and tips. |
| communities depend on business for:: Hearings United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, 1955 |
| communities depend on business for:: Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development Norman Walzer, 2007-10-08 Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development delves into the current thinking on local entrepreneurship development programs and evaluates ways in which practitioners can implement successful entrepreneurship practices. Examining the role and potential for entrepreneurship programs in local economic development strategies, contributors to this edited collection have many years of experience working with entrerpreneurship initiatives in state and local governments. Focused on theory and case study, Entrepreneurship and Local Economic Development examines conceptual issues involved in creating entrepreneurship programs as well as practical examples of programs organized by state, regional, and local agencies. |
| communities depend on business for:: Black Enterprise , 1984-06 BLACK ENTERPRISE is the ultimate source for wealth creation for African American professionals, entrepreneurs and corporate executives. Every month, BLACK ENTERPRISE delivers timely, useful information on careers, small business and personal finance. |
| communities depend on business for:: Electronic Commerce: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Becker, Annie, 2007-12-31 Compiles top research from the world's leading experts on many topics related to electronic commerce. Covers topics including mobile commerce, virtual enterprises, business-to-business applications, Web services, and enterprise methodologies. |
| communities depend on business for:: Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Select Committee on Small Business United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Small Business, 1980 |
| communities depend on business for:: Projects and Publications of Interest to Planning and Development Agencies , 1949 |
| communities depend on business for:: Trust Companies , 1912 |
| communities depend on business for:: Corporate Stewardship Susan Albers Mohrman, James O'Toole, Edward E. Lawler III, 2017-09-29 Stewardship entails a profound understanding and acceptance of the challenges that result from the organization’s interdependence with the societal and ecological contexts in which it operates—and of what it takes to embrace the challenges to be a force for building a viable future. This book dares to ask ‘why’ business leaders should embrace stewardship in the current market where profit reigns supreme. A shift in approach represents fundamental change for the corporate world, and even the most advanced corporations consider themselves to be in the starting block of this transition. The book sets out the practical ways in which corporate stewardship can be achieved through embedding new approaches across the different functions of a business. This book, written by the leading thinkers in sustainability research, provides practical guidance on how companies can resolve the paradoxical challenges they face. How can they be at the same time profitable and responsible, effective and ethical, sustainable and adaptable? It explores what businesses are doing, what they can and should do to effectively respond to external challenges, and focuses on how leaders can create cultures, strategies, and designs far beyond “business as usual”.Stewards must not only make proper current use of that which they hold in trust, they also must leave it in better condition for use by future generations. Corporate Stewardship challenges managers, executives, and directors of global corporations to think and act as stewards of both their organizations and the physical and social environments in which they operate. |
| communities depend on business for:: Defense , 1941 |
| communities depend on business for:: Trade Expansion Act of 1962 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means, 1962 Includes. Foreign Economic Policy for the 1960s, Report of Joint Economic Committee, Jan., 1962 (p. 101-154). U.S. Import Duties on Agricultural Products. 1959, Revised, 1962. Agricultural Handbook No. 143, USDA (p. 329-478). Import Restrictions Maintained by Countries of the European Economic Community by Several Other Countries That May Accede to the EEC, and by Japan (p. 480-600), pt.1; Includes Memorandum on H.R. 9900 of the 87th Congress, the Trade Expansion Act of 1962,' U.S. Tariff Commission, Apr. 9, 1962 (p. 905-1020), pt.2; Continuation of hearings on legislation to authorize the President to revise and reduce tariff and import restrictions, to authorize a trade adjustment assistance program, and to establish an Office of Special Representative for Trade Negotiations and an Interagency Trade Organization. Includes Joint Economic Committee Print Trade Restraints in the Western Community with Tariff Comparisons and Selected Statistical Tables Pertinent to Foreign Economic Policy, 1961 (p. 1891-1957), pt.3; Includes The European Common Market, Trade Expansion Act and California Agriculture, by Sidney Hoos (Mar. 2, 1962. p. 3699-3772), pt.6. |
| communities depend on business for:: Compilation of Selected Acts Concerning National Forests and Related Matters United States, 2001 |
| communities depend on business for:: Establishing and Operating an Apparel Store... Zelma Bendure, 1946 |
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