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| business fluctuations refer to: Hysteresis and Business Cycles Ms.Valerie Cerra, A. Fatas, Ms.Sweta Chaman Saxena, 2020-05-29 Traditionally, economic growth and business cycles have been treated independently. However, the dependence of GDP levels on its history of shocks, what economists refer to as “hysteresis,” argues for unifying the analysis of growth and cycles. In this paper, we review the recent empirical and theoretical literature that motivate this paradigm shift. The renewed interest in hysteresis has been sparked by the persistence of the Global Financial Crisis and fears of a slow recovery from the Covid-19 crisis. The findings of the recent literature have far-reaching conceptual and policy implications. In recessions, monetary and fiscal policies need to be more active to avoid the permanent scars of a downturn. And in good times, running a high-pressure economy could have permanent positive effects. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Global Business Cycles Mr.Ayhan Kose, Mr.Christopher Otrok, Mr.Eswar Prasad, 2008-06-01 This paper analyzes the evolution of the degree of global cyclical interdependence over the period 1960-2005. We categorize the 106 countries in our sample into three groups-industrial countries, emerging markets, and other developing economies. Using a dynamic factor model, we then decompose macroeconomic fluctuations in key macroeconomic aggregates-output, consumption, and investment-into different factors. These are: (i) a global factor, which picks up fluctuations that are common across all variables and countries; (ii) three group-specific factors, which capture fluctuations that are common to all variables and all countries within each group of countries; (iii) country factors, which are common across all aggregates in a given country; and (iv) idiosyncratic factors specific to each time series. Our main result is that, during the period of globalization (1985-2005), there has been some convergence of business cycle fluctuations among the group of industrial economies and among the group of emerging market economies. Surprisingly, there has been a concomitant decline in the relative importance of the global factor. In other words, there is evidence of business cycle convergence within each of these two groups of countries but divergence (or decoupling) between them. |
| business fluctuations refer to: What Happens During Business Cycles Wesley Clair Mitchell, 1951 |
| business fluctuations refer to: The American Business Cycle Robert J. Gordon, 2007-11-01 In recent decades the American economy has experienced the worst peace-time inflation in its history and the highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression. These circumstances have prompted renewed interest in the concept of business cycles, which Joseph Schumpeter suggested are like the beat of the heart, of the essence of the organism that displays them. In The American Business Cycle, some of the most prominent macroeconomics in the United States focuses on the questions, To what extent are business cycles propelled by external shocks? How have post-1946 cycles differed from earlier cycles? And, what are the major factors that contribute to business cycles? They extend their investigation in some areas as far back as 1875 to afford a deeper understanding of both economic history and the most recent economic fluctuations. Seven papers address specific aspects of economic activity: consumption, investment, inventory change, fiscal policy, monetary behavior, open economy, and the labor market. Five papers focus on aggregate economic activity. In a number of cases, the papers present findings that challenge widely accepted models and assumptions. In addition to its substantive findings, The American Business Cycle includes an appendix containing both the first published history of the NBER business-cycle dating chronology and many previously unpublished historical data series. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycles Victor Zarnowitz, 2007-11-01 This volume presents the most complete collection available of the work of Victor Zarnowitz, a leader in the study of business cycles, growth, inflation, and forecasting.. With characteristic insight, Zarnowitz examines theories of the business cycle, including Keynesian and monetary theories and more recent rational expectation and real business cycle theories. He also measures trends and cycles in economic activity; evaluates the performance of leading indicators and their composite measures; surveys forecasting tools and performance of business and academic economists; discusses historical changes in the nature and sources of business cycles; and analyzes how successfully forecasting firms and economists predict such key economic variables as interest rates and inflation. |
| business fluctuations refer to: British Economic Growth, 1270–1870 Stephen Broadberry, Bruce M. S. Campbell, Alexander Klein, Mark Overton, Bas van Leeuwen, 2015-01-22 This is the first systematic quantitative account of British economic growth from the thirteenth century to the Industrial Revolution. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycle Developments , 1964 |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycles F.A. Hayek, 2013-05-07 The latest editions in Routledge's ongoing series The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, these volumes bring together Hayek's work on what causes periods of boom and bust in the economy. Business Cycles: Part I contains Hayek's two major monographs on the topic: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle and Prices and Production. Reproducing the text of the original 1933 translation of the former, this edition also draws on the original German, as well as more recent translations. |
| business fluctuations refer to: BCD; Business Cycle Developments United States. Bureau of the Census, 1964 |
| business fluctuations refer to: Insurance Law Implications of Delay in Maritime Transport Aysegul Bugra, 2017-07-06 Delay in a marine adventure is an important and frequent phenomenon of maritime transport as it affects various parties and their interests. Insurance Law Implications of Delay in Maritime Transport is the first single book to deal specifically with this issue in the context of insurance law. The book addresses the losses and expenses that may arise from delay or loss of time in maritime transport, the types of insurance available covering or excluding losses arising from it and the impact of delay on voyage policies. The author, Ayşegül Buğra, critically examines and evaluates the scope of several different types of marine insurance policies, including but not limited to: hull and machinery, cargo, freight, loss of hire and marine delay in start-up insurance. Furthermore, the book analyses the current law by tracing back the relevant common law authorities to the 18th century and examines the wordings used in practice from that time to today with a comprehensive and critical approach. This unique text will be of great interest to legal practitioners, shipping professionals and academics alike. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Real Business Cycles James Hartley, Kevin Hoover, Kevin D. Salyer, 2013-07-04 Real Business Cycle theory combines the remains of monetarism with the new classical macroeconomics, and has become one of the dominant approaches within contemporary macroeconomics today. This volume presents: * the authoritative anthology in RBC. The work contains the major articles introducing and extending the theory as well as critical literature * an extensive introduction which contains an expository summary and critical evaluation of RBC theory * comprehensive coverage and balance between seminal papers and extensions; proponents and critics; and theory and empirics. Macroeconomics is a compulsory element in most economics courses, and this book will be an essential guide to one of its major theories. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business cycle theory as a basis for economic policy Pascal Bridel, Muriel Dalpont, 2017-10-02 This book aims to start a debate on the relationship between economic theory – and more precisely business cycle theory – and economic policy, emphasising the diversity of views on economic policy which characterised older periods, in contrast to the homogeneity of the analysis and diagnosis provided by current business cycles developments. Since the 1970s, economic theorists excluding any economic policy interventions and favouring strictly supply-side economic policies have gained a growing influence. The development of Equilibrium Business Cycles theories coincides with the collapse, at least in academic circles, of the Keynesian consensus favouring stabilization policies. The alternative approach which emerged was based on an a priori hypothesis about the stability of the economy – or at least on its remarkable ability to stabilize itself. The direct consequence of this approach is that any stabilization objective for economic policy is not only misguided but also inefficient. There are many reasons why Keynesian policies ceased to be dominant in theoretical circles, but the most helpful circumstances for the rapid propagation of a new revolutionary theory is certainly the existence of an established orthodoxy, clearly inconsistent with the most salient facts of reality. This book offers a sample of different theoretical approaches to business cycles, examining their respective views on economic policy with the objective of understanding business cycles that have been lost, and identifying those views which explain fluctuations and the way we conceive economic policy. This book was originally published as a special issue of The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycles, Part I F. A. Hayek, 2012-01-27 “The two Business Cycles volumes bring together” the Nobel Laureate economist’s “most substantial contributions to technical economics” (Roger W. Garrison, Auburn University). In the years following its publication, F. A. Hayek’s pioneering work on business cycles was regarded as an important challenge to what was later known as Keynesian macroeconomics. Today, as debates rage on over the monetary origins of the current economic and financial crisis, economists are once again paying heed to Hayek’s thoughts on the repercussions of excessive central bank interventions. The latest editions in the University of Chicago Press’s ongoing series The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, these volumes bring together Hayek’s work on what causes periods of boom and bust in the economy. Moving away from the classical emphasis on equilibrium, Hayek demonstrates that business cycles are generated by the adaptation of the structure of production to changes in relative demand. Thus, when central banks artificially lower interest rates, the result is a misallocation of capital and the creation of asset bubbles and additional instability. Business Cycles, Part I contains Hayek’s two major monographs on the topic: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle and Prices and Production. Reproducing the text of the original 1933 translation of the former, this edition also draws on the original German, as well as more recent translations. For Prices and Production, a variorum edition is presented, incorporating the 1931 first edition and its 1935 revision. Business Cycles, Part II assembles a series of Hayek’s shorter papers on the topic. The two volumes of Business Cycles also include extensive introductions by Hansjoerg Klausinger, providing background on the evolution of Hayek’s thought. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Exploring Macroeconomics Robert L. Sexton, 2018-12-10 The excitement of learning economics for the first time. The experience of a lifetime of teaching it. The Eighth Edition of Exploring Macroeconomics captures the excitement of learning macroeconomics for the first time through a lively and encouraging narrative that connects macroeconomics to the world in a way that is familiar to students. Author Robert L. Sexton draws on over 25 years of teaching experience to capture students’ attention, focusing on core concepts and expertly weaving in examples from current events and popular culture to make even classic economic principles modern and relatable. The text sticks to the basics and applies a thoughtful learning design, segmenting its presentation into brief, visually appealing, self-contained sections that are easier for students to digest and retain compared to sprawling text. Thoughtfully placed section quizzes, interactive summaries, and problem sets help students check their comprehension at regular intervals and develop the critical thinking skills that will allow them to “think like economists.” Combined with a complete teaching and learning package including online homework and flexible teaching options, Exploring Macroeconomics is sure to help you ignite readers’ passion for the field and reveal its practical application in the world around them. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Global Business Cycles and Developing Countries Eri Ikeda, 2019-09-17 This book investigates how global business cycles impact the economies of developing countries. Global business cycles, the wave-like movements of economic expansion followed by contraction in aggregate economic activities, impact all economies comprising the global economy. The patterns being shown in developing countries correspond increasingly to those in the global north, and yet there is a relative dearth of studies exploring whether global business cycles exist and how they operate in developing economies. This book explores how cycles operate at the global and sub-global developing country levels, with a particular focus on the level of development and the structure of the economies. Drawing an important distinction between cycles and fluctuations, the book criticises mainstream conceptualisation and identification of cycle phenomena, and instead proposes an alternative conception and methodology for the identification of cycles. Along the way, the book also delves into the manufacturing and rise of China, and other potential competitors in the industrial arena, as increasingly important drivers of global cycles and global economic growth. This book will be an important read for researchers and upper-level students of development economics and international political economy. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycles Victor Zarnowitz, 1992-06-15 Victor Zarnowitz has long been a leader in the study of business cycles, growth, inflation, and forecasting. These papers represent a carefully integrated and up-to-date study of business cycles, reexamining some of his earlier research as well as addressing recent developments in the literature and in history. In part one, Zarnowitz reviews with characteristic insight various theories of the business cycle, including Keynesian and monetary theories as well as more recent rational expectations and real business cycle theories. In doing so, he examines how the business cycle may have changed as the size of government, the exercise of fiscal and monetary policies, the openness of the economy to international forces, and the industrial structure have evolved over time. Emphasizing important research from the 1980s, Zarnowitz discusses in part two various measures of the trends and cycles in economic activity, including output, prices, inventories, investment in residential and nonresidential structures, equipment, and other economic variables. Here the author explores the duration and severity of U.S. business cycles over more than 150 years, and evaluates the ability of macro models to simulate past behavior of the economy. In part three the performance of leading, coincident, and lagging indicators is described and assessed and evidence is presented on the value of their composite measures. Finally, part four offers an analysis of the degree of success of large commercial forecasting firms and of many individual economists in predicting the course of inflation, real growth, unemployment, interest rates, and other key economic variables. Business Cycles is a timely study, certain tobecome a basic reference for professional forecasters and economists in government, academia, and the business community. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Managerial Economics, 9e D N Dwivedi, This well-known book on the subject has stood the test of time for the last 35 years because of the quality of presentation of its text. It has become students’ favourite as it provides the latest theories, thoughts and applications on the subject with timely revisions to stay up-to-date all the time. Since its first edition, it has provided complete, comprehensive and authentic text on micro and macro aspects of managerial economics. It has now been revised thoroughly with added interpretations of economic theories and concepts and their application to managerial decisions. |
| business fluctuations refer to: A Decade after the Global Recession M. Ayhan Kose, Franziska Ohnsorge, 2021-03-19 This year marks the tenth anniversary of the 2009 global recession. Most emerging market and developing economies weathered the global recession relatively well, in part by using the sizable fiscal and monetary policy ammunition accumulated during prior years of strong growth. However, their growth prospects have weakened since then, and many now have less policy space. This study provides the first comprehensive stocktaking of the past decade from the perspective of emerging market and developing economies. Many of these economies have now become more vulnerable to economic shocks. The study discusses lessons from the global recession and policy options for these economies to strengthen growth and prepare for the possibility of another global downturn. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Economics K. Rajagopalachar, 1993 This Book Basically Meets The Needs Of The Students Of First Year B.Com. Part Ii Is Added To Make It Useful Also To Those Who Appear For C.A.I.I.B. And I.C.W.A.There Are Many Standard Books On Managerial Economics But These Books Cover Only A Part Of The Topics On Business Economics. As Such, This Book Is Made Wholesome.The Topics Are Treated In A Simple But Lucid Manner Without Compromising On Quality And Standard. The Language Is Simple And The Style Of Presentation Is Scientific. Foot-Notes Are Given Wherever Necessary.The Author Has Kept In Mind That The Students Have Just Come Out Of Pre-University Course And Have Least Knowledge Of 'Micro' And 'Macro' Economic Concepts. Hence, All Terms Are Clearly Defined As And When They Arise So That The Student Need Not Falter At The Usage Of Terms.Topics Such As, Demand Forecasting, Profit Planning, Profit Policy, Price £ Policy And Cost-Output Relations Are Simplified And Illustrated Numerically, Diagramatically And Tabularly For Easy And Quick Perception By Students Of Even Average I.Q. On The Whole The Approach Is Conceptual Rather Than Mathematical; Simple And Interesting Rather Than Complicated And Barren.Part Ii Of The Book Contains Topics On International Financial Institutions, R.B.I., S.B.I, Etc. These Topics, It Is Hoped, Would Enhance The Utility Of The Book To Every One. The Book Will Certainly Be A Useful Addition To The Reference And General Section Of All Libraries. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Economics (as per NEP-UP, for B.Com, Sem II) D N Dwivedi, |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Economics [SBS Pune] HL Ahuja, Business Economics [SBS Pune] |
| business fluctuations refer to: Classification and Clustering in Business Cycle Analysis Ullrich Heilemann, Claus Weihs, 2007-01-18 The analysis of cyclical macroeconomic phenomena is an important field of econometric research. In the recent past, research interests have de-emphasized quantitative forecasting exercises and have addressed the qualitative diagnosis of the relative stance of the economy regarding »upswing«, »recession«, or »boom« periods, i. e. the classification of the state of the economy into a limited number of discrete states. In this context the principal challenge is to reduce the multifaceted and sometimes abundant quantitative information about the business cycle to such qualitative statements in an efficient way. For more than six years this task was the focus of the project »Multivariate determination and analysis of business cycles« within the SFB 475 »Reduction of complexity in multivariate data structures«, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The necessity for complexity reduction is, of course, not unique to business cycle analysis but is studied in many fields and in a number of ways. This broad interest in the reduction of problem dimensionality and in the appropriate combination of data and of theory caused the RWI Essen and the Statistical Department of the University of Dortmund in January 2002 to hold a workshop at the RWI Essen where the findings of this and similar projects were presented and discussed. The present publication collects revised versions of the papers presented at this workshop. Although the workshop took place some five years ago, these papers mark an importent juncture in the development of business cycle research. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Global Capitalism in Disarray Andrés Solimano, 2017 Global capitalism is affected by the malaises of stagnation, financial fragility, increased income inequality, growing wealth concentration at the top, and a vanishing fair social contract. This book focuses on the incidence of these phenomena in the US, UK, Greece, Spain, Chile, South Africa, Australia, China, and other countries. The book looks at the effects of IMF-ECB led austerity policies in Europe. The book examines concrete country and global conditions combining theory, country studies, historical evidence, and international comparative analysis. The book also proposes new policy priorities to restore stability, reduce inequality, and consolidate democracy in 21st century capitalism. |
| business fluctuations refer to: From Main Street to Wall Street Jesper Rangvid, 2021-01-26 This book examines the relation between the economy and the stock market. It discusses the academic theories and the empirical facts, and guides readers through the fascinating interaction between economic activity and financial markets. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycles and Depressions David Glasner, 2013-12-16 Experts define, review, and evaluate economic fluctuations Economic and business uncertainty dominate today's economic analyses. This new Encyclopedia illuminates the subject by offering 323 original articles on every major aspect of business cycles, fluctuations, financial crises, recessions, and depressions. The work of more than 200 experts, including many of the leading researchers in the field, the articles cover a broad range of subjects, including capsule biographies of leading economists born before 1920. Individual entries explore banking panics, the cobweb cycle, consumer durables, the depression of 1937-1938, Otto Eckstein, Friedrich Engels, experimental price bubbles, forced savings, lass-Steagall Act, Friedrich hagen, qualitative indicators, use of macro-econometric models, monetary neutrality, Phillips Curve, Paul Samuelson, Say's law, supply-side recessions, James Tokin, trend and random wages, Thorstein Veblen, worker-job turnover, and more. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Introductory Macroeconomics & Indian Economic Development ( A Textbook for Class XII) Ritvik Tolumbia, 2020-04-22 This Economics Textbook is designed to provide comprehensive coverage of the syllabus for students, presented in a logical and systematic manner. It includes numerous diagrams and schedules with clear explanations, making complex concepts easy to understand. Additionally, to help students go beyond the basic knowledge of the subject matter, 'An Extra Mile' section is included at the end of each chapter. The exercises are structured in a way that follows the examination pattern and includes various types of questions such as remembering, reason-based, previous year CBSE questions, information-based and concept-based questions, including NCERT questions. With these features, this textbook is an ideal resource for students who want to excel in Economics. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Global Economics Daniel Shore, This book consists of three titles, which are: Developmental Economics - Developmental economics delves into the complex dynamics of economic growth and social progress within developing nations. It scrutinizes the interplay of various factors, including income distribution, access to education and healthcare, the quality of infrastructure, technological innovation, and institutional frameworks. By analyzing these components, developmental economists seek to identify barriers to development and devise strategies to overcome them. The ultimate goal is to foster inclusive growth, alleviate poverty, and enhance the overall well-being of people in developing countries, ensuring that development is not only rapid but also sustainable in the long term. International Economics - International economics explores the intricate dynamics of economic interactions between countries, delving into a myriad of topics and theories. At its core, it examines the flows of goods, services, capital, and labor across borders, and the resultant impact on economies worldwide. Macroeconomics - Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that focuses on the overall performance of the economy, including factors like unemployment, inflation, economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policies. It analyzes how these factors interact to shape the economy as a whole and how government policies can influence them. |
| business fluctuations refer to: The Business Cycle: Theories and Evidence M.T. Belongia, Michelle R. Garfinkel, 2012-12-06 These proceedings, from a conference held at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis on October 17-18, 1991, attempted to layout what we currently know about aggregate economic fluctuations. Identifying what we know inevitably reveals what we do not know about such fluctuations as well. From the vantage point of where the conference's participants view our current understanding to be, these proceedings can be seen as suggesting an agenda for further research. The conference was divided into five sections. It began with the formu lation of an empirical definition of the business cycle and a recitation of the stylized facts that must be explained by any theory that purports to capture the business cycle's essence. After outlining the historical develop ment and key features of the current theories of business cycles, the conference evaluated these theories on the basis of their ability to explain the facts. Included in this evaluation was a discussion of whether (and how) the competing theories could be distinguished empirically. The conference then examined the implications for policy of what is known and not known about business cycles. A panel discussion closed the conference, high lighting important unresolved theoretical and empirical issues that should be taken up in future business cycle research. What Is a Business Cycle? Before gaining a genuine understanding of business cycles, economists must agree and be clear about what they mean when they refer to the cycle. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Analysing Modern Business Cycles Philip A. Klein, 2019-07-25 This Festschrift honours Geoffrey H. Moore's life-long contribution to the study of business cycles. After some analysts had concluded that business cycles were dead, renewed economic turbulence in the 1970s and 1980s brought new life to the subject. The study of business cycles now encompasses the global economic system, and this work aims to push back the frontiers of knowledge. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Managerial Economics (Analysis of Managerial Decision Making), 9th Edition Ahuja H.L., Widely acknowledged, this popular and detailed text is a comprehensive treatise on Managerial Economics both micro and macro-economic aspects. This text ensures a thorough understanding of core concepts before advancing to provide an expanded treatment of topics. It explains the economic environment and the impact on managerial decisions regarding price & output determination in different market structures followed by an account of the behaviour of individuals under conditions of uncertainty. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Analyzing Modern Business Cycles: Essays Honoring Philip A Klein, 2017-10-03 This title was first published in 1990. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Economics for B.A. Students Semester II: MJ-2 (As per latest NEP 2020 FYUGP Syllabus for all Colleges and Universities in Jharkhand) HL Ahuja, This textbook has been designed to meet the needs of B.A. Second Semester students of Economics as per Common Minimum Syllabus prescribed for Ranchi University and other Universities in Jharkhand under the recommended National Education Policy 2020. Maintaining the traditional approach to the subject, this textbook comprehensively covers second semester paper, namely, Introductory Macroeconomics. This textbook acquaints the students with the important concepts of GDP, National Income, Money, Inflation, Functions of Central Bank, Commercial Bank, Regional Rural Bank, Monetary and Fiscal & Trade Policy of the economy. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Basel Accords, Bank Capital and Portfolio Risk Behavior Venus Khim-Sen Liew, Rossazana Ab. Rahim, Samina Riaz, 2019-08-22 With the endorsement of the Basel III contracts on the supervision of the banking industry, management of capital buffers throughout the business cycle have attained crucial importance for the reinforcement of financial stability in the banking system. This book departs from previous studies through its focus on developing countries and their assessment of the behavior of capital and risk. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Introduction to Macroeconomics Gilad James, PhD, Introduction to Macroeconomics is a fundamental course that introduces students to the basic principles and concepts of macroeconomics. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the functioning and structure of the economy as a whole, and how the macroeconomic variables such as gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and international trade affect the overall performance of the economy. The course covers key macroeconomic models, policies, and theories that aid in analyzing and explaining the economic behavior of households, businesses, and governments. The first paragraph of the course introduces and defines the subject matter of macroeconomics, provides a brief overview of its history, and highlights its significance in understanding the economy. It focuses on aggregate demand, aggregate supply, inflation, and unemployment, and how they interact to determine the overall economic performance. The second paragraph highlights the various macroeconomic models such as Classical, Keynesian, and Monetarist theories and how they relate to the economy. Finally, it discusses the role of economic policies, including fiscal and monetary policies, in regulating and stabilizing macroeconomic variables, and the principles that guide policy implementation. The course is essential for students pursuing economics or related fields, providing a strong foundation for understanding and analyzing macroeconomic phenomena in real-world situations. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Inflation, Employment and Business Fluctuations Bozzano G Luisa, 2000-11-16 A Textbook on Macroeconomic Knowledge and Analysis |
| business fluctuations refer to: Principles of Macroeconomics: Ahuja H.L., this textbook thoroughly explains the principles of macroeconomics. It provides insights into the important macroeconomic issues, such as determination of output, employment, interest rates and inflation. This textbook discusses Classical and Keynesian theories of macroeconomics as well as aptly incorporates Post-Keynesian developments in various aspects of macroeconomics. Further it discusses, at appropriate places, the relevance and applicability of various macroeconomic theories for the developing countries. This textbook also explains and critically evaluates the post-Keynesian theories of consumption function namely, Kuznets consumption function, Modiglianis life cycle hypothesis and much more. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Fluctuations and Cycles T. Nagakawa, 2008 The business cycle or economic cycle refers to the periodic fluctuations of economic activity about its long term growth trend. The cycle involves shifts over time between periods of relatively rapid growth of output (recovery and prosperity), alternating with periods of relative stagnation or decline (contraction or recession). These fluctuations are often measured using the real gross domestic product. One of the government's main roles is to smooth out the business cycle and reduce its fluctuations. To call those alternances 'cycles' is rather misleading as they don't tend to repeat at fairly regular time intervals. Most observers find that their lengths (from peak to peak, or from trough to trough) vary, so that cycles are not mechanical in their regularity. Since no two cycles are alike in their details, some economists dispute the existence of cycles and use the word 'fluctuations' (or the like) instead. Others see enough similarities between cycles that the cycle is a valid basis of studying the state of the economy. A key question is whether or not there are similar mechanisms that generate recessions and/or booms that exist in capitalist economies so that the dynamics that appear as a cycle will be seen again and again. This new book presents leading-edge research in this field. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Technology Shocks and Aggregate Fluctuations Mr.Pau Rabanal, Mr.Jordi Gali Garreta, 2004-12-01 Our answer: Not so well. We reached that conclusion after reviewing recent research on the role of technology as a source of economic fluctuations. The bulk of the evidence suggests a limited role for aggregate technology shocks, pointing instead to demand factors as the main force behind the strong positive comovement between output and labor input measures. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Policies Edouard Challe, 2023-09-19 The basic tools for analyzing macroeconomic fluctuations and policies, applied to concrete issues and presented within an integrated New Keynesian framework. This textbook presents the basic tools for analyzing macroeconomic fluctuations and policies and applies them to contemporary issues. It employs a unified New Keynesian framework for understanding business cycles, major crises, and macroeconomic policies, introducing students to the approach most often used in academic macroeconomic analysis and by central banks and international institutions. The book addresses such topics as how recessions and crises spread; what instruments central banks and governments have to stimulate activity when private demand is weak; and what “unconventional” macroeconomic policies might work when conventional monetary policy loses its effectiveness (as has happened in many countries in the aftermath of the Great Recession.). The text introduces the foundations of modern business cycle theory through the notions of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, and then applies the theory to the study of regular business-cycle fluctuations in output, inflation, and employment. It considers conventional monetary and fiscal policies aimed at stabilizing the business cycle, and examines unconventional macroeconomic policies, including forward guidance and quantitative easing, in situations of “liquidity trap”—deep crises in which conventional policies are either ineffective or have very different effects than in normal time. This book is the first to use the New Keynesian framework at the advanced undergraduate level, connecting undergraduate learning not only with the more advanced tools taught at the graduate level but also with the large body of policy-oriented research in academic journals. End-of-chapter problems help students master the materials presented. |
| business fluctuations refer to: Business Cycles: The problem and its setting Wesley Clair Mitchell, 1927 |
BUSINESS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
BUSINESS definition: 1. the activity of buying and selling goods and services: 2. a particular company that buys …
VENTURE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
VENTURE definition: 1. a new activity, usually in business, that involves risk or uncertainty: 2. to risk going….
ENTERPRISE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
ENTERPRISE definition: 1. an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, …
INCUMBENT | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
INCUMBENT definition: 1. officially having the named position: 2. to be necessary for someone: 3. the …
AD HOC | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
AD HOC definition: 1. made or happening only for a particular purpose or need, not planned …
BUSINESS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
BUSINESS definition: 1. the activity of buying and selling goods and services: 2. a particular company that buys and….
VENTURE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
VENTURE definition: 1. a new activity, usually in business, that involves risk or uncertainty: 2. to risk going….
ENTERPRISE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
ENTERPRISE definition: 1. an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that….
INCUMBENT | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
INCUMBENT definition: 1. officially having the named position: 2. to be necessary for someone: 3. the person who has or….
AD HOC | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
AD HOC definition: 1. made or happening only for a particular purpose or need, not planned before it happens: 2. made….
LEVERAGE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
LEVERAGE definition: 1. the action or advantage of using a lever: 2. power to influence people and get the results you….
ENTREPRENEUR | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
ENTREPRENEUR definition: 1. someone who starts their own business, especially when this involves seeing a new opportunity….
CULTIVATE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
CULTIVATE definition: 1. to prepare land and grow crops on it, or to grow a particular crop: 2. to try to develop and….
EQUITY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
EQUITY definition: 1. the value of a company, divided into many equal parts owned by the shareholders, or one of the….
LIAISE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
LIAISE definition: 1. to speak to people in other organizations, etc. in order to work with them or exchange….
