| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering Fundamentals: Integrated product development Biren Prasad, 1996 A thorough, original guide to using Concurrent Engineering principles to develop products that meet customer needs -- and to do so as quickly and efficiently as possible.This book shows how CE encompasses manufacturing competitiveness, life-cycle management, process reengineering, cooperative workgroups, systems engineering, information modeling, and product, process and organization integration. This book also identifies, for the first time, 25 fundamental CE metrics and measures. These are categorized into four groups: simulations and analysis, product feasibility and quality assessment, design for X-ability assessment, and process quality assessment. The book describes the new process of Concurrent Function Deployment, which allows workgroups to work concurrently on conflicting values and compare notes and common checkpoints. Extensive exercises and illustrations are included throughout. Managers involved in any type of product development. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering Approaches for Sustainable Product Development in a Multi-Disciplinary Environment Josip Stjepandić, Georg Rock, Cees Bil, 2012-08-10 The CE Conference series is organized annually by the International Society for Productivity Enhancement (ISPE) and constitutes an important forum for international scientific exchange on concurrent and collaborative enterprise engineering. These international conferences attract a significant number of researchers, industrialists and students, as well as government representatives, who are interested in the recent advances in concurrent engineering research and applications. Concurrent Engineering Approaches for Sustainable Product Development in a Multi-Disciplinary Environment: Proceedings of the 19th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering contains papers accepted, peer reviewed and presented at the annual conference held at the University of Applied Sciences in Trier, Germany, from 3rd-7th of September 2012. This covers a wide range of cutting-edge topics including: Systems Engineering and Innovation Design for Sustainability Knowledge Engineering and Management Managing product variety Product Life-Cycle Management and Service Engineering Value Engineering |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Manufacturing Engineering: Principles For Optimization Daniel T. Koenig, 1994-08-01 Offers instruction in manufacturing engineering management strategies to help the student optimize future manufacturing processes and procedures. This edition includes innovations that have changed management's approach toward the uses of manufacturing engineering within the business continuum. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering Design Landon C. G. Miller, 1993 Increasing intensity surrounding globalization of manufacturing and its competitive environment force a much higher 'expectation' of design as falling within the 'optimum range of parameters.' This new book explains how the CE Design process provides a stable, repeatable process through which increased accuracy is achieved. Section I: The Business Environment Surrounding Concurrent Engineering Design includes an introduction, asks 'Why' CE Design, explains how CE Design can create a competitive advantage, and addresses CE Design as a world class manufacturing enabler. Section II: Concurrent Engineering Design Business Process Framework looks at CE DesignAs relationship to process management, the design process, and manufacturability process. Section III: Concurrent Engineering Design Architectural and Implementation Framework focuses on CE DesignAs automated infrastructure, and implementation planning for engineering design. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering Fundamentals: Integrated product and process organization Biren Prasad, 1996 The concurrent engineering (CE) approach to product design and development has two major steps: establishing the product realization process, or taxonomy, and applying this methodology to design and develop the total product system. This first volume of the two volume set articulates CE philosophy by illustrating the differences between the best methodologies and what is currently being practiced. Examines the Japanese transformation from rigid, culture-driven companies to world leaders in quality; offers an understanding of the eight primary components of concurrency and simultaneity; describes modeling the concurrent engineering environment and its five essential components; covers the development of a cooperative work-group environment spanned by four concurrent teams. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering Techniques and Applications C. T. Leondes, 2014-12-01 Concurrent Engineering Techniques and Applications reviews advances in concurrent engineering techniques and applications. An in-depth treatment of the quantitative and economic aspects of concurrent engineering is presented, with emphasis on techniques for measuring the performances of concurrent engineering and for comparing its economic effectiveness with that of traditional engineering. Open systems software standards in concurrent engineering are also discussed. Comprised of 12 chapters, this volume begins with an introduction to techniques for measuring the performances of concurrent engineering and for comparing its economic effectiveness with that of traditional engineering. The next chapter deals with open systems software standards and how to use open systems products effectively in concurrent engineering. The discussion then turns to concurrent product design and manufacturing; the essential issues involved in design-decision support in concurrent/simultaneous engineering; design for manufacturing and assembly and concurrent engineering in electro-optical systems; and the use of visualization in concurrent engineering. The use of multimedia presentation techniques and technology in the concurrent engineering process is also considered, along with techniques in technical documentation. This monograph will be useful to students, academicians, practicing professionals, and research workers. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Advances in Concurrent Engineering Biren Prasad, 2000-07-10 |
| concurrent engineering is also called: 20th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering C. Bil, J. Mo, J. Stjepandić, 2013-09-12 As a concept, Concurrent Engineering (CE) initiates processes with the goal of improving product quality, production efficiency and overall customer satisfaction. Services are becoming increasingly important to the economy, with more than 60% of the GDP in Japan, the USA, Germany and Russia deriving from service-based activities. The definition of a product has evolved from the manufacturing and supplying of goods only, to providing goods with added value, to eventually promoting a complete service business solution, with support from introduction into service and from operations to decommissioning. This book presents the proceedings of the 20th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering, held in Melbourne, Australia, in September 2013. The conference had as its theme Product and Service Engineering in a Dynamic World, and the papers explore research results, new concepts and insights covering a number of topics, including service engineering, cloud computing and digital manufacturing, knowledge-based engineering and sustainability in concurrent engineering. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering H. R. Parsaei, W. G. Sullivan, 1993-05-31 In the area of computer-integrated manufacturing, concurrent engineering is recognized as the manufacturing philosophy for the next decade. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering John R. Hartley, 2017-09-20 By simultaneously examining the concerns of design, production, purchasing, finance, and marketing from the very first stages of product planning, concurrent engineering makes doing it right the first time the rule instead of the exception. This should be the first book managers read when they are ready to eliminate waste in the product development process.An introductory handbook, it gives managers 16 clear guidelines for achieving concurrent engineering and contains abundant case studies of Japanese, U.S., and European company success stories.The book also:Defines the concurrent engineering task force as a full-time, multidisciplinary unit of operation.Discusses the necessary interdependence of concurrent engineering, Quality Function Deployment, Total Quality Control, and CAD/CAM.Shows how concurrent engineering can be structured to fit your company and used to gain flexibility and efficiency. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Concurrent Engineering: Tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design Edward J. Haug, 2012-12-06 These proceedings contain lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Concurrent Engineering Tools and Technologies for Mechanical System Design held in Iowa City, Iowa, 25 May -5 June, 1992. Lectures were presented by leaders from Europe and North America in disciplines contributing to the emerging international focus on Concurrent Engineering of mechanical systems. Participants in the Institute were specialists from throughout NATO in disciplines constituting Concurrent Engineering, many of whom presented contributed papers during the Institute and all of whom participated actively in discussions on technical aspects of the subject. The proceedings are organized into the following five parts: Part 1 Basic Concepts and Methods Part 2 Application Sectors Part 3 Manufacturing Part 4 Design Sensitivity Analysis and Optimization Part 5 Virtual Prototyping and Human Factors Each of the parts is comprised of papers that present state-of-the-art concepts and methods in fields contributing to Concurrent Engineering of mechanical systems. The lead-off papers in each part are based on invited lectures, followed by papers based on contributed presentations made by participants in the Institute. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology John M. Nicholas, Herman Steyn, 2020-08-02 Project Management for Engineering, Business and Technology is a highly regarded textbook that addresses project management across all industries. First covering the essential background, from origins and philosophy to methodology, the bulk of the book is dedicated to concepts and techniques for practical application. Coverage includes project initiation and proposals, scope and task definition, scheduling, budgeting, risk analysis, control, project selection and portfolio management, program management, project organization, and all-important people aspects—project leadership, team building, conflict resolution, and stress management. The systems development cycle is used as a framework to discuss project management in a variety of situations, making this the go-to book for managing virtually any kind of project, program, or task force. The authors focus on the ultimate purpose of project management—to unify and integrate the interests, resources and work efforts of many stakeholders, as well as the planning, scheduling, and budgeting needed to accomplish overall project goals. This sixth edition features: updates throughout to cover the latest developments in project management methodologies; a new chapter on project procurement management and contracts; an expansion of case study coverage throughout, including those on the topic of sustainability and climate change, as well as cases and examples from across the globe, including India, Africa, Asia, and Australia; and extensive instructor support materials, including an instructor’s manual, PowerPoint slides, answers to chapter review questions and a test bank of questions. Taking a technical yet accessible approach, this book is an ideal resource and reference for all advanced undergraduate and graduate students in project management courses, as well as for practicing project managers across all industry sectors. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Engineering Modeling and Design William L. Chapman, A. Terry Bahill, A. Wayne Wymore, 2018-02-06 Engineering Modeling and Design is a comprehensive systems engineering text that focuses on systematic principles for designing systems. Concurrent engineering, which requires that from the very start of a project all players (e.g., engineering, maintenance, marketing, customers) are involved as all facets of the system life cycle are considered, is skillfully illustrated through the use of two major case studies. The text describes how a product design proceeds parallel to the process design, explains key duties of systems engineers throughout the product life cycle, and examines the process of system design in terms of life cycle requirements. Projects and problems are presented throughout the text. A homework solutions/instructor's manual is available from the publisher upon request. Engineering Modeling and Design is an excellent text for engineering design courses in industry and upper division courses on concurrent engineering or total quality management. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Advances in Concurrent Engineering R. Goncalves, R. Roy, A. Steiger-Garcao, 2002-01-01 Topics covered include: design technologies and applications; FE simulation for concurrent design and manufacture; methodologies; knowledge engineering and management; CE within virtual enterprises; and CE - the future. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Quality Management in Plastics Processing Robin Kent, 2016-11-30 Quality Management in Plastics Processing provides a structured approach to the techniques of quality management, also covering topics of relevance to plastics processors. The book's focus isn't just on implementation of formal quality systems, such as ISO 9001, but about real world, practical guidance in establishing good quality management. Ultimately, improved quality management delivers better products, higher customer satisfaction, increased sales, and reduced operation costs. The book helps practitioners who are wondering how to begin implementing quality management techniques in their business focus on key management and technical issues, including raw materials, processing, and operations. It is a roadmap for all company operations, from people, product design, sales/marketing, and production – all of which are impacted by, and involved in, the implementation of an effective quality management system. Readers in the plastics processing industry will find this comprehensive book to be a valuable resource. - Helps readers deliver better products, higher customer satisfaction, and increased profits with easily applicable guidance for the plastics industry - Provides engineers and technical personnel with the tools they need to start a process of continuous improvement in their company - Presents practical guidance to help plastics processing companies organize, stimulate, and complete effective quality improvement projects |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Leading the Web in Concurrent Engineering Parisa Ghodous, Rose Dieng-Kuntz, Geilson Loureiro, 2006 Contains papers on the advances in Concurrent Engineering research and applications. This book focuses on developing methodologies, techniques and tools based on Web technologies required to support the key objectives of Concurrent Engineering. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: The Power of Ultimate Six Sigma Keki R. Bhote, 2003 One of Six SigmaOCOs founding fathers shares his trademarked process for ensuring total quality. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Axiomatic Design and Fabrication of Composite Structures Dai Gil Lee, Nam Pyo Suh, 2006 The idea that materials can be designed to satisfy specific performance requirements is relatively new. With high-performance composites, however, the entire process of designing and fabricating a part can be worked out before manufacturing. The purpose of this book is to present an integrated approach to the design and manufacturing of products from advanced composites. It shows how the basic behavior of composites and their constitutive relationships can be used during the design stage, which minimizes the complexity of manufacturing composite parts and reduces the repetitive design-build-test cycle. Designing it right the first time is going to determine the competitiveness of a company, the reliability of the part, the robustness of fabrication processes, and ultimately, the cost and development time of composite parts. Most of all, it should expand the use of advanced composite parts in fields that use composites only to a limited extent at this time. To achieve these goals, this book presents the design and fabrication of novel composite parts made for machine tools and other applications like robots and automobiles.This book is suitable as a textbook for graduate courses in the design and fabrication of composites. It will also be of interest to practicing engineers learning about composites and axiomatic design.A CD-ROM is included in every copy of the book, containing Axiomatic CLPT software. This program, developed by the authors, will assist readers in calculating material properties from the microstructure of the composite.This book is part of the Oxford Series on Advanced Manufacturing. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Design for Manufacturability & Concurrent Engineering David M. Anderson, 2003 |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Introduction to Engineering Statistics and Lean Six Sigma Theodore T. Allen, 2018-12-06 This book provides an accessible one-volume introduction to Lean Six Sigma and statistics in engineering for students and industry practitioners. Lean production has long been regarded as critical to business success in many industries. Over the last ten years, instruction in Six Sigma has been linked more and more with learning about the elements of lean production. Building on the success of the first and second editions, this book expands substantially on major topics of increasing relevance to organizations interested in Lean Six Sigma. Each chapter includes summaries and review examples plus problems with their solutions. As well as providing detailed definitions and case studies of all Six Sigma methods, the book uniquely describes the relationship between operations research techniques and Lean Six Sigma. Further, this new edition features more introductory material on probability and inference and information about Deming's philosophy, human factors engineering, and the motivating potential score – the material is tied more directly to the Certified Quality Engineer (CQE) exam. New sections that explore motivation and change management, which are critical subjects for achieving valuable results have also been added. The book examines in detail Design For Six Sigma (DFSS), which is critical for many organizations seeking to deliver desirable products. It covers reliability, maintenance, and product safety, to fully span the CQE body of knowledge. It also incorporates recently emerging formulations of DFSS from industry leaders and offers more introductory material on experiment design, and includes practical experiments that will help improve students’ intuition and retention. The emphasis on lean production, combined with recent methods relating to DFSS, makes this book a practical, up-to-date resource for advanced students, educators and practitioners. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Learning SolidWorks 2012 Randy Shih, 2012-02 This book will teach you everything you need to know to start using SolidWorks 2012 with easy to understand, step-by-step tutorials. This book features a simple robot design used as a project throughout the book. You will learn to model parts, create assemblies, run simulations and even create animations of your robot design. No previous experience with Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) is needed since this book starts at an introductory level. The author begins by getting you familiar with the SolidWorks interface and its basic tools right away. You will start by learning to model simple robot parts and before long you will graduate to creating more complex parts and multi-view drawings. Along the way you will learn the fundamentals of parametric modeling through the use of geometric constraints and relationships. You will also become familiar with many of SolidWorks’s powerful tools and commands that enable you to easily construct complex features in your models. Also included is coverage of gears, gear trains and spur gear creation using SolidWorks. This book continues by examining the different mechanisms commonly used in walking robots. You will learn the basic types of planar four-bar linkages commonly used in mechanical designs and how to use the GeoGebra Dynamic Geometry software to simulate and analyze 2D linkages. Using the knowledge you gained about linkages and mechanism, you will learn how to modify your robot and change its behavior by modifying or creating new parts. In the final chapter of this book you learn how to combine all the robot parts into assemblies and then run motion analysis. You will finish off your project by creating 3D animations of your robot in action. There are many books that show you how to perform individual tasks with SolidWorks, but this book takes you through an entire project and shows you the complete engineering process. By the end of this book you will have modeled and assembled nearly all the parts that make up the TAMIYA® Mechanical Tiger and can start building your own robot. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Learning SolidWorks 2015 Randy Shih, 2015-02-09 This book will teach you everything you need to know to start using SolidWorks 2015 with easy to understand, step-by-step tutorials. This book features a simple robot design used as a project throughout the book. You will learn to model parts, create assemblies, run simulations and even create animations of your robot design. No previous experience with Computer Aided Design (CAD) is needed since this book starts at an introductory level. The author begins by getting you familiar with the SolidWorks interface and its basic tools right away. You will start by learning to model simple robot parts and before long you will graduate to creating more complex parts and multi-view drawings. Along the way you will learn the fundamentals of parametric modeling through the use of geometric constraints and relationships. You will also become familiar with many of SolidWorks’s powerful tools and commands that enable you to easily construct complex features in your models. Also included is coverage of gears, gear trains and spur gear creation using SolidWorks. This book continues by examining the different mechanisms commonly used in walking robots. You will learn the basic types of planar four-bar linkages commonly used in mechanical designs and how to use the GeoGebra Dynamic Geometry software to simulate and analyze 2D linkages. Using the knowledge you gained about linkages and mechanism, you will learn how to modify your robot and change its behavior by modifying or creating new parts. In the final chapter of this book you learn how to combine all the robot parts into assemblies and then run motion analysis. You will finish off your project by creating 3D animations of your robot in action. There are many books that show you how to perform individual tasks with SolidWorks, but this book takes you through an entire project and shows you the complete engineering process. By the end of this book you will have modeled and assembled nearly all the parts that make up the TAMIYA® Mechanical Tiger and can start building your own robot. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2025 Randy Shih, • Designed specifically for beginners with no prior CAD experience • Uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive, tutorial style approach • Comes with extensive video instruction • Covers parametric modeling, 3D Modeling, 3D printing, and the Autodesk Inventor Certified User Exam • Contains a chapter introducing you to stress analysis Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2025 contains a series of seventeen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Inventor, solid modeling, and parametric modeling. It uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important parametric modeling techniques and concepts. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent mechanical designs, to creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. Other featured topics include sheet metal design, motion analysis, 2D design reuse, collision and contact, stress analysis, 3D printing and the Autodesk Inventor 2025 Certified User Examination. Video Training Included with every new copy of this book is access to extensive video training. There are forty-seven videos that total nearly six hours of training in total. This video training parallels the exercises found in the text. However, the videos do more than just provide you with click by click instructions. Author Luke Jumper also includes a brief discussion of each tool, as well as rich insight into why and how the tools are used. Luke isn’t just telling you what to do, he’s showing and explaining to you how to go through the exercises while providing clear descriptions of the entire process. It’s like having him there guiding you through the book. These videos will provide you with a wealth of information and brings the text to life. They are also an invaluable resource for people who learn best through a visual experience. These videos deliver a comprehensive overview of the tools found in Autodesk Inventor and perfectly complement and reinforce the exercises in the book. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with I-DEAS 12 Randy Shih, 2006-06 Parametric Modeling with I-DEAS 12 is written as a training guide for students. The text covers I-DEAS 12 and is a hands-on, exercise-intensive look at all the important concepts needed to do feature-based parametric solid modeling. The basic premise of this book is that the more models you create using I-DEAS, the better you learn the software. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Fusion 360 (Spring 2021 Edition) Randy Shih, 2021-05 Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Fusion 360 contains a series of thirteen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Fusion 360, solid modeling and parametric modeling techniques and concepts. This book introduces Autodesk Fusion 360 on a step-by-step basis, starting with constructing basic shapes, all the way through to the creation of assembly drawings and 3D printing your own designs. This book takes a hands on, exercise intensive approach to all the important parametric modeling techniques and concepts. Each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. The lessons guide you from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent solid models, assemblies and creating multi-view drawings. This book also introduces you to the general principles of 3D printing including a brief history of 3D printing, the types of 3D printing technologies, commonly used filaments, and the basic procedure for printing a 3D model. 3D printing makes it easier than ever for anyone to start turning their designs into physical objects, and by the end of this book you will be ready to start printing out your own designs. Spring 2021 Edition Autodesk Fusion 360 is an entirely cloud based CAD, CAM, and CAE platform that is constantly evolving. This edition of Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Fusion 360 was written using Autodesk Fusion 360 in March of 2021. Fusion 360 is a stable product and all the major tools and features of Fusion 360 used in this edition should continue to operate the same way for the foreseeable future. SDC Publications is committed to updating this book on a regular interval to incorporate new features and changes made to the software. Should a major change to Autodesk Fusion 360 require a newer edition be made available sooner, we will publish a new edition as soon as possible. Older editions will stop being available once newer editions are released. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with SOLIDWORKS 2017 Randy Shih, 2017-04 Parametric Modeling with SOLIDWORKS 2017 contains a series of seventeen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce SOLIDWORKS 2017, solid modeling and parametric modeling techniques and concepts. This book introduces SOLIDWORKS 2017 on a step-by-step basis, starting with constructing basic shapes, all the way through to the creation of assembly drawings and motion analysis. This book takes a hands on, exercise intensive approach to all the important parametric modeling techniques and concepts. Each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent solid models, assemblies and creating multi-view drawings. This book also covers some of the more advanced features of SOLIDWORKS 2017, including how to use the SOLIDWORKS Design Library, basic motion analysis, collision detection and analysis with SimulationXpress. The exercises in this book cover the performance tasks that are included on the Certified SOLIDWORKS Associate (CSWA) Examination. Reference guides located at the front of the book and in each chapter show where these performance tasks are covered. This book also introduces you to the general principles of 3D printing including a brief history of 3D printing, the types of 3D printing technologies, commonly used filaments, and the basic procedure for printing a 3D model. 3D printing makes it easier than ever for anyone to start turning their designs into physical objects and by the end of this book you will be ready to start printing out your own designs. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with Siemens NX (Spring 2020 Edition) Randy Shih, 2020-06-08 The primary goal of Parametric Modeling with Siemens NX is to introduce the aspects of designing with Solid Modeling and Parametric Modeling. This text is intended to be used as a practical training guide for students and professionals. This text uses Siemens NX as the modeling tool, and the chapters proceed in a pedagogical fashion to guide you from constructing basic solid models to building intelligent mechanical designs, creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. This text takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important Parametric Modeling techniques and concepts. This textbook contains a series of fifteen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce beginning CAD users to NX. This text is also helpful to NX users upgrading from a previous release of the software. The solid modeling techniques and concepts discussed in this text are also applicable to other parametric feature-based CAD packages. The basic premise of this book is that the more designs you create using NX, the better you learn the software. With this in mind, each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. This book does not attempt to cover all of NX’s features, only to provide an introduction to the software. It is intended to help you establish a good basis for exploring and growing in the exciting field of Computer Aided Engineering. This book also introduces you to the general principles of 3D printing including a brief history of 3D printing, the types of 3D printing technologies, commonly used filaments, and the basic procedure for printing a 3D model. 3D printing makes it easier than ever for anyone to start turning their designs into physical objects, and by the end of this book you will be ready to start printing out your own designs. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with SOLIDWORKS 2022 Randy Shih, Paul Schilling, Parametric Modeling with SOLIDWORKS 2022 contains a series of seventeen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce SOLIDWORKS 2022, solid modeling and parametric modeling techniques and concepts. This book introduces SOLIDWORKS 2022 on a step-by-step basis, starting with constructing basic shapes, all the way through to the creation of assembly drawings and motion analysis. This book takes a hands on, exercise intensive approach to all the important parametric modeling techniques and concepts. Each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent solid models, assemblies and creating multi-view drawings. This book also covers some of the more advanced features of SOLIDWORKS 2022, including how to use the SOLIDWORKS Design Library, basic motion analysis, collision detection and analysis with SimulationXpress. The exercises in this book cover the performance tasks that are included on the Certified SOLIDWORKS Associate (CSWA) Examination. Reference guides located at the front of the book and in each chapter show where these performance tasks are covered. This book also introduces you to the general principles of 3D printing including a brief history of 3D printing, the types of 3D printing technologies, commonly used filaments, and the basic procedure for printing a 3D model. 3D printing makes it easier than ever for anyone to start turning their designs into physical objects and by the end of this book you will be ready to start printing out your own designs. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Learning Autodesk Inventor 2018 Randy Shih, 2018-03-23 This book will teach you everything you need to know to start using Autodesk Inventor 2018 with easy to understand, step-by-step tutorials. This book features a simple robot design used as a project throughout the book. You will learn to model parts, create assemblies, run simulations and even create animations of your robot design. An unassembled version of the same robot used throughout the book can be bundled with the book. No previous experience with Computer Aided Design(CAD) is needed since this book starts at an introductory level. The author begins by getting you familiar with the Inventor interface and its basic tools. You will start by learning to model simple robot parts and before long you will graduate to creating more complex parts and multi-view drawings. Along the way you will learn the fundamentals of parametric modeling through the use of geometric constraints and relationships. You will also become familiar with many of Inventor's powerful tools and commands that enable you to easily construct complex features in your models. Also included is coverage of gears, gear trains and spur gear creation using Autodesk Inventor. This book continues by examining the different mechanisms commonly used in walking robots. You will learn the basic types of planar four-bar linkages commonly used in mechanical designs and how to use the GeoGebra Dynamic Geometry software to simulate and analyze 2D linkages. Using the knowledge you gained about linkages and mechanism, you will learn how to modify your robot and change its behavior by modifying or creating new parts. In the final chapter of this book you learn how to combine all the robot parts into assemblies and then run motion analysis. You will finish off your project by creating 3D animations of your robot in action. There are many books that show you how to perform individual tasks with Autodesk Inventor, but this book takes you through an entire project and shows you the complete engineering process. By the end of this book you will have modeled and assembled nearly all the parts that make up the TAMIYA® Mechanical Tiger and can start building your own robot. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with Creo Parametric 11.0 Randy Shih, • Covers solid modeling and parametric modeling with Creo Parametric 11.0 • Guides you from creating basic shapes to building intelligent solid models and multi-view drawings • Uses a hands-on, exercise intensive, tutorial style approach • Includes coverage of Creo Animation, advanced assembly modeling, and sheet metal design • Contains a chapter on 3D printing The primary goal of Parametric Modeling with Creo Parametric 11.0 is to introduce the aspects of Solid Modeling and Parametric Modeling. This text is intended to be used as a training guide for any student or professional wanting to learn to use Creo Parametric. This text covers Creo Parametric and the lessons proceed in a pedagogical fashion to guide you from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent solid models and creating multi-view drawings. This text takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important Parametric Modeling techniques and concepts. This textbook contains a series of 13 tutorial style lessons designed to introduce beginning CAD users to Creo Parametric. The basic premise of this book is that the more designs you create using Creo Parametric, the better you learn the software. With this in mind, each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. This book will provide you with a good basis for exploring and growing in the exciting field of Computer Aided Engineering. This book also introduces you to the general principles of 3D printing including a brief history of 3D printing, the types of 3D printing technologies, commonly used filaments, and the basic procedure for printing a 3D model. 3D printing makes it easier than ever for anyone to start turning their designs into physical objects and by the end of this book you will be ready to start printing out your own designs. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Learning Autodesk Inventor 2020 Randy Shih, 2019-07 This book will teach you everything you need to know to start using Autodesk Inventor 2020 with easy to understand, step-by-step tutorials. This book features a simple robot design used as a project throughout the book. You will learn to model parts, create assemblies, run simulations and even create animations of your robot design. An unassembled version of the same robot used throughout the book can be bundled with the book. No previous experience with Computer Aided Design(CAD) is needed since this book starts at an introductory level. The author begins by getting you familiar with the Inventor interface and its basic tools. You will start by learning to model simple robot parts and before long you will graduate to creating more complex parts and multi-view drawings. Along the way you will learn the fundamentals of parametric modeling through the use of geometric constraints and relationships. You will also become familiar with many of Inventor's powerful tools and commands that enable you to easily construct complex features in your models. Also included is coverage of gears, gear trains and spur gear creation using Autodesk Inventor. This book continues by examining the different mechanisms commonly used in walking robots. You will learn the basic types of planar four-bar linkages commonly used in mechanical designs and how to use the GeoGebra Dynamic Geometry software to simulate and analyze 2D linkages. Using the knowledge you gained about linkages and mechanism, you will learn how to modify your robot and change its behavior by modifying or creating new parts. In the final chapter of this book you learn how to combine all the robot parts into assemblies and then run motion analysis. You will finish off your project by creating 3D animations of your robot in action. There are many books that show you how to perform individual tasks with Autodesk Inventor, but this book takes you through an entire project and shows you the complete engineering process. By the end of this book you will have modeled and assembled nearly all the parts that make up the TAMIYA® Mechanical Tiger and can start building your own robot. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with SolidWorks 2012 Randy Shih, Paul Schilling, 2012-03-22 Parametric Modeling with SolidWorks 2012 contains a series of sixteen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce SolidWorks 2012, solid modeling and parametric modeling techniques and concepts. This book introduces SolidWorks 2012 on a step-by-step basis starting with constructing basic shapes all the way through to the creation of assembly drawings and motion analysis. This book takes a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important Parametric Modeling techniques and concepts. Each lesson introduces a new set of commands and concepts, building on previous lessons. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent solid models, assemblies and creating multi-view drawings. This book also covers some of the more advanced features of SolidWorks 2012 including how to use the SolidWorks Design Library, basic motion analysis, collision detection and analysis with SimulationXpress. The exercises in this book cover the performance tasks that are included on the Certified SolidWorks Associate (CSWA) Examination. Reference guides located at the front of the book and in each chapter show where these performance tasks are covered. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2017 Randy Shih, 2016-05 Parametric Modeling with Autodesk Inventor 2017 contains a series of sixteen tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Inventor, solid modeling, and parametric modeling. It uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the important parametric modeling techniques and concepts. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent mechanical designs, creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. Other featured topics include sheet metal design, motion analysis, 2D design reuse, collision and contact, stress analysis and the Autodesk Inventor 2017 Certified User Examination. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Introduction to Autodesk Inventor 2013 and AutoCAD 2013 Randy Shih, 2012 Most schools using Autodesk software first introduce students to the 2D features of AutoCAD and then go on to its 3D Capabilities. Inventor is usually reserved for the second or third course or for a solid modeling course. However, another possibility is to introduce students first to solid modeling using Autodesk Inventor and then to introduce AutoCAD as a 2D product. In this book students learn to create solid models using Autodesk Inventor and then learn how to create working drawings of their 3D models using AutoCAD. This approach provides students with a strong understanding of the process used by many professionals in the industry to create models and working drawings. This book contains a series of tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Inventor, AutoCAD, solid modeling, and parametric modeling. It uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the import parametric modeling techniques and concepts. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent mechanical designs, creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. An Introduction to Inventor 2013 and AutoCAD 2013 consists of eleven chapters from Parametric Modeling with Inventor 2013 and six chapters from AutoCAD 2013 Tutorial-First Level: 2D Fundamentals. Both of these books are highly regarded and are very popular making this book an exceptional value for anyone interested in learning both software packages. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Learning Autodesk Inventor 2016 Randy Shih, 2015-06 This book will teach you everything you need to know to start using Autodesk Inventor 2016 with easy to understand, step-by-step tutorials. This book features a simple robot design used as a project throughout the book. You will learn to model parts, create assemblies, run simulations and even create animations of your robot design. An unassembled version of the same robot used throughout the book can be bundled with the book. No previous experience with Computer Aided Design(CAD) is needed since this book starts at an introductory level. The author begins by getting you familiar with the Inventor interface and its basic tools. You will start by learning to model simple robot parts and before long you will graduate to creating more complex parts and multi-view drawings. Along the way you will learn the fundamentals of parametric modeling through the use of geometric constraints and relationships. You will also become familiar with many of Inventor's powerful tools and commands that enable you to easily construct complex features in your models. Also included is coverage of gears, gear trains and spur gear creation using Autodesk Inventor. This book continues by examining the different mechanisms commonly used in walking robots. You will learn the basic types of planar four-bar linkages commonly used in mechanical designs and how to use the GeoGebra Dynamic Geometry software to simulate and analyze 2D linkages. Using the knowledge you gained about linkages and mechanism, you will learn how to modify your robot and change its behavior by modifying or creating new parts. In the final chapter of this book you learn how to combine all the robot parts into assemblies and then run motion analysis. You will finish off your project by creating 3D animations of your robot in action. There are many books that show you how to perform individual tasks with Autodesk Inventor, but this book takes you through an entire project and shows you the complete engineering process. By the end of this book you will have modeled and assembled nearly all the parts that make up the TAMIYA® Mechanical Tiger and can start building your own robot. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: An Introduction to Autodesk Inventor 2011 and AutoCAD 2011 Randy H. Shih, 2010 Most schools using Autodesk software first introduce students to the 2D features of AutoCAD and then go on to its 3D Capabilities. Inventor is usually reserved for the second or third course or for a solid modeling course. However, another possibility is to introduce students first to solid modeling using Inventor and then to introduce AutoCAD as a 2D product. Students learn to create solid models using Inventor and then learn how to create working drawings of their 3D models using AutoCAD. This approach provides students with a strong understanding of the process used to create models and drawing in the industry. This book contains a series of tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Inventor, AutoCAD, solid modeling, and parametric modeling. It uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the import parametric modeling techniques and concepts. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent mechanical designs, creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. Introduction to Inventor2011 and AutoCAD 2011 consists of ten chapters from Parametric Modeling using Inventor 2011 and six chapters from AutoCAD 20110 Tutorial-First Level: 2D Fundamentals. This book is available only as a three hole punch book for use in a spiral binder. This book is used by Ohio State in their freshman engineering program. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: An Introduction to Autodesk Inventor 2010 and AutoCAD 2010 Randy Shih, 2009-09 Most schools using Autodesk software first introduce students to the 2D features of AutoCAD and then go on to its 3D Capabilities. Inventor is usually reserved for the second or third course or for a solid modeling course. However, another possibility is to introduce students first to solid modeling using Inventor and then to introduce AutoCAD as a 2D product. Students learn to create solid models using Inventor and then learn how to create working drawings of their 3D models using AutoCAD. This approach provides students with a strong understanding of the process used to create models and drawing in the industry. This book contains a series of tutorial style lessons designed to introduce Autodesk Inventor, AutoCAD, solid modeling, and parametric modeling. It uses a hands-on, exercise-intensive approach to all the import parametric modeling techniques and concepts. The lessons guide the user from constructing basic shapes to building intelligent mechanical designs, creating multi-view drawings and assembly models. Introduction to Inventor/AutoCAD 2010 consists of ten chapters from Parametric Modeling using Inventor 2010 and six chapters from AutoCAD 2010 Tutorial-First Level: 2D Fundamentals. This book is available only as a three hole punch book for use in a spiral binder. This book is used by Ohio State in their freshman engineering program. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Successful Implementation of Concurrent Engineering Products and Processes Sammy G. Shina, 1993-12-16 This working guide shows how to put concurrent engineering principles into action, using actual case examples from large and small companies. The case study approach is augmented with detailed advice and techniques for measuring and analyzing product and process development data. A must-have reference for every designer and firm that plans or contemplates this efficient and profitable method. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Leadership Jussi Ilari Kantola, Salman Nazir, Vesa Salminen, 2020-06-30 This book analyzes new theories and practical approaches for promoting excellence in human resource management and leadership. It shows how the principles of creating shared value can be applied to ensure faster learning, training, business development and social renewal. In particular, it presents novel methods and tools for tackling the complexity of management and learning in both business organizations and society. Discussing ontologies, intelligent management systems, and methods for creating knowledge and value added, it offers novel insights into time management and operations optimization, as well as advanced methods for evaluating customers’ satisfaction and conscious experience. Based on two AHFE 2020 Virtual Conferences: the AHFE 2020 Conference on Human Factors, Business Management and Society and the AHFE 2020 Conference on Human Factors in Management and Leadership, held on July 16–20, 2020, the book provides researchers and professionals with extensive information, practical tools and inspiring ideas for achieving excellence in a broad spectrum of business and societal activities. |
| concurrent engineering is also called: Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services, 1989 |
CONCURRENT Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Concurrent describes things that are occurring, or people who are doing something, at the same time, such as “concurrent users” of a computer …
CONCURRENT | English meaning - Cambridge Diction…
A concurrent force is one of two or more forces that are in effect at the same time. He dealt with several …
CONCURRENT Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Concurrent definition: occurring or existing simultaneously or side by side.. See examples of CONCURRENT used …
concurrent adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunci…
concurrent (with something) existing or happening at the same time. He was imprisoned for two concurrent terms of 30 months and 18 months.
concurrent - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jan 2, 2025 · concurrent (comparative more concurrent, superlative most concurrent) Happening at the same time; simultaneous.
Concurrent Engineering and DFMA®: The Path to …
Concurrent Engineering and DFMA®: The Path to Innovation and Competitiveness Chris Tsai ... the so called “postmodern” design elements. “We” (the royal “we”) in industry have spent the …
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Research and Applications
themes: customer engineering, product design, produc-tion planning and control, and engineering logistics. We believe these four themes coincide with the general product realization process …
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Research and Applications
of design projects [7,8,11,18,23,28–31]. Rogers [23] developed an expert system called DeMAID (Design Manager’s Aide for Intelligent Decomposition) that can
Title: Organizational Concepts of Concurrent Engineering …
paper is to discuss the organizational concepts for a successful implementation of concurrent engineering. Also presents a brief discussion about concurrent engineering application cases, …
A. Kusiak, Engineering Design: Products, Processes, and …
Integrated product and process design is a key aspect of concurrent engineering. One of the objectives of concurrent engineering is to ensure that serious errors do not go undetected and …
TIMES AND EQUIVALENT SYSTEMS II 6.1 for concurrent …
6.1 for concurrent forces Varignon theorem: Varignon's theorem is a ... also called affine orbarycentric coordinates. The proof applies even to skew quadrilaterals in spaces of any …
Spiral Development: Experience, Principles, and Refinements
report also shows how the spiral model can be used for a more cost-effective incremental commitment of funds, via an analogy of the spiral model to stud poker. An important and ... It …
Resource Management and Contingencies in Aerospace …
Besides the mass-cost correlation, the following two reasons also exact smart resource management. 1. Examining the evolution of hundreds of mission concepts formulated in …
HOW INDIVIDUAL LEARNING MODELS AND DIDACTIC …
From a methodological standpoint, Concurrent Engineering (CE) emphasizes the parallelization of tasks (i.e. performing tasks “concurrently”) in the development of a new product and hence it is …
CVRP
It is called joule (briefly written as J), Mathematically. 1 joule = 1 N-m 2. One kN-m: It is the work done by a force of 1 kN, when it displaces the body through 1 m. It is also called kilojoule …
Current Concurrency in Practice - Springer
rent Engineering, like Design for Manufacturing and Design for Assembly. Since many design and development processes also required the involvement of external technology providers the …
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Research and Applications
Concurrent engineering (CE) is an engineering manage-ment philosophy and a set of operating principles that ... a ‘scope note’ also called modifier, which is adjectives
Concurrent Engineering - Olivier de Weck
Concurrent Engineering DOI: 10.1177/1063293X07078931 Concurrent Engineering 2007; 15; 113 Katja Hölttä-Otto and Olivier de Weck ... flown, but also reduces the degree of modularity of …
Estimation of Project Completion Time and Factors Analysis …
Analysis for Concurrent Engineering Project Management: A Simulation Approach Enzhen Huang, Shi-Jie (gary) Chen ... it is called a numerical DSM. In recent years, a DSM has been used as …
2. Concurrent engineering and DFMA/DFX in the …
2. Concurrent engineering and DFMA/DFX on the development of automotive components 31 the tooling is long and spreads over the whole scheduled development cycle for releasing a new …
The Important Role of Concurrent Engineering in Product …
CoNCuRRENT ENgINEERINg (CE) vERSuS SEquENTIAl ENgINEERINg (SE) The method where each design phase mostly starts, when the previous one has been completed, is called …
Concurrent Engineering - kntu.ac.ir
process called concurrent engineering. The design stage of concurrent engineering is sometimes called concurrent design. Concurrent engineering may be defined as: A systematic approach …
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Research and Applications
Abstract: Concurrent engineering (CE) principles have considerably matured over the last decade. However, many companies still face enormous challenges when implementing and managing …
Concurrent Engineering (CE): A Review Literature Report
The summary will also identify most cited authors by using a sample ... “Concurrent Engineering” in Any of the words field, “Concurrent Engineering” in The Phrase field and then Title words …
DoD Integrated Product and Process Development Handbook
Systems Engineering Systems engineering is a problem-solving process used to translate operational needs and/or requirements into a well-engineered system solution. It too is an …
Enabling principles of concurrency and simultaneity in …
Then, duration of an ith activity, also called the lead-time, di, ... Concurrency and simultaneity in concurrent engineering 187 ~b! the two activities completely overlap, thentsi 5tsi21
SET BASED CONCURRENT ENGINEERING INNOVATION …
Set Based Concurrent Engineering (SBCE), Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), Contradictions 1 Introduction The traditional approach to develop a product concept typically …
Title: The Role of Computer Aided Design in Concurrent …
It also provides a few successful concurrent engineering projects. It also addresses the social and organizational dimensions of computer aided design. The final conclusion is that managers …
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT …
Concurrent force system:- The system in which the forces meet at one point and lie in the same plane is called concurrent force system. Fig. 11 Concurrent force system Parallel force …
USING RAPID PROTOTYPING TECHNOLOGIES IN …
Concurrent Engineering is a business strategy, not a quick fix. It will, take many years to implement. If management doesn’t have the time or budget to go through the above step, then …
UNIT 1 COPLANAR AND NON-COPLANAR Non-Coplanar …
Forces c and d are also called coplanar forces as they are acting in one plane. But forces a and c are not coplanar forces as they are acting in two different plane. If all forces acting on a body …
Design Practice Prof. Shantanu Bhattacharya Department of …
concurrent engineering approaches in the last module and we went through the ... departments over still not satisfied with the amount of scrap generated and also the unit cost you know, …
Open Access proceedings Journal of Physics: Conference …
Dec 19, 2021 · You may also like The case of surface texture parameter RSm P J Scott- ... Concurrent Engineering through the complexity and semiotics lenses Goran D. Putnik1,2, …
A Model Based Concurrent Engineering Framework using …
Concurrent Engineering (CE), or as it can be found in literature: Concurrent Design, Simultaneous Engineering/Design ... Literature also shows [6] [7] [8] that CE is moving toward a highly ...
Verilog Overview The Verilog Hardware Description Language …
-provides for the specification of concurrent activities-stands on its head to make the activities look like they happened at the same time zWhy?-allows for intricate timing specifications A …
Economic design in concurrent engineering - Springer
of the problem domain. This section discusses the scope of the concurrent engineering problem as it relates to design and economic issues. 18.1.1 Concurrent engineering Concurrent …
Concurrent Engineering - ResearchGate
Concurrent Engineering DOI: 10.1177/1063293X07084640 ... the operation of VE are also dynamic. How to combine ... 1. is a finite set of nonempty types, called color sets. 2. P is a …
Concurrent Engineering Perspective of Maintenance Aspects …
Concurrent Engineering Projects, which are more suitable for so-called conventional technologies (Wilson 1991). Hydraulic systems are defined by their components, each one has a specific …
Concurrent Engineering Approaches within Product …
This phase is called “start-up” in which the major ... Concurrent Engineering is “a widely recognized approach to improve product introduction” (Brookes and Backhouse, 1998, p. …
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT AND …
development and deployment of concurrent engineering capabilities. The project, known as ACE (= Airbus Concurrent Engineering), is now a key integrator, as well as a strong vehicle of …
Concurrent Engineering in Construction Projects - Chalmers
When this also Includes other non-value adding activities such as unnecessary transports, waiting time, bad logistic, shrinkage, incorrect planning and other wastes, ... Concurrent Engineering, …
Concurrent engineering case studies: Lessons from Ford …
All the elements of successful concurrent engineering existed more than eighty years ago. They can be seen in the introduction of the Model T, ... examples of these bad old ways - aptly …
Set-Based Concurrent Engineering Process Model and …
Abstract: - Set-based concurrent engineering (SBCE), also known as set-based design, is a state-of-the-art approach to the new product development process. SBCE, simply, provides an …
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Research and Applications
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING: Research and Applications ... also called the Customer Order Decoupling Point (CODP) [4]. These four categories are: (1) make-to-stock (MTS), (2) ... Also …
Collaborative Engineering for Research and Development
Collaborative engineering, or CPD, is the application of team-collaboration practices to an organization’s total product development efforts. It builds upon the systems engineering [12], …
A SIMULATION-BASED CONCURRENT ENGINEERING …
A SIMULATION-BASED CONCURRENT ENGINEERING APPROACH FOR ASSEMBLY SYSTEM DESIGN by Timothy J. Sweitzer Bachelor of Science, Aerospace Engineering ...
Lean Approach in Concurrent Engineering Applications - IOS …
Lean Approach in Concurrent Engineering Applications Şenay KARADEMİR b,1a,1 and Can CANGELİR a ... of information products are defined digitally –called as item- in computer …
On Manufacturing System Development in the Context of …
tems engineering data management standard STEP AP 233. The research has been carried out in a close collaboration with Swedish manufacturing industry. The utilized research …
GLobal Integrated Design Environment (GLIDE): A …
Specialized services also include creating custom thesauri, building customized databases, organizing ... Concurrent engineering is a process that involves multiple engineers and/or …
The Evolution of Concurrent Engineering at Fuji-Xerox
The sashimi system was built in the mid 1970s when Fuji Xerox developed a medium-sized, innovative copier FX-3500 that captured 60% shares of relevant domestic market. The copier …
Benefits and Barriers to Successful Concurrent Engineering
Abstract—Also known as Simultaneous Engineering, Concurrent Engineering is a manufacturing approach of product design and development whereby all the production stages run …
Unit-IV COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS
Resultant for a coplanar non-concurrent system: By using the principles of resolution composition & moment it is possible to determine analytically the resultant for coplanar non-concurrent …
THE MECHATRONICS DESIGN PROCESS - slpk.sk
control of mechatronical systems are also discussed, as well as their “so called” concurrent designing, including CAD systems. Keywords: ... influence of concurrent engineering, …
Benefits and Barriers to Successful Concurrent Engineering
Abstract—Also known as Simultaneous Engineering, Concurrent Engineering is a manufacturing approach of product design and development whereby all the production stages run …
Concurrent Engineering Research Center .1././ Annual …
Concurrent Engineering with appropriate computer support --the so-called DICE Architecture. 2. Establishing the Concurrent Engineering Research Center (CERC) at West Virginia University …
