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| computer science major msu: Practice of Computing Using Python, The: Pearson New International Edition William F. Punch, Richard Enbody, 2013-08-29 For CS1 courses in Python Programming (including majors and non-majors). A problem-solving approach to programming with Python. The Practice of Computing Using Python introduces CS1 students (majors and non-majors) to computational thinking using Python.With data-manipulation as a theme, students quickly see the value in what they’re learning and leave the course with a set of immediately useful computational skills that can be applied to problems they encounter in future pursuits. The book takes an “object-use-first” approach–writing classes is covered only after students have mastered using objects. This edition is available with MyProgrammingLab, an innovative online homework and assessment tool. Through the power of practice and immediate personalized feedback, MyProgrammingLab helps students fully grasp the logic, semantics, and syntax of programming. Note: If you are purchasing the standalone text or electronic version, MyProgrammingLab does not come automatically packaged with the text. To purchase MyProgrammingLab, please visit: myprogramminglab.com or you can purchase a package of the physical text + MyProgrammingLab by searching for ISBN 10: 0132992833 / ISBN 13: 9780132992831.MyProgrammingLab is not a self-paced technology and should only be purchased when required by an instructor |
| computer science major msu: Structured Analysis and Design of Information Systems A. Ziya Aktaş, 1987 |
| computer science major msu: Mining of Massive Datasets Jure Leskovec, Jurij Leskovec, Anand Rajaraman, Jeffrey David Ullman, 2014-11-13 Now in its second edition, this book focuses on practical algorithms for mining data from even the largest datasets. |
| computer science major msu: Targeted Cyber Attacks Aditya Sood, Richard Enbody, 2014-04-18 Cyber-crime increasingly impacts both the online and offline world, and targeted attacks play a significant role in disrupting services in both. Targeted attacks are those that are aimed at a particular individual, group, or type of site or service. Unlike worms and viruses that usually attack indiscriminately, targeted attacks involve intelligence-gathering and planning to a degree that drastically changes its profile. Individuals, corporations, and even governments are facing new threats from targeted attacks. Targeted Cyber Attacks examines real-world examples of directed attacks and provides insight into what techniques and resources are used to stage these attacks so that you can counter them more effectively. - A well-structured introduction into the world of targeted cyber-attacks - Includes analysis of real-world attacks - Written by cyber-security researchers and experts |
| computer science major msu: Communicating Endangered Species Eric Freedman, Sara Shipley Hiles, David B. Sachsman, 2023-05-31 Communicating Endangered Species: Extinction, News, and Public Policy is a multidisciplinary environmental communication book that takes a distinctive approach by connecting how media and culture depict and explain endangered species with how policymakers and natural resource managers can or do respond to these challenges in practical terms. Extinction isn't new. However, the pace of extinction is accelerating globally. The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies more than 26,000 species as threatened. The causes are many, including climate change, overdevelopment, human exploitation, disease, overhunting, habitat destruction, and predators. The willingness and the ability of ordinary people, governments, scientists, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses to slow this deeply disturbing acceleration are uncertain. Meanwhile, researchers around the world are laboring to better understand and communicate the possibility and implications of extinctions and to discover effective tools and public policies to combat the threats to species survival. This book presents a history of news coverage of endangered species around the world, examining how and why journalists and other communicators wrote what they did, how attitudes have changed, and why they have changed. It draws on the latest research by chapter authors who are a mix of social scientists, communication experts, and natural scientists. Each chapter includes a mass media and/or cultural aspect. This book will be essential reading for students, natural resource managers, government officials, environmental activists, and academics interested in conservation and biodiversity, environmental communication and journalism, and public policy. |
| computer science major msu: Mastering Finance Financial Times Limited, 1998 FT Mastering Finance brings together the latest in financial expertise from three of the best finance schools in the world. Built around three core modules - corporate finance, investment and financial markets - it provides an understanding and application of financial skills, covering such areas as capital structure, floors, random walk and risk management. |
| computer science major msu: The Black Collegian , 1998 |
| computer science major msu: Administration of Justice in the United States American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1910 This is a reprint of The Annuals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, July 1910. It focuses on the administration of justice in the United States, and features a discussion of the role of the courts as a safeguard of individual liberty. |
| computer science major msu: Nuestro , 1985 |
| computer science major msu: Computer-Mediated Communication Indrakshi Dey, 2022-01-07 This book is an anthology of present research trends in Computer-mediated Communications (CMC) from the point of view of different application scenarios. Four different scenarios are considered: telecommunication networks, smart health, education, and human-computer interaction. The possibilities of interaction introduced by CMC provide a powerful environment for collaborative human-to-human, computer-mediated interaction across the globe. |
| computer science major msu: Teach Students How to Learn Saundra Yancy McGuire, 2023-07-03 Co-published with and Miriam, a freshman Calculus student at Louisiana State University, made 37.5% on her first exam but 83% and 93% on the next two. Matt, a first year General Chemistry student at the University of Utah, scored 65% and 55% on his first two exams and 95% on his third—These are representative of thousands of students who decisively improved their grades by acting on the advice described in this book.What is preventing your students from performing according to expectations? Saundra McGuire offers a simple but profound answer: If you teach students how to learn and give them simple, straightforward strategies to use, they can significantly increase their learning and performance. For over a decade Saundra McGuire has been acclaimed for her presentations and workshops on metacognition and student learning because the tools and strategies she shares have enabled faculty to facilitate dramatic improvements in student learning and success. This book encapsulates the model and ideas she has developed in the past fifteen years, ideas that are being adopted by an increasing number of faculty with considerable effect.The methods she proposes do not require restructuring courses or an inordinate amount of time to teach. They can often be accomplished in a single session, transforming students from memorizers and regurgitators to students who begin to think critically and take responsibility for their own learning. Saundra McGuire takes the reader sequentially through the ideas and strategies that students need to understand and implement. First, she demonstrates how introducing students to metacognition and Bloom’s Taxonomy reveals to them the importance of understanding how they learn and provides the lens through which they can view learning activities and measure their intellectual growth. Next, she presents a specific study system that can quickly empower students to maximize their learning. Then, she addresses the importance of dealing with emotion, attitudes, and motivation by suggesting ways to change students’ mindsets about ability and by providing a range of strategies to boost motivation and learning; finally, she offers guidance to faculty on partnering with campus learning centers.She pays particular attention to academically unprepared students, noting that the strategies she offers for this particular population are equally beneficial for all students. While stressing that there are many ways to teach effectively, and that readers can be flexible in picking and choosing among the strategies she presents, Saundra McGuire offers the reader a step-by-step process for delivering the key messages of the book to students in as little as 50 minutes. Free online supplements provide three slide sets and a sample video lecture.This book is written primarily for faculty but will be equally useful for TAs, tutors, and learning center professionals. For readers with no background in education or cognitive psychology, the book avoids jargon and esoteric theory. |
| computer science major msu: Using Google App Engine Charles Severance, 2009-05-14 Build exciting, scalable web applications quickly and confidently using Google App Engine and this book, even if you have little or no experience in programming or web development. App Engine is perhaps the most appealing web technology to appear in the last year, providing an easy-to-use application framework with basic web tools. While Google's own tutorial assumes significant experience, Using Google App Engine will help anyone get started with this platform. By the end of this book, you'll know how to build complete, interactive applications and deploy them to the cloud using the same servers that power Google applications. With this book, you will: Get an overview of the technologies necessary to use Google App Engine Learn how to use Python, HTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), HTTP, and DataStore, App Engine's database Grasp the technical aspects necessary to create sophisticated, dynamic web applications Understand what's required to deploy your applications Using Google App Engine is also an excellent resource for experienced programmers who want to acquire working knowledge of web technologies. Building web applications used to be for experts only, but with Google App Engine-and this book-anyone can create a dynamic web presence. |
| computer science major msu: Computational Biology United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, 1996 |
| computer science major msu: No Quitters Here Brenda M. Woodward, 2002 An inspiring account of high school football and the power of a dream. Players would not compromise their goal to play in the Pontiac Silverdome; a place where dreams come true and state championships are won. Their quest created a ten-year winning streak (1988-1998). Faithful fans watched them play on Friday nights, unaware of their serious challenges. You'll laugh with them, cry with them, and come to understand how their high school football experience impacted their lives, as well as their futures. |
| computer science major msu: Maroon and White Michael B. Ballard, 2008 Mississippi State University was founded in 1878 and opened its doors in 1880 as a land-grant school de-signed for teaching agriculture and mechanical arts. Building upon the work of John K. Bettersworth, Michael B. Ballard traces the evolution of this institution. From the beginning, first president Stephen D. Lee wanted to expand the university\'s vi-sion beyond agriculture and engineering. While admit-ting that these should be the focal points, the school gra-dually introduced studies in the humanities. The university evolved around the expectation of being the \People\'s Col-lege, \ drawing students from rural areas and poor back-grounds and giving them a chance to succeed in higher education. There remains a broad cross-section in the student body from many backgrounds, including a substantial number of African American and international students. This kind of mix, which extends to the faculty, has strengthened the research capabilities of the university and broadened the academic landscape in ways Lee never dreamed. The author covers many other facets of MSU, such as how it has been affected by national events through the years, including the Great Depression, World Wars I and II, and the civil rights movement of the 1960s. Michael B. Ballard is the university archivist and coordinator of the Congressional and Political Research Center at Mississippi State University. He is the author of numerous books on the Civil War, including Pemberton: The General Who Lost Vicksburg and Civil War Mississippi: A Guide, both from University Press of Mississippi |
| computer science major msu: The College Buzz Book , 2006-03-23 In this new edition, Vault publishes the entire surveys of current students and alumnni at more than 300 top undergraduate institutions, as well as the schools' responses to the comments. Each 4-to 5-page entry is composed of insider comments from students and alumni, as well as the schools' responses to the comments. |
| computer science major msu: Introduction to Game Design, Prototyping, and Development Jeremy Gibson, Jeremy Gibson Bond, 2015 This hands-on guide covers both game development and design, and both Unity and C♯. This guide illuminates the basic tenets of game design and presents a detailed, project-based introduction to game prototyping and development, using both paper and the Unity game engine. |
| computer science major msu: The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2009 Yale Daily News, 2008-06-24 The comprehensive college guide is written by students who know firsthand what makes or breaks the undergraduate experience. This work goes past admissions requirements to get to the stuff that matters most to students: dorm life, sports, dating, and, of course, food. |
| computer science major msu: Measuring the Performance and Intelligence of Systems Alex Meystel, E. R. Messina, 2001 |
| computer science major msu: The Insider's Guide to the Colleges, 2005 Yale Daily News Staff, 2004-07 College students discuss what colleges are really like, including grades, sports, social life, alcohol policies, gender relations, admissions, and classes. |
| computer science major msu: Human Brain and Artificial Intelligence An Zeng, Dan Pan, Tianyong Hao, Daoqiang Zhang, Yiyu Shi, Xiaowei Song, 2019-11-09 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the workshop held in conjunction with the 28th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2019, held in Macao, China, in August 2019: the First International Workshop on Human Brain and Artificial Intelligence, HBAI 2019. The 24 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 62 submissions. The papers are organized according to the following topical headings: computational brain science and its applications; brain-inspired artificial intelligence and its applications. |
| computer science major msu: Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning – IDEAL 2016 Hujun Yin, Yang Gao, Bin Li, Daoqiang Zhang, Ming Yang, Yun Li, Frank Klawonn, Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros, 2016-09-12 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17 International Conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, IDEAL 2016, held in Yangzhou, China, in October 2016. The 68 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 115 submissions. They provide a valuable and timely sample of latest research outcomes in data engineering and automated learning ranging from methodologies, frameworks, and techniques to applications including various topics such as evolutionary algorithms; deep learning; neural networks; probabilistic modeling; particle swarm intelligence; big data analysis; applications in regression, classification, clustering, medical and biological modeling and predication; text processing and image analysis. |
| computer science major msu: Computerworld , 1979-06-11 For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network. |
| computer science major msu: Next Generation Internet United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, 1998 |
| computer science major msu: Fundamentals of Sensor Network Programming S. Sitharama Iyengar, Nandan Parameshwaran, Vir V. Phoha, Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan, Chuka D. Okoye, 2011-03-29 This book provides the basics needed to develop sensor network software and supplements it with many case studies covering network applications. It also examines how to develop onboard applications on individual sensors, how to interconnect these sensors, and how to form networks of sensors, although the major aim of this book is to provide foundational principles of developing sensor networking software and critically examine sensor network applications. |
| computer science major msu: Computerworld , 1984-10-01 For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network. |
| computer science major msu: Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction Nicu Sebe, 2004-05-07 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Workshop on Human-Computer Interaction, HCI 2004, held at ECCV 2004 in Prague, Czech Republic in May 2004. The 19 revised full papers presented together with an introductory overview and an invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 45 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on human-robot interaction, gesture recognition and body tracking, systems, and face and head. |
| computer science major msu: Computerworld , 1978-10-02 For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network. |
| computer science major msu: Evolution in Action: Past, Present and Future Wolfgang Banzhaf, Betty H.C. Cheng, Kalyanmoy Deb, Kay E. Holekamp, Richard E. Lenski, Charles Ofria, Robert T. Pennock, William F. Punch, Danielle J. Whittaker, 2020-07-08 This edited research monograph brings together contributions from computer scientists, biologists, and engineers who are engaged with the study of evolution and how it may be applied to solve real-world problems. It also serves as a Festschrift dedicated to Erik D. Goodman, the founding director of the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, a pioneering NSF Science and Technology Center headquartered at Michigan State University. The contributing authors are leading experts associated with the center, and they serve in top research and industrial establishments across the US and worldwide. Part I summarizes the history of the BEACON Center, with refreshingly personal chapters that describe Erik's working and leadership style, and others that discuss the development and successes of the center in the context of research funding, projects, and careers. The chapters in Part II deal with the evolution of genomes and evolvability. The contributions in Part III discuss the evolution of behavior and intelligence. Those in Part IV concentrate on the evolution of communities and collective dynamics. The chapters in Part V discuss selected evolutionary computing applications in domains such as arts and science, automated program repair, cybersecurity, mechatronics, and genomic prediction. Part VI deals with evolution in the classroom, using creativity in research, and responsible conduct in research training. The book concludes with a special chapter from Erik Goodman, a short biography that concentrates on his personal positive influences and experiences throughout his long career in academia and industry. |
| computer science major msu: Python for Everybody Charles R. Severance, 2016-04-09 Python for Everybody is designed to introduce students to programming and software development through the lens of exploring data. You can think of the Python programming language as your tool to solve data problems that are beyond the capability of a spreadsheet.Python is an easy to use and easy to learn programming language that is freely available on Macintosh, Windows, or Linux computers. So once you learn Python you can use it for the rest of your career without needing to purchase any software.This book uses the Python 3 language. The earlier Python 2 version of this book is titled Python for Informatics: Exploring Information.There are free downloadable electronic copies of this book in various formats and supporting materials for the book at www.pythonlearn.com. The course materials are available to you under a Creative Commons License so you can adapt them to teach your own Python course. |
| computer science major msu: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication Susanna Hornig Priest, 2010-07-14 The explosion of scientific information is exacerbating the information gap between richer/poorer, educated/less-educated publics. The proliferation of media technology and the popularity of the Internet help some keep up with these developments but also make it more likely others fall further behind. This is taking place in a globalizing economy and society that further complicates the division between information haves and have-nots and compounds the challenge of communicating about emerging science and technology to increasingly diverse audiences. Journalism about science and technology must fill this gap, yet journalists and journalism students themselves struggle to keep abreast of contemporary scientific developments. Scientist - aided by public relations and public information professionals - must get their stories out, not only to other scientists but also to broader public audiences. Funding agencies increasingly expect their grantees to engage in outreach and education, and such activity can be seen as both a survival strategy and an ethical imperative for taxpayer-supported, university-based research. Science communication, often in new forms, must expand to meet all these needs. Providing a comprehensive introduction to students, professionals and scholars in this area is a unique challenge because practitioners in these fields must grasp both the principles of science and the principles of science communication while understanding the social contexts of each. For this reason, science journalism and science communication are often addressed only in advanced undergraduate or graduate specialty courses rather than covered exhaustively in lower-division courses. Even so, those entering the field rarely will have a comprehensive background in both science and communication studies. This circumstance underscores the importance of compiling useful reference materials. The Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication presents resources and strategies for science communicators, including theoretical material and background on recent controversies and key institutional actors and sources. Science communicators need to understand more than how to interpret scientific facts and conclusions; they need to understand basic elements of the politics, sociology, and philosophy of science, as well as relevant media and communication theory, principles of risk communication, new trends, and how to evaluate the effectiveness of science communication programmes, to mention just a few of the major challenges. This work will help to develop and enhance such understanding as it addresses these challenges and more. Topics covered include: advocacy, policy, and research organizations environmental and health communication philosophy of science media theory and science communication informal science education science journalism as a profession risk communication theory public understanding of science pseudo-science in the news special problems in reporting science and technology science communication ethics. |
| computer science major msu: News , 1987 |
| computer science major msu: The Complete Book of Colleges, 2018 Edition Princeton Review, 2017-07 Mega-guide to 1,573 colleges and universities. 2018 edition of The Complete Book of Colleges includes indexes listing schools according to cost, location, size, and selectivity. |
| computer science major msu: Computerworld , 1989-04-24 For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network. |
| computer science major msu: Approaches to Work-Based Learning in Higher Education Matthew Barr, 2024-12-17 Approaches to Work-Based Learning in Higher Education provides a comprehensive introduction to the delivery of university-level work-based learning (WBL) for educators and policymakers. The contributing authors draw from their wealth of experience of developing apprenticeships, placement programmes and other work-based learning opportunities, advising on best practice when delivering learning in partnership with industry. Supported by a unique balance of practical and theoretical insight, including international perspectives on how common challenges may be addressed, this essential volume explores the following key themes: Pedagogies – this section outlines established best practice in delivery of WBL for higher education and offers suggestions for how readers may continue to develop and improve their provision. Projects – this section covers a range of approaches to work-based learning within higher education and explores examples of this in practice, including live briefs, work placements and industrial project-based learning. Apprenticeships – this section focuses specifically on work-based degree programmes, covering their design, delivery, implementation and assessment. A must-read for anyone working within higher education policy or practice, this book provides readers with the tools to successfully navigate work-based learning, as well as strategies for ensuring and enhancing the quality of the learning experience. |
| computer science major msu: Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems Andy Schürr, Bran Selic, 2009-09-15 The pioneering organizers of the ?rst UML workshop in Mulhouse, France inthe summerof1998couldhardlyhaveanticipatedthat,in littleoveradecade, theirinitiativewouldblossomintotoday’shighlysuccessfulMODELSconference series, the premier annual gathering of researchersand practitioners focusing on a very important new technical discipline: model-based software and system engineering. This expansion is, of course, a direct consequence of the growing signi?cance and success of model-based methods in practice. The conferences have contributed greatly to the heightened interest in the ?eld, attracting much young talent and leading to the gradualemergence of its correspondingscienti?c and engineering foundations. The proceedings from the MODELS conferences are one of the primary references for anyone interested in a more substantive study of the domain. The 12th conference took place in Denver in the USA, October 4–9, 2009 along with numerous satellite workshops and tutorials, as well as several other related scienti?c gatherings. The conference was exceptionally fortunate to have three eminent, invited keynote speakers from industry: Stephen Mellor, Larry Constantine, and Grady Booch. |
| computer science major msu: Topics in Parallel and Distributed Computing Sushil K. Prasad, Anshul Gupta, Arnold Rosenberg, Alan Sussman, Charles Weems, 2018-09-29 This book introduces beginning undergraduate students of computing and computational disciplines to modern parallel and distributed programming languages and environments, including map-reduce, general-purpose graphics processing units (GPUs), and graphical user interfaces (GUI) for mobile applications. The book also guides instructors via selected essays on what and how to introduce parallel and distributed computing topics into the undergraduate curricula, including quality criteria for parallel algorithms and programs, scalability, parallel performance, fault tolerance, and energy efficiency analysis. The chapters designed for students serve as supplemental textual material for early computing core courses, which students can use for learning and exercises. The illustrations, examples, and sequences of smaller steps to build larger concepts are also tools that could be inserted into existing instructor material. The chapters intended for instructors are written at a teaching level and serve as a rigorous reference to include learning goals, advice on presentation and use of the material, within early and advanced undergraduate courses. Since Parallel and Distributed Computing (PDC) now permeates most computing activities, imparting a broad-based skill set in PDC technology at various levels in the undergraduate educational fabric woven by Computer Science (CS) and Computer Engineering (CE) programs as well as related computational disciplines has become essential. This book and others in this series aim to address the need for lack of suitable textbook support for integrating PDC-related topics into undergraduate courses, especially in the early curriculum. The chapters are aligned with the curricular guidelines promulgated by the NSF/IEEE-TCPP Curriculum Initiative on Parallel and Distributed Computing for CS and CE students and with the CS2013 ACM/IEEE Computer Science Curricula. |
| computer science major msu: Fundamentals and Methods Alfred J. Meixner, Monika Fleischer, Dieter P. Kern, Sebastian Mackowski, Christiane Höppener, Pierre-Michel Adam, Raul David Rodriguez, Pietro G. Gucciardi, 2025-09-15 From electrodynamical foundations to super-resolution miscroscopy and spectroscopic methods at nanometer resolution, this two-volume graduate textbook for the first time makes the field of nanospectroscopy accessible for students. This first volume is concerned with electrodynamics at the nano-scale, plasmonics, and the exploitation of these effects for a variety of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques at those length scales. |
| computer science major msu: Computerworld , 1978-02-06 For more than 40 years, Computerworld has been the leading source of technology news and information for IT influencers worldwide. Computerworld's award-winning Web site (Computerworld.com), twice-monthly publication, focused conference series and custom research form the hub of the world's largest global IT media network. |
| computer science major msu: The chronic challenge - new vistas on long-term multisite contacts to the central nervous system Ulrich G. Hofmann, Jürgen Krüger, 2015-06-19 Have you ever heard of a Hype-Cycle? It is a description that was put forward by an IT consultancy firm to describe certain phenomena that happen within the life cycle of new technology products. As Fenn and Raskino stated in their book (Fenn and Raskino 2008), a novel technology - a “Technology Trigger” - gives rise to a steep increase in interest, leading to the “Peak of Inflated Expectations”. Following an accumulation of more detailed knowledge on the technology and its short-comings, the stake holders may need to traverse a “Trough of Disillusionment”, which is followed by a shallower “Slope of Enlightenment”, before finally reaching the “Plateau of Productivity”. In spite of the limitations and criticisms levied on this over-simplified description of a technology’s life-cycle, it is nonetheless able to describe well the situation we are all experiencing within the brain-machine-interfacing community. Our technology trigger was the development of batch-processed multisite neuronal interfaces based on silicon during the 1980s and 1990s (Sangler and Wise 1990, Campbell, Jones et al. 1991, Wise and Najafi 1991, Rousche and Normann 1992, Nordhausen, Maynard et al. 1996). This gave rise to a seemingly exponential growth of knowledge within the neurosciences, leading to the expectation of thought-controlled devices and prostheses for handicapped people in the very near future (Chapin, Moxon et al. 1999, Wessberg, Stambaugh et al. 2000, Chapin and Moxon 2001, Serruya, Hatsopoulos et al. 2002). Unfortunately, whereas significant steps towards artificial robotic limbs could have been implemented during the last decade (Johannes, Bigelow et al. 2011, Oung, Pohl et al. 2012, Belter, Segil et al. 2013), direct invasive intracortical interfacing was not quite able to keep up with these expectations. Insofar, we are currently facing the challenging, but tedious walk through the Trough of Disillusionment. Undoubtedly, more than two decades of intense research on brain-machine-interfaces (BMI’s) have produced a tremendous wealth of information towards the ultimate goal: a clinically useful cortical prosthesis. Unfortunately even today - after huge fiscal efforts - the goal seems almost to be as far away as it was when it was originally put forward. At the very least, we have to state that one of the main challenges towards a clinical useful BMI has not been sufficiently answered yet: regarding the long term – or even truly chronic – stability of the neural cortical interface, as well as the signals it has to provide over a significant fraction of a human’s lifespan. Even the recently demonstrated advances in BMI’s in both humans and non-human primates have to deal with a severe decay of spiking activity that occurs over weeks and months (Chestek, Gilja et al. 2011, Hochberg, Bacher et al. 2012, Collinger, Kryger et al. 2014, Nuyujukian, Kao et al. 2014, Stavisky, Kao et al. 2014, Wodlinger, Downey et al. 2014) and resolve to simplified features to keep a brain-derived communication channel open (Christie, Tat et al. 2014). |
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