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| calculate pack year history: Guide to Clinical Documentation Debra D Sullivan, 2018-07-25 Understand the when, why, and how! Here’s your guide to developing the skills you need to master the increasing complex challenges of documenting patient care. Step by step, a straightforward ‘how-to’ approach teaches you how to write SOAP notes, document patient care in office and hospital settings, and write prescriptions. You’ll find a wealth of examples, exercises, and instructions that make every point clear and easy to understand. |
| calculate pack year history: Know Your Chances Steven Woloshin, Lisa M. Schwartz, H. Gilbert Welch, 2008-11-30 Understanding risk -- Putting risk in perspective -- Risk charts : a way to get perspective -- Judging the benefit of a health intervention -- Not all benefits are equal : understand the outcome -- Consider the downsides -- Do the benefits outweight the downsides? -- Beware of exaggerated importance -- Beware of exaggerated certainty -- Who's behind the numbers? |
| calculate pack year history: Clinical Examination: A Practical Guide in Medicine Hira Harmanjit Singh, 2011-10 Clinical Examination: A Practical Guide in Medicine is a step by step guide to the examination of all organ systems. A chapter is dedicated to each system, which is further divided into sub-chapters on functional anatomy, history taking, general physical assessment and physical examination of the organ system. Numerous images including clinical methods help illustrate examination techniques and a detailed section on the preparation of patients for CT or MRI scans is also provided. |
| calculate pack year history: Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care - E-Book Robert M. Kacmarek, James K. Stoller, Al Heuer, 2016-02-05 Designed for optimal student learning for over 40 years, Egan’s Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 11th Edition provides you with the strong background you need to succeed in the field of respiratory care. Nicknamed the Bible for respiratory care, it helps you gain a thorough understanding of the role of respiratory therapists, the scientific basis for treatment, and clinical applications. Comprehensive chapters correlate to the most up-to-date 2015 NBRC Detailed Content Outline for the TM-CE to successfully prepare you for clinical and credentialing exam success. Always in step with the ever-changing field of respiratory care, this easy-to-read new edition features five new chapters, as well as new information on online charting systems, patient databases, research databases, meaningful use, simulation, and an expanded discussion of the electronic medical record system. User-friendly full-color design calls attention to special features to enhance learning. Evolve learning resources include PowerPoint slides, Test Bank questions, an English-Spanish glossary, an image collection, a Body Spectrum Anatomy Coloring Book, and student lecture notes that enhance instructors’ teaching and students’ learning. Student Workbook reflects the text’s updated content and serves as a practical study guide offering numerous case studies, experiments, and hands-on activities. Therapist-Driven Protocols (TDPs) used by RTs in hospitals to assess a patient, initiate care, and evaluate outcomes, are incorporated throughout the text to develop your critical thinking skills and teach the value of following an established protocol. Expert authorship from the leading figures in respiratory care ensures that critical content is covered thoroughly and accurately. Excerpts of 40 published Clinical Practice Guidelines provide you with important information regarding patient care, indications/contraindications, hazards and complications, assessment of need, and assessment of outcome and monitoring. UNIQUE! Egan's trusted reputation as the preeminent fundamental respiratory care textbook for more than 40 years maintains its student focus and comprehensive coverage while keeping in step with the profession. Updated content reflects changes in the industry to ensure it is both current and clinically accurate and prepares you for a career as a respiratory therapist in today’s health care environment. UNIQUE! Mini Clinis give you an opportunity to apply text content to actual patient care through short, critical-thinking case scenarios. Mini Clinis can also be used as a point of focus in class discussion to strengthen students' critical thinking skills. UNIQUE! Rules of Thumb highlight rules, formulas, and key points that are important to clinical practice. Bulleted learning objectives aligned with summary checklists to highlight key content at the beginning and at the end of each chapter, paralleling the three areas tested on the 2015 NBRC Therapist Multiple-Choice Examination: recall, analysis, and application. |
| calculate pack year history: Guide to Clinical Documentation Debra Sullivan, 2011-12-22 Develop the skills you need to effectively and efficiently document patient care for children and adults in clinical and hospital settings. This handy guide uses sample notes, writing exercises, and EMR activities to make each concept crystal clear, including how to document history and physical exams and write SOAP notes and prescriptions. |
| calculate pack year history: Essential Health Assessment Janice Thompson, 2022-02-21 A practical, real-world approach—focus on what’s normal to identify abnormal. Here are all of the how-tos, what-tos, when-tos, and why-tos you need to master in a well-organized, well-illustrated text that makes the material easier to learn now… and reference later. First, it focuses on the normal and the normal variants of the adult, child, elderly, and pregnant patients seem most frequently in practice. Then, when a finding falls outside of those parameters, you’ll be able to identify it as abnormal. Second, assessment is presented as a linear and consistent process, so you will always do the same steps in the same order, assuring that you don’t miss anything. An access code inside new, printed texts unlocks resources online at FADavis.com, including Advanced Assessment Techniques, an Audio Library with sample auscultation and percussion sounds, Case Studies featuring real-life scenarios, and Performance Checklists that document the steps of each technique. |
| calculate pack year history: Lung Cancer Claudia I. Henschke, Peggy McCarthy, Sarah Wernick, 2003 Claudia Henschke offers specific recommendations: who needs to be checked, where to be tested and what to expect. This book provides information on diagnosis, treatment and survival, accompanied by inspiring words from survivors. |
| calculate pack year history: Craven & Hirnle's Fundamentals of Nursing Christine Henshaw, Renee Rassilyer, 2023-12-15 Instilling a foundation for success from the classroom to the clinical setting. Craven & Hirnle’s Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts and Competencies for Practice, 10th Edition, fosters the strong critical thinking, clinical judgment, clear communication, and sound clinical skills students need to succeed throughout the nursing curriculum and to meet the challenges practicing nurses confront each day. Drawing on the latest clinical evidence, this immersive text trains students to think and act like nurses, immersing them in a proven nursing process framework that clarifies key capabilities, from promoting health to identifying dysfunction to the use of scientific rationales and the nursing process. |
| calculate pack year history: Medical-Surgical Nursing E-Book Adrianne Dill Linton, Mary Ann Matteson, 2022-05-01 Provide quality nursing care for adults with medical-surgical and psychiatric disorders! Building upon the fundamentals of nursing, Medical-Surgical Nursing, 8th Edition helps you master the role and responsibilities of the LPN/LVN in medical-surgical care. The text addresses the special problems of older adult patients, then covers each major disorder by body system, presenting patient problems, goals, outcome criteria, and nursing interventions. As LPN/LVNs do not formulate NANDA diagnoses, the book is organized by patient problems rather than NANDA nursing diagnoses. Written by noted educators Adrianne Dill Linton and Mary Ann Matteson, this text helps you build the clinical judgment skills you need to succeed on the Next-Generation NCLEX-PN® examination and in nursing practice. |
| calculate pack year history: Evidence-Based Physical Examination Kate Sustersic Gawlik, DNP, APRN-CNP, FAANP, Bernadette Mazurek Melnyk, PhD, APRN-CNP, FAANP, FNAP, FAAN, Alice M. Teall, DNP, APRN-CNP, FAANP, 2024-03-26 The assessment text of today and the future! This unique text is the first to combine scientific and holistic approaches to health assessment while being the first book to also take the health and well-being of the clinician into account. This valuable resource utilizes the best evidence and clinical relevance underpinning advanced history-taking and assessment techniques incorporating the most current guidelines from reliable sources, such as the U.S. Preventative Services Task Force, the Choosing Wisely® initiative, and the NAM's Core Competencies for Health Care Clinicians. The updated second edition offers more in-depth recognition of population health concepts, and as a result includes greater use of inclusive language, social determinants of health assessments, identification of health inequities, and racial, ethnic, gender, and age considerations within advanced assessment. This edition delivers increased coverage of documentation, abundant new content addressing therapeutic communication and changing practice environments, and unique chapters focused on the assessment of a growing cohort of older patients, the LGBTQ+ population, telehealth, abuse, and clinician wellness. Chapters have a consistent structure and include anatomy and physiology, key history questions and considerations, physical exam, lab and imaging considerations, evidence-based practice recommendations, and differential diagnoses for both normal and abnormal findings. Case studies, clinical pearls, and key takeaways aid retention, while abundant illustrations, photographic images, and videos demonstrate history-taking and assessment techniques. Instructor resources include PowerPoint slides, a test bank with multiple-choice and essay questions, additional case studies with short answer questions, an image bank, and a course cartridge. New to the Second Edition: Prioritization of the importance of clinician well-being as a prerequisite for implementing evidence-based assessment Inclusion of an environmental assessment for clinician safety All chapters, where applicable, include COVID-19 implications and considerations Two brandnew chapters (Chapter 6, Evidence-Based Assessment of the Older Adult and Chapter 10, Evidence-Based Assessment of the Vascular System) Inclusion of Pre-Admission Testing and Pre-employment physical assessments to Chapter 28, Evidence-Based Assessments for Medical Clearance Additional content addressing considerations when assessing patients with obesity Inclusion of a checklist denoting best practice guidelines for telehealth visits Key Features: Focused on evidence and practical application of assessment skills to ensure the highest quality of care Emphasizes health and well-being for both the clinician and patient Delivers the evidence, acceptability, and clinical relevance behind history-taking and assessment techniques Focuses on the most current clinical guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the Choosing Wisely® initiative, and highly recognized clinical practice organizations Aids retention through case studies, clinical pearls, and key takeaways Demonstrates techniques with abundant illustrations, photographic images, and videos Includes abundant instructor resources |
| calculate pack year history: WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008 World Health Organization, 2008-02-11 Vols. for 2009- cataloged as a serial in LC. |
| calculate pack year history: OSCEs for Medical Finals Hamed Khan, Iqbal Khan, Akhil Gupta, Nazmul Hussain, Sathiji Nageshwaran, 2012-10-15 OSCEs for Medical Finals has been written by doctors from a variety of specialties with extensive experience of medical education and of organising and examining OSCEs. The book and website package consists of the most common OSCE scenarios encountered in medical finals, together with checklists, similar to OSCE mark schemes, that cover all of the key learning points students need to succeed. Each topic checklist contains comprehensive exam-focussed advice on how to maximise performance together with a range of ‘insider's tips' on OSCE strategy and common OSCE pitfalls. Designed to provide enough coverage for those students who want to gain as many marks as possible in their OSCEs, and not just a book which will ensure students ‘scrape a pass', the book is fully supported by a companion website at www.wiley.com/go/khan/osces, containing: OSCE checklists from the book A survey of doctors and students of which OSCEs have a high chance of appearing in finals in each UK medical school |
| calculate pack year history: Combat Medic Field Reference Casey Bond, 2005 The ability to save lives in war, conflicts, and humanitarian interventions requires sophisticated skills above and beyond first aid. Today's Combat Medic must be an expert in emergency care, force health protection, limited primary care, and warrior skills. The Combat Medic Field Reference provides easy access to essential information on triage, treatment, and US Army procedures. This handy pocket-sized reference features waterproof pages for making temporary or permanent notes. |
| calculate pack year history: Macleod's Clinical Examination John Macleod, 2009-01-01 DVD. |
| calculate pack year history: Linton and Matteson's Medical-Surgical Practical Nursing in Canada - E-Book Katherine Poser, Adrianne Dill Linton, Mary Ann Matteson, 2023-10-13 Master the role and responsibilities of the PN in Canadian medical-surgical nursing! The only Canadian medical-surgical nursing text designed for the Practical Nurse student, Linton and Matteson's Medical-Surgical Practical Nursing in Canada provides a solid foundation in the fundamentals of nursing, including roles, settings, and issues and trends in health care. Content includes descriptions of pathology, medical conditions organized by body system, emergency and disaster management, pandemic preparedness, and mental health nursing. Unique to this text is a unit focusing on the older adult — a key patient population that PNs see in practice. Edited by Katherine Poser, an experienced educator and critical care nurse, this text helps you prepare for the REx-PN® or CPNRE® licensure examinations and succeed as a new nurse. |
| calculate pack year history: Core Curriculum for Critical Care Nursing - E-Book JoAnn Grif Alspach, AACN, 2006-02-15 From the experts at the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), comes the definitive resource on administering quality nursing care to critically ill patients. The 6th edition has been updated to reflect the current state of critical care nursing practice and includes new content on the AACN Synergy Model, professional care and ethical practice, and critical care patients with special needs, as well as the most current literature and clinical studies. The clear and logical format makes this book an ideal study tool for critical care nursing orientation and continuing education programs. By covering the newest content on the CCRN exam, it also serves as an important resource for nurses preparing for critical care certification. Authored by the experts at the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. Reflects the most recent blueprint of the CCRN examination. Content spans basic to advanced levels with an emphasis on nursing practice. Organized by body system and written in a concise outline format for ease of use. Coverage of the AACN Synergy Model is featured in the new opening chapter. Professional Care and Ethical Practice is integrated into the Core Curriculum series framework. A new chapter on Critical Care Patients with Special Needs includes bariatric and geriatric patients in critical care, as well as high-risk obstetric patients. Features new content on chest tubes, liver transplantation for acute liver failure, spirituality, and spiritual aspects of care. Integrates pain as the 5th vital sign and includes JCAHO, HCFA, and AHCPR guidelines relating to pain management. Features AHRQ evidence-based practice guidelines as reference sources for practice interventions. New organization for Patient Care presents patient problems, needs, etc. in order of clinical priority. Expanded Nursing Interventions includes considerations related to patient/family education, patient transfer, and discharge planning. Web-based resources for CDC, AHA, NINR, National Guideline Clearinghouse, NIH Consensus Conference Proceedings, ADA. |
| calculate pack year history: Compact Clinical Guide to Mechanical Ventilation Sandra Goldsworthy, RN, MSc, PhD(c), CNCC(C), CMSN(C), Leslie Graham, RN, MN, CNCC(C), CHSE, 2013-12-10 [This book] offers easy-to-use, quick tips that will benefit a great number of nurses. Critical care nurses often need help with ventilator modes and types of usage and this book is a great resource.Score: 96, 4 Stars.--Doody's Medical Reviews The only book written about mechanical ventilation by nurses for nurses, this text fills a void in addressing high-level patient care and management specific to critical care nurses. Designed for use by practicing nurses, nursing students, and nursing educators, it provides a detailed, step-by-step approach to developing expertise in this challenging area of practice. The guide is grounded in evidence-based research and explains complex concepts in a user-friendly format along with useful tips for daily practice. It has been written based on the authors' many years of teaching students at all levels of critical care as well as their experience in mentoring novice and experienced nurses in the critical care arena. Emphasizing the nurse's role in mechanical ventilation, the book offers many features that facilitate in-depth learning. These include bulleted points to simplify complex ideas, learning objectives, key points summarized for speedy reference, learning activities, a case study in each chapter with questions for reflection, clinical pearls, references for additional study, and a glossary. A digital companion includes cue cards summarizing challenging practice concepts and how-to procedural videos. The book addresses the needs of both adult critical care patients and geriatric critical care patients. A chapter on International Perspectives addresses the similarities and differences in critical care throughout the globe. Also covered are pharmacology protocols for the mechanically ventilated patient. Additionally, the book serves as a valuable resource for nurses preparing for national certification in critical care. Key Features: Written by nurses for nurses Provides theoretical and practical, step-by-step information about mechanical ventilation for practicing nurses, students, and educators Comprises a valuable resources for the orientation of nurses new to critical care Contains chapters on international perspectives in critical care and pharmacology protocols for the mechanically ventilated patient |
| calculate pack year history: Core Curriculum for Progressive Care Nursing - E-Book American Association of Critical-Care Nr, 2009-04-06 The only reference focused on progressive care nursing, this complete reference includes all of the key information you need to know for success in practice and on the PCCN certification exam. Expert authors from the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses provide the most authoritative content on caring for patients in step-down, intermediate and telemetry units and prepare you to treat patients from every phase of progressive care. Plenty of illustrations and easy-reference tables clarify difficult concepts and make it easy to review content quickly. - AACN authorship ensures you receive the most accurate and dependable information available from the same group that administers the PCCN examination. - Comprehensive coverage including everything from basic to advanced concepts makes this an essential resource for nurses of any level of expertise. - Content most likely to be on the exam is highlighted to help you study more efficiently. - The latest, most authoritative references categorized by disorder make it easy to find resources for further research. - Concise outline format with organization by body system helps you quickly locate information. - Priority organization presents nursing management information in order of clinical priority. - Content written from a collaborative care perspective includes medical management and interventions integrated throughout the text. - User-friendly two-color design clarifies difficult concepts and makes illustrations and tables easy to understand. |
| calculate pack year history: Pass PCCN! Robin Donohoe Dennison, Kathleen Farrell, 2015-10-20 From the author of the bestselling Pass CCRN! and Pass CEN!, Pass PCCN! applies Dennison's time-tested approach to the Progressive Care Nursing Certification exam and follows the latest PCCN exam test plan, with one or more chapters for each section of the exam. This all-new review book features a thorough review in narrative format for each chapter — and covers all the content you need, including the disorders unique to the PCCN, to master the PCCN exam. Learning Activities interspersed throughout the book, as well as more than 900 review questions on the companion Evolve website, are geared towards progressive care nurses and offer valuable test-taking experience. - Content follows the latest PCCN test plan to ensure you have the most current information for exam preparation. - Companion Evolve website with more than 900 multiple-choice review questions, available in Study Mode or Exam Mode, lets you self-test online. - UNIQUE! Learning Activities provide fun and stimulating ways to learn critical concepts, such as crossword puzzles, matching and fill-in-the-blank questions. - Case studies, consisting of patient scenarios and associated learning activities, stimulate critical thinking and promote application of knowledge. - Appendices include common abbreviations and acronyms, laboratory values, formulas, hemodynamic monitoring essentials, and a dysrhythmias reference (including etiology, criteria, significance, and management), so you can quickly reference important information when studying for the PCCN examination. |
| calculate pack year history: AACN Core Curriculum for Progressive and Critical Care Nursing - E-Book AACN, Tonja Hartjes, 2022-03-03 **Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Critical Care** Get ready for clinical practice in progressive and critical care nursing with this definitive resource! From the experts at the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, the AACN Core Curriculum for Progressive and Critical Care Nursing, 8th Edition covers the knowledge and skills needed to prepare for the CCRN® and PCCN® certification examinations and to provide safe and effective care in progressive and critical care settings. Content in this edition corresponds to the most recent CCRN® and PCCN® exam blueprints and reflects the latest in evidence-based practice. With its clear outline format and comprehensive coverage of nursing competencies, this text is both a convenient clinical reference and a valuable study tool. - PUBLISHER'S NOTE: Although some copies of this title mention that an access code is included inside, no access code is included or required to access the Evolve materials for this book. - Experts at the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) provide the definitive reference for progressive and critical care nursing care of adults. - Concise outline format makes information easy to find and easy to digest. - Basic to advanced levels of coverage emphasizes clinical nursing practice, preparing you with the full range of knowledge needed for optimal patient care in progressive and critical care settings. - Key content in each body systems chapter includes an anatomy and physiology review, assessment, patient care, and specific patient health problems. - Expert Tips and Key Concepts boxes highlight important content and serve as a quick reference. - NEW! Updated content corresponds to the most recent CCRN® and PCCN® examination blueprints and reflects the latest research evidence, clinical studies, national and international treatment protocols, the AACN/ANA scope of practice, and AACN's ECCO 3.0. - NEW! Updated table of contents, chapter format, and full-color design make the book easier to read and use. - NEW! Additional full-color illustrations, boxes, and tables enhance understanding and provide quicker access to need-to-know information in clinical practice. |
| calculate pack year history: AACN Core Curriculum for High Acuity, Progressive and Critical Care Nursing - E-Book AACN, 2017-07-26 From the experts at the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) comes the definitive resource for critical care certification and clinical practice. This new seventh edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect the current state of high acuity, progressive, and critical care nursing practice and includes expanded coverage of pain management, palliative care, and end-of-life care; transplantation; and key AACN initiatives. It also reflects the most current literature, national and international guidelines, clinical studies, and of course, the newest content on the CCRN® exam. - Authored by the experts at the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN), this is the definitive guide to critical care nursing certification and clinical practice. - NEW! Significantly updated content corresponds to the most recent CCRN® examination blueprint and reflects the most current literature, national and international guidelines, clinical studies, AACN/ANA scope of practice, and ECCO 3.0. - NEW! Expanded coverage of key content reflects the healthcare needs of today's patients, including pain management, palliative care, and end-of-life care; nutritional support; transplantation; and key AACN initiatives. - Concise outline format is organized by body system to make information easy to digest. - NEW! Clinical Pearls and Key Concepts boxes highlight key content and serve as a convenient quick reference. - NEW! Improved navigation includes printed index tabs to help distinguish chapters and find information fast. - Basic to advanced levels of coverage, with an emphasis on clinical nursing practice, prepare you for the full range of knowledge you will encounter on the CCRN exam and in practice.Coverage of the AACN Synergy Model is featured in the new opening chapter. - Professional Care and Ethical Practice is integrated into the Core Curriculum series framework. - A new chapter on Critical Care Patients with Special Needs includes bariatric and geriatric patients in critical care, as well as high-risk obstetric patients. - Features new content on chest tubes, liver transplantation for acute liver failure, spirituality, and spiritual aspects of care. - Integrates pain as the 5th vital sign and includes JCAHO, HCFA, and AHCPR guidelines relating to pain management. - Features AHRQ evidence-based practice guidelines as reference sources for practice interventions. - New organization for Patient Care presents patient problems, needs, etc. in order of clinical priority. - Expanded Nursing Interventions includes considerations related to patient/family education, patient transfer, and discharge planning. - Web-based resources for CDC, AHA, NINR, National Guideline Clearinghouse, NIH Consensus Conference Proceedings, ADA. |
| calculate pack year history: 68W Advanced Field Craft American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS),, Us Army, 2009-10-19 The Combat Medic of today is the most technically advanced ever produced by the United States Army. Such an advanced technician requires an advanced teaching and learning system. 68W Advanced Field Craft is the first textbook designed to prepare the Combat Medic for today’s challenges in the field. The ability to save lives in war, conflicts, and humanitarian inventions requires a specific skill set. Today’s Combat Medic must be an expert in emergency medical care, force health protection, limited primary care, evacuation, and warrior skills. 68W Advanced Field Craft combines complete medical content with dynamic features to support instructors and to prepare Combat Medics for their missions. |
| calculate pack year history: Canadian Family Practice Guidelines Jill C. Cash, MSN, APN, FNP-BC, Cheryl A. Glass, MSN, APRN, WHNP-BC, Debbie Fraser, MN, RNC-NIC, Lynn Corcoran, PhD, RN, Margaret Edwards, PhD, RN, 2019-08-15 Written specifically for the needs of family and adult nursing students, medical students, and primary care practitioners in Canada, this gold standard reference of family practice in America—named a 2013 Doody’s core title and 1st-place winner of the American Journal of Nursing book award in 2017—now provides current Canadian practice protocols for professional standards of care across the life span. Guidelines are delivered in a user-friendly, step-by-step instructional style for physical exams and diagnostic testing results in SI units; health maintenance recommendations approved by Health Canada; care guidelines including Canadian drug names and dietary information; information on culturally responsive care; and patient resources specific to Canada. Practice guidelines are organized primarily by body system and delivered in outline format for quick and easy access. Each of more than 280 disorder protocols includes definition, incidence/prevalence, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, common findings, other signs and symptoms, subjective data, physical examination, diagnostic tests, differential diagnoses, plan, follow-up, consultation/referral, and individual considerations. Also included are numerous Client Teaching Guides in PDF format for customization and downloading. Abundant references are specific to the Canadian health care system. Key Features: Presents over 280 guidelines in consistent outline format Provides Canadian routine health maintenance guidelines, vaccinations, and screenings for HIV and HepC Covers individual care considerations for pediatric, pregnant, and geriatric patients Offers numerous Client Teaching Guides in digital format for clients to take home |
| calculate pack year history: Macleod's Clinical Examination E-Book Graham Douglas, Fiona Nicol, Colin Robertson, 2013-06-21 This classic textbook sets out clearly and concisely how to evaluate symptoms and elicit relevant physical signs. It describes the practical skills which every clinician must acquire and develop in order to evolve diagnostic procedures and management strategies and plans. 'Highly Commended' in the 2006 and 2010 BMA Medical Book Competitions, this Thirteenth Edition contains over 500 clinical photographs and diagrams to illustrate the text, with new topics added to make the book even more comprehensive. This Thirteenth Edition has four sections: - History taking and general examination. - System examination covering symptoms and signs. - Examination in special situations including babies & children and the critically ill. - How to pass an OSCE. Included on the Student Consult site are the specially-recorded videos demonstrating many of the clinical examination routines described in the main text. - The book starts with a general overview section on history taking and the general examination that provide the framework on which to hang the detail. - The systematic examination section documents clearly the relevant history, examination and special investigations as well as giving advice on their significance. - The third section covers examination in specific situations and emphasises an integrated and structured approach to these patients. - A final section spells out how to demonstrate the techniques learned in the book in an OSCE. - Macleod's is closely linked to its sister publication, Davidson's Principles & Practice of Medicine, which complements the information in this text. - Available with full online access on Student Consult and ancillary videos demonstrating key clinical examination routines following the format laid out in the book. - There are two new chapters on examination in specific situations: - The frail elderly - The febrile adult - A new section explicitly spells out how to demonstrate the techniques learned in the book in an OSCE and other formative and summative examinations. - Over 50 new text boxes highlight the evidence-base for the examination techniques discussed. - An Advisory Board of students, junior doctors, and representatives from the nursing, ambulance, Primary Care and academic communities from six countries has made detailed comments and critically appraised the entire book. - The text has been substantially rewritten with more on medically unexplained symptoms in the History Taking chapter and extended coverage of diabetes mellitus in the Endocrine System chapter. - Integrated with the online text are clinical examination videos of trained professionals performing many of the examination routines described in the book with a new accompanying commentary by the Editor, Professor Colin Robertson - Two new videos show how the Glasgow Coma Scale should be performed in clinical situations, demonstrating the correct techniques and also common pitfalls in using the GCS. |
| calculate pack year history: Adult-Gerontology Practice Guidelines Jill C. Cash, MSN, APN, FNP-BC, Cheryl A. Glass, MSN, APRN, WHNP-BC, 2015-06-26 The first book to encompass adult-gerontology practice guidelines for primary care, this comprehensive resource is designed as a text and reference for health care practitioners specializing as adultgerontology nurse practitioners (A-GNP). It provides current national practice guidelines for delivering high-quality primary health care to adult, older adult, and pregnant patients in the outpatient setting. The book delivers chapters that focus on the older adult person, including a chapter describing the major effects of aging on each body system. For quick and easy access, practice guidelines are organized primarily by body system, disorders listed alphabetically within each body system, and each disorder presented in a consistent format throughout. With an emphasis on history taking, the physical exam, and key features of the aging population, each of the more than 240 disorder guidelines include definition, incidence, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, common complaints, other signs and symptoms, subjective data, physical exam, diagnostic tests, differential diagnoses, plan of care, health promotion including dietary recommendations, follow-up guidelines, and tips for consultation/referral. Particularly useful features include “Practice Pointers” highlighting crucial information for a disorder and bold-faced “Alerts” from experienced practitioners. The book also describes 19 procedures commonly used within the office or clinic setting. More than 140 Patient Teaching Guides are included (perforated for ease of use) as well as in digital format for customizing and printing. These include important information for patients about safety and medications. Appendices feature normal lab values and dietary guidelines. Key Features: Focuses specifically on the adult, older adult, and pregnant patient populations Delivers consistent presentation of more than 240 disorders by body system for ease of access Step-by-step review of 19 commonly used procedures “Practice Pointers” indicate highly important care points Includes more than 140 extensive Patient Teaching Guides for “take home” information Useful as a review text when preparing to take the A-GNP certification course and exam |
| calculate pack year history: Adult-Gerontology Practice Guidelines Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. Glass, 2015-06-26 Print+CourseSmart |
| calculate pack year history: Clinical Examination and Applied Medicine, Volume I Mushtaq Haroon, 2019-09-11 This is the second in the series of books dealing simultaneously with examination technique, detail pathophysiological principles, differential diagnosis and clinical interpretation, along with applied medicine about the common respiratory diseases. Medical students or postgraduates will learn history taking, clinical examination and find relevant applied medical knowledge needed for bedside assessment of the patient. This book will guide towards a correct diagnosis by history and examination, as well as provide relevant differential diagnosis, localize the disease, and identify the cause. It will fill this gap and inspire the reader to gain confidence not only in the performance of the examination but also to answer most bedside queries and problems and will serve as an indispensable resource for preparation of undergraduate and postgraduate viva and short and long case examination. |
| calculate pack year history: Lung Cancer Screening Janelle V. Baptiste, Richard M. Schwartzstein, Carey C. Thomson, 2022-10-05 Lung cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer and remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. The high mortality is largely the consequence of late diagnosis; lung cancer is typically asymptomatic in early stages when a surgical cure is most likely. As a result, there has been great interest in and research on early detection of lung cancer through screening. There is evidence for reduced disease-specific mortality through screening for lung cancer. However, creating an integrated, systematic approach to lung cancer screening remains a challenge for providers. A successful lung cancer screening program weighs the benefits and harms of screening, clearly defines the target population and the screening process, and does not exclude eligible patient populations based on race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, In addition it should promote shared decision-making and address risk reduction. Lung Cancer Screening: Essentials for Primary Care provides a comprehensive and pragmatic guide to screening for lung cancer in real world clinical practice. The first two chapters summarize the epidemiology, risk factors and disparities in lung cancer, and provide the evidence base for screening for lung cancer. The disparities in lung cancer among different groups within the US population are well known. This text highlights how health disparities in lung cancer affect screening and have led to modification of lung cancer screening guidelines. Subsequent chapters provide a guide to implementing a successful lung cancer screening program and address the barriers that arise during implementation. The book concludes with real-world solutions to overcoming barriers in lung cancer screening. This pocket guide is an essential read and bookshelf reference for providers who do not have the specialized knowledge of screening for lung cancer. It also appeals to pulmonologists, fellows in Pulmonary Medicine, chest radiologists, and advanced practice providers with an interest in setting up lung cancer screening in any clinical practice. |
| calculate pack year history: Research During Medical Residency Lynne Bianchi, 2022-06-07 This book is a guide for medical residents and faculty in the fundamentals of clinical research, publication practices, and conference skills. It offers advice on how to incorporate scholarly activities into training routines, so the process becomes more manageable and less burdensome. Suggestions for pursuing other scholarly activities, outside of clinical research, are also offered. Participation in research and other scholarly activities is a requirement for graduation from medical residency programs in the United States and many other countries. Faculty physicians who train residents are also required to produce annual scholarly work. Adding scholarship onto an already long list of requirements often feels a bit daunting to medical residents and the faculty who teach them. Fortunately, there are many forms of scholarly activity, including basic and clinical research, quality improvement projects, and educational assessments, so everyone can find interesting and feasible projects to complete. This valuable reference provides users with a reliable source to turn to whenever they have questions on how to develop, conduct, publish, or present a research project. Written with the perspective of busy faculty and residents in mind, the content balances the need for enough detail to be instructive with the need for quick access to key points. |
| calculate pack year history: Clinicians' Guide to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease C. Donner, J. Wedzicha, 2005-09-30 Appropriate for the clinician managing COPD in either the primary or secondary care setting, Clinicians' Guide to COPD considers epidemiology, diagnosis and management, concentrating on how patients really present to the clinician. Aspects of disease prevention, including lifestyle change, particularly smoking cessation, are discussed in detail. Acute exacerbations of COPD, currently a major cause of mortality and morbidity in these patients, are also examined. Illustrative 'real-life' case histories have been included throughout, and the book also incorporates 'interesting asides', for example the impact of COPD on a patient awaiting surgery. With its practical focus, a balanced, readable style and clear explanatory colour illustrations, this book provides invaluable advice for both the primary care and specialist clinician looking after patients with COPD. |
| calculate pack year history: Making Sense of Acute Medicine Paul Jenkins, Paula Johnson, 2010-04-30 The first 72 hours following assessment and admission to the emergency department are crucial to a patient's care. As the medical practitioner on duty, you need good diagnostic skills and the ability to formulate a quick, safe and appropriate management plan. Making Sense of Acute Medicine is here to help.This book is the perfect introduction to ac |
| calculate pack year history: Unfolding Health Assessment Case Studies for the Student Nurse, Second Edition Kristi Maynard, Andrea Adimando, 2024-04-10 “This is an extraordinary and contemporary learning resource for all nursing students and faculty.” –Jeffery Ramirez, PhD, PMHNP-BC, CNE, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN Director of Graduate Nursing Programs and Professor Gonzaga University, School of Health Sciences “The ease of reading the 16 chapters cannot be overemphasized. This notable book will amplify essential ‘knowing’ for the newest to enter our profession. Quite simply, this little gem delivers!” –Linda Honan, PhD, CNS-BC, FAAN, ANEF Professor Emerita, Yale University School of Nursing Critical thinking can be the difference between keeping patients safe and putting them in harm’s way. But as a student nurse, you may find that mastering these skills is challenging, and you may lack confidence in assessing a patient’s health. Case studies are a common, beneficial learning approach. Traditionally, they present information upfront, with the patient’s status predetermined. But that isn’t realistic, as a patient’s health can often take an unexpected turn. Unfolding case studies provide new information over time, teaching you to think critically and apply what you’ve learned in nursing school to real-life situations you’ll face on the job. Authors Kristi Maynard and Andrea Adimando created Unfolding Health Assessment Case Studies for the Student Nurse for pre-licensure students who needs to review what they’ve learned earlier and practicing nurses who can apply these concepts to more complex scenarios. This book will: · Enhance students knowledge and skills in basic health assessment · Increase readers comfort level in analyzing patient scenarios · Provide opportunities to practice and apply what students learned in health assessment courses · Develop confidence in answering NCLEX questions TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction to the Unfolding Case Study Chapter 2: Introduction to the Nursing Process Chapter 3: Answering NCLEX-Style Questions Chapter 4: An Introduction to Approaching the Patient Interview Chapter 5: Vital Sign Assessment Chapter 6: Assessing Mental Status Chapter 7: Assessment Considerations for the Geriatric Patient Chapter 8: Assessment Considerations for the Pediatric Patient Chapter 9: Neurological Anomalies Chapter 10: Cardiovascular and Vascular Anomalies Chapter 11: Respiratory Anomalies Chapter 12: Gastroenterological Anomalies Chapter 13: Genitourinary and Sexual Health Chapter 14: Dermatological Anomalies Chapter 15: Head and Neck Anomalies Chapter 16: Assessment of the Transgender Patient Appendix A: Practice Test Appendix B: NextGen Questions |
| calculate pack year history: The Physician Assistant Student's Guide to the Clinical Year: Internal Medicine David Knechtel, MPAS, PA-C, Deborah Opacic, EdD, PA-C, 2019-09-27 “A lifesaver – not just for PA students, but for faculty and administrators trying our best to prepare them. Perfect for students to read and use on rotation.” – James Van Rhee, MS, PA-C, DFAAPA, Program Director, Yale Physician Assistant Online Program The first pocket-size resource to guide PA students through their internal medicine rotation Prepare for and thrive during your clinical rotations with the quick-access pocket guide series, The Physician Assistant Student’s Guide to the Clinical Year. The Internal Medicine edition of this 7-volume series, discounted when purchased as a full set, delineates the exact duties required in this specialty. Written by experienced PA educators, this guide details the clinical approach to common presentations such as chest pain, dyspnea, and fever. It also provides a systems-based approach to more than 60 of the most frequently encountered disease entities you will see in this rotation, including cardiac arrhythmias, pneumonia, and hepatitis. Distinguished by brief, bulleted content with handy tables and figures, the reference offers all pertinent laboratory and imaging studies needed to confirm a diagnosis, with medication and management guidelines. This guide also describes the most common procedures you will learn during the internal medicine rotation, including bone marrow aspirate and biopsy, lumbar puncture, and thoracentesis. Key Features: Provides a pocket-size overview of the PA internal medicine rotation Describes common clinical presentations, disease entities, and procedures Offers a step-by-step approach to diagnosis and treatment planning Includes clinical pearls throughout Complements the 2019 NCCPA PANCE blueprint Includes two bonus digital chapters! Three guided case studies to reinforce clinical reasoning plus 25 rotation exam-style questions with remediating rationales Other books in this series: The Physician Assistant Student’s Guide to the Clinical Year: Family Medicine Emergency Medicine Surgery OB-GYN Pediatrics Behavioral Health |
| calculate pack year history: The Sports Diving Medical John Parker, 1994 |
| calculate pack year history: Family Practice Guidelines Jill C. Cash, Cheryl A. Glass, 2010-11-18 Print+CourseSmart |
| calculate pack year history: Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse Lucie Dlugasch, Lachel Story, 2023-03-16 Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse, Second Edition is a comprehensive resource that serves as a bridge between clinical experience and the advanced knowledge necessary for the role of an APRN. It helps graduate students navigate the data and presentation of symptoms that must be considered when making a diagnosis and recommendation for treatment. This unique text includes expanded pathophysiology content across the life span and information to meet the needs of many advanced practice population areas, including pediatrics, psychiatric mental health, and gerontology. It also incorporates information from both an acute and primary care focus. |
| calculate pack year history: Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book Adrianne Dill Linton, 2014-04-14 With just the right level of information to equip you to effectively care for adults and older adults, Linton's Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 5th Edition is the leading LPN/LVN text in its field. Covering both med-surg and psychiatric mental health conditions and disorders, it addresses your role in a variety of care settings, emphasizes culturally competent care and holistic nursing, and thoroughly covers all relevant NCLEX-PN Test Plan content. Abundant real-life case studies clearly show how to apply what you've learned to clinical practice. Features separate chapters on common, high-profile disorders (including hypertension, diabetes, and shock), providing an in-depth understanding for patient care. Offers foundational units on basic concepts related to the health care system, care settings, the nursing process, leadership, nutrition, the older adult, growth and nutrition, legal/ethical considerations, evidence-based nursing care, and many more essential topics, avoiding repetition later in the text Includes a separate, comprehensive unit on the older adult and related disorders — no other LPN/LVN med-surg text has as much coverage of this primary patient group. Includes a separate, comprehensive unit on psychosocial responses to illness, psychiatric disorders, and substance abuse — eliminating the need for a separate psychiatric mental health nursing text. Emphasizes content related to the NCLEX-PN Test Plan, including health promotion, nutrition, legal/ethical issues, HIPAA, and prevention of medication/medical errors. Offers in-depth pharmacology coverage: the Pharmacology Tutorial covers drug classifications, how drugs work, and nursing responsibilities; Pharmacology Capsules boxes provide medication information, precautions for use, interactions, and side/adverse effects; and Pharmacology and Medications tables in body systems chapters include classification, use/action, side/adverse effects, and nursing interventions — all with the goal of reducing medication errors on the job and equipping you to pass the NCLEX exam. Assists with assignment and supervision, helping you assign tasks to nurse assistants, patient care techs, and unlicensed assistive personnel, and making sure you understand the difference between delegation, management, supervision, and assignment of tasks on the health care team. Features Diagnostic Tests and Procedures tables for a quick reference to MRI, CT, Doppler flow, lumbar puncture tests for neurologic disorders, and much more. Highlights timely information with Health Promotion boxes, Cultural Considerations boxes, Nutrition Considerations boxes, and Complementary and Alternative Therapies boxes. Provides bulleted lists of nursing instructions for Patient Teaching Plans, stressing the role and responsibility of the LPN/LVN to reinforce patient education. Provides consistent Nursing Care Plans that reinforce the nursing process and focus on critical thinking, and Put on Your Thinking Cap Critical Thinking boxes encourage you to pause and consider the practical implications of what you have just read. |
| calculate pack year history: Pocket Companion for Physical Examination & Health Assessment - E-Book Carolyn Jarvis, Ann L. Eckhardt, 2022-12-15 A concise, practical handbook for the assessment lab and the clinical setting, Jarvis's Pocket Companion for Physical Examination & Health Assessment, 9th Edition makes it fast and easy to review essential assessment skills and techniques. You'll conduct more effective exams by referring to summaries of examination steps, comparisons of normal versus abnormal findings, lifespan and cultural considerations, integration of QSEN safety competencies, and more than 250 full-color photos and drawings. Written by renowned educator and clinician Dr. Carolyn Jarvis, now joined by co-author Dr. Ann L. Eckhardt, this companion handbook is an ideal clinical tool whether you're a beginner who is learning health assessment skills or a practitioner who needs a portable reference! - Color-coded format helps users easily locate the information they need, with each body system chapter divided into major sections — Anatomy, Subjective Data, Objective Data, and Abnormal Findings. - Abnormal findings tables help students recognize, classify, and describe key abnormal findings. - Health Promotion and Patient Teaching sections underscore the unique role of nurses, especially advanced practice nurses, in health promotion. - Developmental Competence sections highlight content specific to infants, children, adolescents, pregnant women, and older adults. - Summary checklists review key examination steps for quick reference. - Spanish-language translation chart helps improve communication with Spanish-speaking patients during the physical examination. - UPDATED! Content corresponds to the 9th edition of the Jarvis textbook and represents the latest research and evidence-based practice. - NEW! Increased focus of social determinants of health (SODH) addresses the disparities that can affect health outcomes, enabling a whole-health approach. - NEW! Health Promotion Points lists for every system/region promote optimal patient health during the physical exam. - NEW! Inclusive photos identify common skin conditions in both light skin and dark skin, increasing representation for better health outcomes. - NEW! Refocused and retitled Genetics and Environment sections highlight key parameters that have an impact on patient health. |
| calculate pack year history: The Unofficial Guide to Passing OSCEs - E-Book Emily Hotton, Sammie Mak, 2022-12-27 The unique and award-winning Unofficial Guides series is a collaboration between senior students, junior doctors and specialty experts. This combination of contributors understands what is essential to excel on your course, in exams and in practice – as well as the importance of presenting information in a clear, fun and engaging way. Packed with hints and tips from those in the know, when you are in a hurry and need a study companion you can trust, reach for an Unofficial Guide. This guide has everything you need in one place – including common questions, model answers, how to present your answers to examiners, and numerous practical tips for success – all written by doctors and students who have recently completed the exam process. Ideal for OSCE candidates wanting to blitz their exams, this book will also make a useful day-to-day reference guide for professionals. - Over 100 common scenarios – including medical history taking, clinical examination, practical skills and communication skills - Covers specialities including orthopaedics, paediatrics, psychiatry, radiology, prescribing, O&G, ophthalmology, ENT - Over 300 full colour clinical photos to bring the text to life, including images of patients with disease features - Clearly outlines how to relay the assessment of a patient to an examiner or to other doctors on a ward round - Model answers to key OSCE questions - Written and reviewed by doctors and senior medical students – essential guidance from those in the know - New data interpretation chapter - New dedicated ophthalmology chapter |
| calculate pack year history: Family Practice Guidelines, Fourth Edition Jill C. Cash, MSN, APN, FNP-BC, Cheryl A. Glass, MSN, APRN, WHNP-BC, 2017-01-20 Print version of the book includes free access to the app (web, iOS, and Android), which offers interactive Q&A review plus the entire text of the print book! Please note the app is included with print purchase only. This bible of family practice for primary care students and clinicians provides current national practice guidelines for professional standards of care across the life span. Concise and clearly organized, the resource features detailed, step-by-step instructions for physical examinations and diagnostic testing in the outpatient setting, information on health promotion, care guidelines, dietary information, information on culturally responsive care, patient resources, and abundant patient education handouts. This fourth edition is updated to include new evidence-based guidelines for rheumatology, public health (featuring updated information on substance abuse, violence, obesity, homelessness, and lesbian health), the sports physical exam and interventions, endocrinology, the 2015 Beers Criteria, new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations for health maintenance, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment and management, restless legs syndrome, sexual dysfunction treatment, and psychiatric disorders. Several new and updated Patient Teaching Guides—with printable education points—add to the book’s outstanding utility as a thorough and reliable clinical resource. Each of the 268 diagnoses includes definition, incidence, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, common complaints, signs/symptoms, subjective data, physical exam and diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, and a care plan. New to the Fourth Edition: New and updated guidelines for: Rheumatology: polymyalgia rheumatica, Sjögren’s syndome, psoriatic arthropathy, pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate), ankylosing spondolitis, reactive arthritis, Raynaud’s syndrome Public Health: substance abuse, violence, obesity, homelessness, lesbian health Sports Exam: assessment and treatment 2015 Beers Criteria CDC recommendations: vaccine and cancer screening Endocrinology: diabetes management and new Food and Drug Administration–approved medications Updated to reflect the Whelton 2017 guidelines for hypertension Neurology: PTSD and restless legs syndrome management Sexual dysfunction Bipolar and other behavioral health disorders New and updated Patient Teaching Guides Key Features: Presents information for 268 disorders in consistent format for ease of use Highlights key considerations with Practice Pointers Provides individual care points for pediatric, pregnant, and geriatric patients Includes 138 printable Patient Teaching Guides Offers 18 procedure guidelines and routine health maintenance guidelines |
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ed tomography in adults aged 50 to 80 years who have a 20-pack-per-year smoking history and currently smoke, or who have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued …
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smoked daily (to calculate pack-year history), number of quit attempts lasting ≥3 months, age of quitting and quit confidence (on a scale of 0 to 10). Demographic characteristics included sex, …
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pack years. You can calculate pack years by multiplying the number of cigarette packs smoked per day times the number of years the patient is smoking. For example, a 30 year old female …
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ineligible for LCS on the basis of pack-year history. Electronic methods can improve documentation of smoking history. ... that are required to calculate pack-years are ... smoking …
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but not screening. Patients with a history of lung cancer need . surveillance, but not screening. BEFORE. Calculate Pack-Years (20 cigarettes = 1 pack) Number of years smoked. Average . …
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pack year is 20 cigarettes smoked/day for 1 year. Pack years smoked is an important clinical care mea-sure, as research indicates that the number of pack years smoked is strongly correlated …
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How To Calculate Pack Per Year United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary Know Your Chances Steven Woloshin,Lisa M. Schwartz,H. Gilbert Welch,2008-11-30 …
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− Reducing the length of smoking history from 30-pack years to 20-pack years • Encourage eligible patients to get screened for lung cancer with LDCT every year DISCUSS ALL …
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Pack Years - api.flyairpeace.com You will calculate 2 packs x 20 years = 40 pack years and 1 pack x 10 years = 10 pack years. 40 + 10 = 50 total pack years. How To Calculate Pack Years …
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or former smoker, indicate the pack-years. There are twenty cigarettes in one pack. Number of pack-years = (packs smoked per day) x (years as a smoker) Example A: 1 pack per day for 30 …
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Pack-years are a unit used to quantify the cumulative amount of cigarette smoking a person has consumed over their lifetime) Answer: Pack Years = # packs/day times # years smoked. For …
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80 years old with a 20 þ pack-year smoking history who are current smokers or quit in the last 15 years. 3 Despite potential benefits, lung cancer screening rates remain at about 5% in the …
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45, had at least a 20 pack‐year smoking history, and no history of lung cancer. The CVA instrument included five LCS attributes, and additional survey items collected
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factor for developing COPD. Use should be quantified in pack-years (number of packs per day x number of years = pack-years). A 10-pack year history of smoking is considered to be the …
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history 30 pack years. (A pack year is the equivalent of 1 pack of cigarettes per day per year. 1 pack per day for 30 years or 2 packs per day for 15years would both be 30 pack-years). …
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smoking, number of cigarettes smoke per day, and pack year. Result: There was no significant difference between both groups regarding to age, weight and height. The mean duration of …
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Family (1st degree) aneurysm history. . Thoracic aneurysm. 1. is known, for follow-up with ANY of the following: [38] [44] [3] Aortic root or ascending aorta involvement (size 3.5 cm to 4.4 cm …
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80 years old with a 20þ pack-year smoking history who are current smokers or quit in the last 15 years.3 Despite potential benefits, lung cancer screening rates remain at about 5% in the …
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pack-year in relation to more fundamental variables such as smoking rate (Lubin et al, 2007) is unlikely to be biologically informative. The mechanistic insights and hypotheses from pre …
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A pack year is smoking an average of one pack of cigarettes per day for one year. For example, a person could have a 30 pack year history by smoking one pack a day for 30 years or two packs …
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45, had at least a 20 pack‐year smoking history, and no history of lung cancer. The CVA instrument included five LCS attributes, and additional survey items collected demographic and …
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80 years of age, have at least a 20-pack-year smoking history, and either currently smoke or have formerly smoked but quit within the past 15 years [1]. Recently revised Centers for Medicare …
