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| community vs population biology: The Theory of Ecological Communities (MPB-57) Mark Vellend, 2020-09-15 A plethora of different theories, models, and concepts make up the field of community ecology. Amid this vast body of work, is it possible to build one general theory of ecological communities? What other scientific areas might serve as a guiding framework? As it turns out, the core focus of community ecology—understanding patterns of diversity and composition of biological variants across space and time—is shared by evolutionary biology and its very coherent conceptual framework, population genetics theory. The Theory of Ecological Communities takes this as a starting point to pull together community ecology's various perspectives into a more unified whole. Mark Vellend builds a theory of ecological communities based on four overarching processes: selection among species, drift, dispersal, and speciation. These are analogues of the four central processes in population genetics theory—selection within species, drift, gene flow, and mutation—and together they subsume almost all of the many dozens of more specific models built to describe the dynamics of communities of interacting species. The result is a theory that allows the effects of many low-level processes, such as competition, facilitation, predation, disturbance, stress, succession, colonization, and local extinction to be understood as the underpinnings of high-level processes with widely applicable consequences for ecological communities. Reframing the numerous existing ideas in community ecology, The Theory of Ecological Communities provides a new way for thinking about biological composition and diversity. |
| community vs population biology: Population and Community Ecology of Ontogenetic Development André M. de Roos, Lennart Persson, 2013-01-15 A bird's-eye view of community and population effects of ontogenetic development -- Life history processes, ontogenetic development, and density dependence -- Biomass overcompensation -- Emergent allee effects through biomass overcompensation -- Emergent facilitation among predators on size-structured prey -- Ontogenetic niche shifts -- Mixed interactions -- Ontogenetic niche shifts, predators, and coexistence among consumer species -- Dynamics of consumer-resource systems -- Dynamics of consumer-resource systems with discrete reproduction : multiple resources and confronting model predictions with empirical data -- Cannibalism in size-structured systems -- Demand-driven systems, model hierarchies, and ontogenetic asymmetry. |
| community vs population biology: Theories of Populations in Biological Communities F. B. Christiansen, T. M. Fenchel, 2012-12-06 When we wrote this book it was, admittedly, flrst of all for the sake of our own enjoyment and enlightenment. We will, however, add our sincerely meant (but rather traditional) hope that it will prove interesting to graduate students, to colleagues and to anyone else, who will bother to read it. The book was written as a joint effort by a theoretically inclined population geneticist and an experimental ecologist who share opinions on what is interesting in the fleld of theoretical ecology. While we believe that qualifled natural history is of indisputable intrinsic value, we think that ecology is a natural science which should have a theoretical framework. On the other hand, theoretical ecology must draw its inspiration from nature and yield results which give insight into the flndings of the naturalist and inspire him to make new observations and experiments. Without this relationship between fleld biology and theory, mathe matical ecology may become a discipline totally divorced from biology and solve-albeit interesting-mathematical problems without signiflcance for ecology. Therefore, in addition to theoretical population biology (including some original models) the book also discusses observational data from nature to show how the theoretical models give new insight and how observations give rise to new theoretical thought. While no book on ecology could do without the mention of the hare-lynx example (and ours is, therefore, no exception) we have tried to bring new examples mainly derived from one of the authors' fleld of experience: microbial ecology and marine biology. |
| community vs population biology: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| community vs population biology: From Populations to Ecosystems Michel Loreau, 2010-07-01 The major subdisciplines of ecology--population ecology, community ecology, ecosystem ecology, and evolutionary ecology--have diverged increasingly in recent decades. What is critically needed today is an integrated, real-world approach to ecology that reflects the interdependency of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. From Populations to Ecosystems proposes an innovative theoretical synthesis that will enable us to advance our fundamental understanding of ecological systems and help us to respond to today's emerging global ecological crisis. Michel Loreau begins by explaining how the principles of population dynamics and ecosystem functioning can be merged. He then addresses key issues in the study of biodiversity and ecosystems, such as functional complementarity, food webs, stability and complexity, material cycling, and metacommunities. Loreau describes the most recent theoretical advances that link the properties of individual populations to the aggregate properties of communities, and the properties of functional groups or trophic levels to the functioning of whole ecosystems, placing special emphasis on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Finally, he turns his attention to the controversial issue of the evolution of entire ecosystems and their properties, laying the theoretical foundations for a genuine evolutionary ecosystem ecology. From Populations to Ecosystems points the way to a much-needed synthesis in ecology, one that offers a fuller understanding of ecosystem processes in the natural world. |
| community vs population biology: Communities and Ecosystems David A. Wardle, 2002-05-12 Soil. |
| community vs population biology: Population Biology of Grasses G. P. Cheplick, 1998-03-28 Dynamics. |
| community vs population biology: Metacommunity Ecology Mathew A. Leibold, Jonathan M. Chase, 2017-12-18 Metacommunity ecology links smaller-scale processes that have been the provenance of population and community ecology—such as birth-death processes, species interactions, selection, and stochasticity—with larger-scale issues such as dispersal and habitat heterogeneity. Until now, the field has focused on evaluating the relative importance of distinct processes, with niche-based environmental sorting on one side and neutral-based ecological drift and dispersal limitation on the other. This book moves beyond these artificial categorizations, showing how environmental sorting, dispersal, ecological drift, and other processes influence metacommunity structure simultaneously. Mathew Leibold and Jonathan Chase argue that the relative importance of these processes depends on the characteristics of the organisms, the strengths and types of their interactions, the degree of habitat heterogeneity, the rates of dispersal, and the scale at which the system is observed. Using this synthetic perspective, they explore metacommunity patterns in time and space, including patterns of coexistence, distribution, and diversity. Leibold and Chase demonstrate how these processes and patterns are altered by micro- and macroevolution, traits and phylogenetic relationships, and food web interactions. They then use this scale-explicit perspective to illustrate how metacommunity processes are essential for understanding macroecological and biogeographical patterns as well as ecosystem-level processes. Moving seamlessly across scales and subdisciplines, Metacommunity Ecology is an invaluable reference, one that offers a more integrated approach to ecological patterns and processes. |
| community vs population biology: Population Biology Alan Hastings, 2013-03-14 Population biology has been investigated quantitatively for many decades, resulting in a rich body of scientific literature. Ecologists often avoid this literature, put off by its apparently formidable mathematics. This textbook provides an introduction to the biology and ecology of populations by emphasizing the roles of simple mathematical models in explaining the growth and behavior of populations. The author only assumes acquaintance with elementary calculus, and provides tutorial explanations where needed to develop mathematical concepts. Examples, problems, extensive marginal notes and numerous graphs enhance the book's value to students in classes ranging from population biology and population ecology to mathematical biology and mathematical ecology. The book will also be useful as a supplement to introductory courses in ecology. |
| community vs population biology: Evolutionary Community Ecology Mark A. McPeek, 2017-08-29 Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Ecological Opportunities, Communities, and Evolution -- 2. The Community of Ecological Opportunities -- 3. Evolving in the Community -- 4. New Species for the Community -- 5. Differentiating in the Community -- 6. Moving among Communities -- 7. Which Ways Forward? -- Literature Cited -- Index |
| community vs population biology: Theory-based Ecology Liz Pásztor, Zoltán Botta-Dukát, Gabriella Magyar, Tamás Czárán, Géza Meszéna, 2016 The first text to adopt a Darwinian approach to develop a universal, coherent and robust theory of ecology and provide a unified treatment of ecology and evolution. |
| community vs population biology: Population and Community Ecology E. C. Pielou, 1974 |
| community vs population biology: Analytical Population Dynamics T. Royama, 2012-12-06 A knowledge of animal population dynamics is essential for the proper management of natural resources and the environment. This book, now available in paperback, develops basic concepts and a rigorous methodology for the analysis of animal population dynamics to identify the underlying mechanisms. |
| community vs population biology: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| community vs population biology: Linking Species & Ecosystems Clive G. Jones, John H. Lawton, 1995 This is the first volume devoted to the integration of population and ecosystem ecology--an approach that offers vast potential for improving our understanding of the complexities of nature and the management of environmental problems. The editors, Clive Jones and John Lawton, work at the Institute of Ecosystem Studies in New York and the Natural Environment Research Council Centre for Population Biology in England, respectively. They have brought together a distinguished group of experts to explore diverse aspects of linking species and ecosystem perspectives: theoretical, empirical and pragmatic including: *processes that range from a local to a planetary scale *the role of organisms as ecosystem engineers *the use of ecological flow chains to link population and ecosystem processes *numerous examples of the influence of species on ecosystem processes and vice versa *a unique blend of problems and processes drawn from marine, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems *problems of species redundancy in ecosystem processes *stoichiometric constraints on species interactions; *scaling and aggregation problems. The book establishes conceptual frameworks for the rigorous study of interactions between species and ecosystems, it points to still-unanswered questions, and it identifies future research directions. Integration of ecology with its implications for teaching, research and society are central to the book. This pioneering volume will be an indispensable resource for ecology researchers, students, and environmental managers and will stimulate debate on the future integration of the field. |
| community vs population biology: Competition P.A. Keddy, 2001-11-30 Behaviour. |
| community vs population biology: Unsolved Problems in Ecology Andrew Dobson, David Tilman, Robert D. Holt, 2020-06-02 This volume provides a series of essays on open questions in ecology with the overarching goal being to outline to the most important, most interesting or most fundamental problems in ecology that need to be addressed. The contributions span ecological subfields, from behavioral ecology and population ecology to disease ecology and conservation and range in tone from the technical to more personal meditations on the state of the field. Many of the chapters start or end in moments of genuine curiosity, like one which takes up the question of why the world is green or another which asks what might come of a thought experiment in which we turn-off evolution entirely-- |
| community vs population biology: Opportunities in Biology National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Life Sciences, Board on Biology, Committee on Research Opportunities in Biology, 1989-01-01 Biology has entered an era in which interdisciplinary cooperation is at an all-time high, practical applications follow basic discoveries more quickly than ever before, and new technologiesâ€recombinant DNA, scanning tunneling microscopes, and moreâ€are revolutionizing the way science is conducted. The potential for scientific breakthroughs with significant implications for society has never been greater. Opportunities in Biology reports on the state of the new biology, taking a detailed look at the disciplines of biology; examining the advances made in medicine, agriculture, and other fields; and pointing out promising research opportunities. Authored by an expert panel representing a variety of viewpoints, this volume also offers recommendations on how to meet the infrastructure needsâ€for funding, effective information systems, and other supportâ€of future biology research. Exploring what has been accomplished and what is on the horizon, Opportunities in Biology is an indispensable resource for students, teachers, and researchers in all subdisciplines of biology as well as for research administrators and those in funding agencies. |
| community vs population biology: Applied Population Biology S.K. Jain, L.W. Botsford, 2007-07-23 An increasing variety of biological problems involving resource management, conservation and environmental quality have been dealt with using the principles of population biology (defined to include population dynamics, genetics and certain aspects of community ecology). There appears to be a mixed record of successes and failures and almost no critical synthesis or reviews that have attempted to discuss the reasons and ways in which population biology, with its remarkable theoretical as well as experimental advances, could find more useful application in agriculture, forestry, fishery, medicine and resource and environmental management. This book provides examples of state-of-the-art applications by a distinguished group of researchers in several fields. The diversity of topics richly illustrates the scientific and economic breadth of their discussions as well as epistemological and comparative analyses by the authors and editors. Several principles and common themes are emphasized and both strengths and potential sources of uncertainty in applications are discussed. This volume will hopefully stimulate new interdisciplinary avenues of problem-solving research. |
| community vs population biology: Population Biology of Tropical Insects Allen M. Young, 2012-12-06 In this book I have tried to bring together the major developments in the study of insect populations in tropical environments. In some ways, this task has been a difficult one because conceptually it is virtually impossible to limit a discussion of insect ecology to the tropics, since the same concepts, theories, and hypoth eses concerning the mechanisms by which habitats support insect populations often apply both to temperate and to tropical regions. Thus one might argue effectively that a book such as Peter Price's Insect Ecology represents a more comprehensive treatment of insect ecology, including the tropical aspects. Yet because there has been a tremendous amount of new study on insects in the tropics in recent years, and because there has also been a strong historical interest in tropical insects, judging from early museum expeditions and medically and agriculturally oriented studies of insects in the New and Old World tropics, I believe there is a place for a book dealing almost exclusively with tropical insects. But logically so, such a book by necessity incorporates data and informa tion from Temperate Zone studies, if for no other reason than because insights into the properties of tropical environments often emerge from compariso'ns of species, communities, or faunas between temperate and tropical regions. An understanding of insect populations in the tropics cannot be divorced from a consideration of Temperate Zone populations. |
| community vs population biology: Population Biology and Evolution K. Wöhrmann, V. Löschcke, 2012-12-06 This volume contains the papers presented at a symposium on popula tion biology sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. It was . held at the guest house of the University of Ttibingen at Oberjoch on May 15-19, 1983. Prior to this conference a small group of European biologists had met in Berlin (June 1981) and Pavia (September 1982) to discuss re search problems on the borderline between population genetics and evolutionary ecology. From the contributions and discussions at these meetings it became evident that the unification of approaches to evolutionary problems in population genetics and evolutionary ecology has not yet been suc cessful and requires further efforts. It was the consensus that a larger symposium with international participation would be helpful to con front and discuss the different approaches to population biology in order to assess where we are now and where we should be going. As a result an organizational committee was formed (F. Christiansen, S. Jayakar, V. Loeschcke, W. Scharloo, and K. W6hrmann) to iden tify topics that seemed, at least to them, to be fruitful in tackling problems in population biology. Consequently, a number of colleagues were asked to participate in the meeting. We have divided this book into chapters corresponding to the eight topics chosen. The volume begins with the relation between genotype and phenotype and is followed by a chapter on quantitative genetics and selection in natural populations. |
| community vs population biology: Biodiversity Dynamics Michael L. McKinney, James A. Drake, 2001-04-12 How will patterns of human interaction with the earth's eco-system impact on biodiversity loss over the long term--not in the next ten or even fifty years, but on the vast temporal scale be dealt with by earth scientists? This volume brings together data from population biology, community ecology, comparative biology, and paleontology to answer this question. |
| community vs population biology: Competition and the Structure of Bird Communities. (MPB-7), Volume 7 Martin L. Cody, 2020-03-31 Professor Cody's monograph emphasizes the role of competition at levels above single species populations, and describes how competition, by way of the niche concept, determines the structure of communities. Communities may be understood in terms of resource gradients, or niche dimensions, along which species become segregated through competitive interactions. Most communities appear to exist in three or four such dimensions. The first three chapters describe the resource gradients (habitat types, foraging sites, food types), show what factors restrict species to certain parts of the resource gradients and so determine niche breadths, and illustrate the important role of resource predictability in niche overlap between species for resources they share. Most examples are drawn from eleven North and South American bird communities, although the concepts and methodology are far more general. Next, the optimality of community structure is tested through parallel and convergent evolution on different continents with similar climates and habitats, and the direct influence of competitors on resource use is investigated by comparisons of species--poor island communities to species-rich mainland ones. Finally, the author discusses those sorts of environments in which the evolution of one species--one resource set is not achieved, and where alternative schemes of resource allocation, often involving several species that act ecologically as one, must be followed. |
| community vs population biology: Food Webs (MPB-50) Kevin S. McCann, 2012 This book synthesizes and reconciles modern and classical perspectives into a general unified theory. |
| community vs population biology: Resource Competition and Community Structure. (MPB-17), Volume 17 David Tilman, 2020-03-31 One of the central questions of ecology is why there are so many different kinds of plants and animals. Here David Tilman presents a theory of how organisms compete for resources and the way their competition promotes diversity. Developing Hutchinson's suggestion that the main cause of diversity is the feeding relations of species, this book builds a mechanistic, resource-based explanation of the structure and functioning of ecological communities. In a detailed analysis of the Park Grass Experiments at the Rothamsted Experimental Station in England, the author demonstrates that the dramatic results of these 120 years of experimentation are consistent with his theory, as are observations in many other natural communities. The consumer-resource approach of this book is applicable to both animal and plant communities, but the majority of Professor Tilman's discussion concentrates on the structure of plant communities. All theoretical arguments are developed graphically, and formal mathematics is kept to a minimum. The final chapters of the book provide some testable speculations about resources and animal communities and explore such problems as the evolution of super species, the differences between plant and animal community diversity patterns, and the cause of plant succession. |
| community vs population biology: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| community vs population biology: Ecology of Populations Esa Ranta, Per Lundberg, Veijo Kaitala, 2005-02-06 The theme of the book is the distribution and abundance of organisms in space and time. The core of the book lies in how local births and deaths are tied to emigration and immigration processes, and how environmental variability at different scales affects population dynamics with stochastic processes and spatial structure and shows how elementary analytical tools can be used to understand population fluctuations, synchrony, processes underlying range distributions and community structure and species coexistence. The book also shows how spatial population dynamics models can be used to understand life history evolution and aspects of evolutionary game theory. Although primarily based on analytical and numerical analyses of spatial population processes, data from several study systems are also dealt with. |
| community vs population biology: Spatiotemporal Models of Population and Community Dynamics T. Czaran, 1998 This book presents a comprehensive typology and a comprehensible description of spatiotemporal models used in population dynamics. The main types included are: reaction-diffusion systems, patch models, matapopulation approaches, host parasitoid models, cellular automata (interacting particle systems), tessellations and distance models. The models are introduced through examples and with informative verbal explanations to help understanding. Some of the cellular automation examples are models not yet published elsewhere. Possible extensions of certain model types are suggested. |
| community vs population biology: Ecology of Shallow Lakes Marten Scheffer, 2013-04-17 Ecology of Shallow Lakes brings together current understanding of the mechanisms that drive the diametrically opposite states of water clarity, shown by the cover paintings, found in many shallow lakes and ponds. It gives an outline of the knowledge gained from field observations, experimental work, and restoration studies, linked by a solid theoretical framework. The book focuses on shallow lakes, but the lucid treatment of plankton dynamics, resuspension, light climate and the role of vegetation is relevant to a much wider range of aquatic systems. The models that are used remain simple and most analyses are graphical rather than algebraic. The text will therefore appeal to students, scientists and policy makers in the field of ecology, fisheries, pollution studies and water management, and also to theoreticans who will benefit from the many real-world examples of topics such as predation and competition theory, bifurcation analysis and catastrophe theory. Perhaps most importantly, the book is a remarkable example of how large field experiments and simple models can catalyze our insight into complex ecosystems. Marten Scheffer wrote this book while at the Institute of Inland Water Management and Waste Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands. He is currently at the Department of Water Quality Management and Aquatic Ecology of the Wageningen Agricultural University. Reviews `Much rarer are textbooks that so succinctly sum up the state-of-the-art knowledge about a subject that they become instant `bibles'. This book is one of these. It is probably one of the best biological textbooks I have read. Scheffer masterfully pulls all this information together under one cover and presents a coherent account, which will serve as a benchmark for the subject. The reader will not gain any great insight into the breeding biology of pike from this book, nor learn much about dragonflies or newts. They will, however, come to understand the essential nature of shallow lakes or, as the author puts it, `how shallow lakes work'. Overall, this book will be of great interest to practical and theoretical ecologists, students and managers in all fields of biology. All freshwater ecologists should certainly read it.' Simon Harrison in Journal of Ecology, 86 `The book by Scheffer can be seen as a milestone in the recognition of shallow lakes as a research topic in its own right. Scheffer uses three approaches concurrently to unravel the functioning of shallow lakes: 1) statistical analysis of large datasets from a variety of lakes; 2) simple abstract models made up of a few non-linear ordinary differential equations, which he calls `mini-models'; and 3) logical reasoning based on a mixture of results from fieldwork, experiments and models. What is new is that Scheffer links mathematics very nicely with what one feels is a correct description of the functioning of a shallow lake. Employing logical reasoning, Scheffer combines all these sources of knowledge into a general, coherent picture of the functioning of a shallow lake.' Wolf Mooij in Aquatic Ecology, 32 |
| community vs population biology: The Population Biology of Tuberculosis Christopher Dye, 2015-07-07 Despite decades of developments in immunization and drug therapy, tuberculosis remains among the leading causes of human mortality, and no country has successfully eradicated the disease. Reenvisioning tuberculosis from the perspective of population biology, this book examines why the disease is so persistent and what must be done to fight it. Treating tuberculosis and its human hosts as dynamic, interacting populations, Christopher Dye seeks new answers to key questions by drawing on demography, ecology, epidemiology, evolution, and population genetics. Dye uses simple mathematical models to investigate how cases and deaths could be reduced, and how interventions could lead to TB elimination. Dye's analysis reveals a striking gap between the actual and potential impact of current interventions, especially drug treatment, and he suggests placing more emphasis on early case detection and the treatment of active or incipient tuberculosis. He argues that the response to disappointingly slow rates of disease decline is not to abandon long-established principles of chemotherapy, but to implement them with greater vigor. Summarizing epidemiological insights from population biology, Dye stresses the need to take a more inclusive view of the factors that affect disease, including characteristics of the pathogen, individuals and populations, health care systems, and physical and social environments. In broadening the horizons of TB research, The Population Biology of Tuberculosis demonstrates what must be done to prevent, control, and defeat this global threat in the twenty-first century. |
| community vs population biology: Ecology Michael Begon, Colin R. Townsend, 2020-11-17 A definitive guide to the depth and breadth of the ecological sciences, revised and updated The revised and updated fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems – now in full colour – offers students and practitioners a review of the ecological sciences. The previous editions of this book earned the authors the prestigious ‘Exceptional Life-time Achievement Award’ of the British Ecological Society – the aim for the fifth edition is not only to maintain standards but indeed to enhance its coverage of Ecology. In the first edition, 34 years ago, it seemed acceptable for ecologists to hold a comfortable, objective, not to say aloof position, from which the ecological communities around us were simply material for which we sought a scientific understanding. Now, we must accept the immediacy of the many environmental problems that threaten us and the responsibility of ecologists to play their full part in addressing these problems. This fifth edition addresses this challenge, with several chapters devoted entirely to applied topics, and examples of how ecological principles have been applied to problems facing us highlighted throughout the remaining nineteen chapters. Nonetheless, the authors remain wedded to the belief that environmental action can only ever be as sound as the ecological principles on which it is based. Hence, while trying harder than ever to help improve preparedness for addressing the environmental problems of the years ahead, the book remains, in its essence, an exposition of the science of ecology. This new edition incorporates the results from more than a thousand recent studies into a fully up-to-date text. Written for students of ecology, researchers and practitioners, the fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems is anessential reference to all aspects of ecology and addresses environmental problems of the future. |
| community vs population biology: Population and Community Ecology of Ontogenetic Development André M. de Roos, Lennart Persson, 2013-01-15 Most organisms show substantial changes in size or morphology after they become independent of their parents and have to find their own food. Furthermore, the rate at which these changes occur generally depends on the amount of food they ingest. In this book, André de Roos and Lennart Persson advance a synthetic and individual-based theory of the effects of this plastic ontogenetic development on the dynamics of populations and communities. De Roos and Persson show how the effects of ontogenetic development on ecological dynamics critically depend on the efficiency with which differently sized individuals convert food into new biomass. Differences in this efficiency--or ontogenetic asymmetry--lead to bottlenecks in and thus population regulation by either maturation or reproduction. De Roos and Persson investigate the community consequences of these bottlenecks for trophic configurations that vary in the number and type of interacting species and in the degree of ontogenetic niche shifts exhibited by their individuals. They also demonstrate how insights into the effects of maturation and reproduction limitation on community equilibrium carry over to the dynamics of size-structured populations and give rise to different types of cohort-driven cycles. Featuring numerous examples and tests of modeling predictions, this book provides a pioneering and extensive theoretical and empirical treatment of the ecology of ontogenetic growth and development in organisms, emphasizing the importance of an individual-based perspective for understanding population and community dynamics. |
| community vs population biology: Population Biology of Vector-Borne Diseases John M. Drake, Michael Bonsall, Michael Strand, 2021-01-29 Population Biology of Vector-Borne Diseases is the first comprehensive survey of this rapidly developing field. The chapter topics provide an up-to-date presentation of classical concepts, reviews of emerging trends, synthesis of existing knowledge, and a prospective agenda for future research. The contributions offer authoritative and international perspectives from leading thinkers in the field. The dynamics of vector-borne diseases are far more intrinsically ecological compared with their directly transmitted equivalents. The environmental dependence of ectotherm vectors means that vector-borne pathogens are acutely sensitive to changing environmental conditions. Although perennially important vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue have deeply informed our understanding of vector-borne diseases, recent emerging viruses such as West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus have generated new scientific questions and practical problems. The study of vector-borne disease has been a particularly rich source of ecological questions, while ecological theory has provided the conceptual tools for thinking about their evolution, transmission, and spatial extent. Population Biology of Vector-Borne Diseases is an advanced textbook suitable for graduate level students taking courses in vector biology, population ecology, evolutionary ecology, disease ecology, medical entomology, viral ecology/evolution, and parasitology, as well as providing a key reference for researchers across these fields. |
| community vs population biology: Resource Competition James P. Grover, 1997-07-31 As one of the most quantitative of ecological subdisciplines, resource competition is an important, central area of ecology. Recently research into this area has increased dramatically and resource competition models have become more complex. The characterisation of this phenomenon is therefore the aim of this book. Resource Competition seeks to identify the unifying principles emerging from experimental and theoretical approaches as well as the differences between organisms, illustrating that greater knowledge of resource competition will benefit human and environmental welfare. This book will serve as an indispensable guide to ecologists, evolutionary biologists and environmental managers, and all those interested in resource competition as an emerging discipline. |
| community vs population biology: Fire and Plants William J. Bond, B.W. van Wilgen, 2012-12-06 Large regions of the world are regularly burnt either deliberately or naturally. However, despite the widespread occurrence of such fire-prone ecosystems, and considerable body of research on plant population biology in relation to fire, until now there have only been limited attempts at a coherent conceptual synthesis of the field for use by students or researchers. |
| community vs population biology: Oxford Bibliographies , |
| community vs population biology: Population Ecology in Practice Dennis L. Murray, Brett K. Sandercock, 2020-02-10 A synthesis of contemporary analytical and modeling approaches in population ecology The book provides an overview of the key analytical approaches that are currently used in demographic, genetic, and spatial analyses in population ecology. The chapters present current problems, introduce advances in analytical methods and models, and demonstrate the applications of quantitative methods to ecological data. The book covers new tools for designing robust field studies; estimation of abundance and demographic rates; matrix population models and analyses of population dynamics; and current approaches for genetic and spatial analysis. Each chapter is illustrated by empirical examples based on real datasets, with a companion website that offers online exercises and examples of computer code in the R statistical software platform. Fills a niche for a book that emphasizes applied aspects of population analysis Covers many of the current methods being used to analyse population dynamics and structure Illustrates the application of specific analytical methods through worked examples based on real datasets Offers readers the opportunity to work through examples or adapt the routines to their own datasets using computer code in the R statistical platform Population Ecology in Practice is an excellent book for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in population ecology or ecological statistics, as well as established researchers needing a desktop reference for contemporary methods used to develop robust population assessments. |
| community vs population biology: Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa Richard Primack, Johnny W. Wilson, 2019-09-10 Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa comprehensively explores the challenges and potential solutions to key conservation issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. Easy to read, this lucid and accessible textbook includes fifteen chapters that cover a full range of conservation topics, including threats to biodiversity, environmental laws, and protected areas management, as well as related topics such as sustainability, poverty, and human-wildlife conflict. This rich resource also includes a background discussion of what conservation biology is, a wide range of theoretical approaches to the subject, and concrete examples of conservation practice in specific African contexts. Strategies are outlined to protect biodiversity whilst promoting economic development in the region. Boxes covering specific themes written by scientists who live and work throughout the region are included in each chapter, together with recommended readings and suggested discussion topics. Each chapter also includes an extensive bibliography. Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa provides the most up-to-date study in the field. It is an essential resource, available on-line without charge, for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as a handy guide for professionals working to stop the rapid loss of biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere. |
| community vs population biology: The Biosphere Vladimir I. Vernadsky, 2012-12-06 Vladimir Vernadsky was a brilliant and prescient scholar-a true scientific visionary who saw the deep connections between life on Earth and the rest of the planet and understood the profound implications for life as a cosmic phenomenon. -DAVID H. GRINSPOON, AUTHOR OF VENUS REVEALED The Biosphere should be required reading for all entry level students in earth and planetary sciences. -ERIC D. SCHNEIDER, AUTHOR OF INTO THE COOL: THE NEW THERMODYNAMICS OF CREATIVE DESTRUCTION |
| community vs population biology: Coexistence in Ecology Mark A. McPeek, 2022-02-08 A comprehensive framework for understanding species coexistence Coexistence is the central concept in community ecology, but an understanding of this concept requires that we study the actual mechanisms of species interactions. Coexistence in Ecology examines the major features of these mechanisms for species that coexist at different positions in complex food webs, and derives empirical tests from model predictions. Exploring the various challenges species face, Mark McPeek systematically builds a model food web, beginning with an ecosystem devoid of life and then adding one species at a time. With the introduction of each new species, he evaluates the properties it must possess to invade a community and quantifies the changes in the abundances of other species that result from a successful invasion. McPeek continues this process until he achieves a multitrophic level food web with many species coexisting at each trophic level, from omnivores, mutualists, and pathogens to herbivores, carnivores, and basic plants. He then describes the observational and experimental empirical studies that can test the theoretical predictions resulting from the model analyses. Synthesizing decades of theoretical research in community ecology, Coexistence in Ecology offers new perspectives on how to develop an empirical program of study rooted in the natural histories of species and the mechanisms by which they actually interact with one another. |
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Dec 16, 2024 · Thank you for reaching out to the Microsoft Community and I'll be glad to assist you today. Currently, there is no official news about a Windows 12 Operating System by …
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How to completely remove Microsoft account from PC
Jan 7, 2019 · Any content of an adult theme or inappropriate to a community web site. Any image, link, or discussion of nudity. Any behavior that is insulting, rude, vulgar, desecrating, or …
How can I bring up my saved passwords list? - Microsoft Community
Sep 19, 2023 · Any content of an adult theme or inappropriate to a community web site. Any image, link, or discussion of nudity. Any behavior that is insulting, rude, vulgar, desecrating, or …
Reddit - Dive into anything
this is a community like r/AmITheAsshole except unlike that subreddit here you can post interpersonal conflicts, anything that's AITA but is not allowed there even posting about Scar …
A òA Separate Biology GCSE - The Coleshill School
stable community: Where all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain stable. ecosystem: A community and its habitat. population: All the …
Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology
1 Relationships between body size and abundance in ecology Ethan P. White1,2, S.K. Morgan Ernest2, Andrew J. Kerkhoff3 and Brian J. Enquist1 1Department of Biology, Utah State …
The Evolution of Populations - East Tennessee State University
For a population to evolve, individuals must differ genetically and one of the factors that causes evolution must be at work. A population’s gene pool is defined by its allele frequencies. A …
Introduction to Population Biology - Cambridge University …
s unique textbook on population biology addresses these questions and offers a comprehensive analysis of evolutionary theory in the areas of ecology, population genetics and behaviour. …
Population Dynamics Click and Learn Educator Materials
model, the population continues growing larger and faster over time. • The logistic growth model describes how a population grows when it is limited by resources or other density-dependent …
Introduction to environmental biology - Cambridge …
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to environmental biology 1 explain the meanings of the terms habitat, microhabitat, niche and population; 2 distinguish between a community and an ecosystem; 3 …
On the relationship between individual and population …
‘‘Population health’’ is a relatively new, rather fashionable term in the medical field.1 From its probable origins in Canada to its current use in the literature (Kindig and Stoddart 2003; Arah …
Effective Population Size - Princeton University
population size (N e) helps us quantify how a particular population will be af-fected by drift or inbreeding. Effective size takes into account not only the current census size of a population, …
Lecture 14: Population growth. - Montana State University
underlying ecology and population biology is based on extensions of these models, so it is critical to understand them well. Exponential population growth (Pianka Fig. 9.1) The simplest type of …
Stages of Ecological Succession What is Ecological …
Population Vs Community Population: The group of individuals of a particular species occupying in a unit area. Example: population of Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito) in an area. …
Molecular epidemiology: Linking molecular scale insights to …
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Main Idea: Ecologists study environments at different levels of ...
Population The amount of one species that live in an area # of deer 3. Community All of the different species that live in an area People + dogs + deer 4. Ecosystem Living and nonliving …
Methods for Assessing Fish Populations - US EPA
fish population that is exploitable by a fishery, but we use the more inclusive population assess-ment throughout this chapter. Distinction is also made between a fish population and a sample …
Population abundance estimates in conservation and …
Population abundance estimates in conservation and biodiversity research Corey T. Callaghan 1,*, ... 2Department of Biology and Biotechnologies ‘Charles Darwin’, SapienzaUniversity of …
Population Growth - Ecology BIOL 2402
Population Growth How is population growth naturally regulated? The current world population is estimated to be over 7 billion. At present the number of births annually exceeds the number of …
Stochastic Population Models: Some Concepts, Definitions …
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NATIONAL 5 BIOLOGY - LIFE ON EARTH SUMMARY
Pyramid of numbers - population of each organism at each stage of a food chain. Pyramid of energy is a graphical model of energy flow in a community. Each level of the pyramid shows …
Population Biology in a Restoration Context - University of …
Population Biology in a Restoration Context • Objectives: – How can population biology ↔ restoration ecology ↔ ecological restoration? • Population characteristics • Population viability …
INVITED REVIEW What is a population? An empirical …
evolutionary biology, and conservation biology, and numerous definitions can be found in the literature (Table 1). Given the central importance of the population concept, it might be …
The Evolution of Population Biology
effective population size N e 359–62 Fisher, R. A. 8, 10–11, 112, 193 mass selection 111, 117, 120, 126 natural selection 10–12 fitness components, determination 12–13 dependence on …
Things To Do In The Financial District Nyc Copy
discussions and networking within the academic community. When it comes to downloading Things To Do In The Financial District Nyc free PDF files of magazines, brochures, and …
Population Dynamics Click & Learn Educator Materials
Discrete vs. Continuous Models of Population Growth: In general, mathematical models of population growth come in two flavors: discrete and continuous. The discrete model considers …
ECO TECH - PhilArchive
inherent in population thinking which have been inferred by the recent debates in biology and the philosophy of biology. Then the second objective is to show that the anomalies accumulated by …
Population Dynamics: Predator/Prey - Stanford University
Created by LABScI at Stanford 2 • The predators’ populations also change with time, and they depend on the amount of bunnies in the meadow. • In reality, resources are limited.Carrying …
Part II Population Growth Models - Cambridge University …
Community Structure 330 20.5 Evolution of Niches: an Example 333 20.6 Predation, Herbivory and Community Structure 337 20.7 Parasites and Community Structure 338 20.8 Mutualism …
Does the US Have a Population Problem? - Biology Roots
Population Growth and Quality of Life More people, more problems, even for the world’s richest nation The Future of US Population 283 or 519 million people? Stabilizing US Population A …
Biology Knowledge Organiser Key Terms Definitions B16
community is one where all the species [ populations and the abiotic factors are in balance; as a result, population sizes don [t change much in stable communities. Biology Knowledge …
Habitat fragmentation and landscape change - Society for …
vation biology (Soulé 1986; see Chapter 1). Habitat fragmentation, by definition, is the “breaking apart” of continuous habitat, such as tropical forest or semi-arid shrubland, into dis-tinct pieces. …
Ecological Interactions Activity Teacher Guide - Ms.
occupy the same niche in a community, and be able to predict what would happen if an invasive species was introduced into the ecosystem. Curriculum Links Missouri Science Standards All …
Lecture 4. Ecosystems: Definition, concept, structure and …
• Population ecology - which attempts to explain ecosystem behavior from the properties of individual units. In practice, the two approaches are usually merged. Descriptive ecology …
10.1 Human Population Growth and the Environment - Ms.
controversial essay that the human population was growing faster than Earth’s resources could support. Furthermore, he said that if human population growth goes unchecked and human …
STRAND: Environmental studies Grade 12: Population and …
New Life Sciences Biology Grade 12 14 December 2009 1 STRAND: Environmental studies Grade 12: Population and community ecology Groups of different species of organisms that …
Life Sciences Gr 11 - Theory (3)
COMMUNITY: all the plants and animals living in a defined area. This includes producers, consumers and decomposers. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY: is the study of the interactions …
Population and Social Biology of Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis …
Population and Social Biology of Free-Ranging Dogs, Canis familiaris Thomas J. Daniels University of Colorado Marc Bekoff ... Virtually every reservation community was rural in that it …
Part I: General Principles of Ecology
2 Ecology and the Abiotic Environment • Four levels of ecological organization: Population - group of individuals of the same species occupying a common geographical area Community - two or …
WORKSHEET – Extra examples - University of Utah
a) definitions of data, population, sample, population parameter, sample statistic; b) difference between descriptive and inferential statistics 1.2 Data Classification a) qualitative data vs. …
Core practical 15: Investigate the effect of different sampling …
community and it is difficult to separate individual grass plants. 2. The more quadrat samples are taken, the more reliable the estimate of mean population will be. The number must be large …
Understanding and applying biological resilience, from genes …
REVIEW ARTICLE OPEN Understanding and applying biological resilience, from genes to ecosystems Rose Thorogood1,2,26 , Ville Mustonen2,3,4,5,26, Alexandre Aleixo6 ...
Community Ecology - My Biology E-Portfolio
AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 54: Community Ecology Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Concept 54.4 Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling …
Unit 3: Population Dynamics - GRADE 12 BIOLOGY …
The minimum viable population size varies among species and it is used to help estimate “at risk” populations. Density-Independent Factors influence population regulation regardless of the …
What is an apex predator? - Oregon State University
(B), affect population stability (C), and affect the expression of life history traits that slow population growth rates (D). The proportion of studies is shown in brackets, with some studies …
Sources and sinks in population biology H - Cell Press
Drake, J.A. (1991) Community-assembly mechanics and the structure of an experimental species ensemble, Am. Nut. 137, l-26 Allan, J.D. (1995) Stream Ecology: Structure and Function of …
A critical appraisal of population viability analysis
ability, PVA, population viability analysis, population extinction, and stochastic population model. Additional literature was sourced from the references cited in these publications. We selected …
Multiple Choice Review Ecology - NJCTL
Apr 14, 2014 · a. When obtaining a population count for a species. b. When studying how one species affects another species in the same community. c. When studying survivorship …
LIFE TABLES, 12 AND POPULATION GROWTH …
Jun 12, 2020 · time, if R0 > 1, then the population will grow exponentially. If R0 < 1, the population will shrink exponentially, and if R0 = 1, the population size will not change over time. You may …
Ecology - Institute of Education
• Unit 1 is worth at least 25% of the Biology paper (can be worth up to 32.5%). • Two short questions (10%) in Section A will be asked from scientific method, food and ecology. • One …
Defining the Population and Target Population in Clinical …
between population and target population allows researchers to precisely identify the group of individuals under investigation and tailor their interventions or treatments accordingly [1]. This …
