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| context effects psychology example: Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 1992 0 e The contributors to this book review our current knowledge of context effects in survey research, psychological testing, and social judgement. Drawing on recent developments in cognitive psychology, they offer theoretical accounts of the conditions that lead to the emergence of various context effects and report a number of new experimental studies. At stake now are clear, practical needs in the structuring of reliable tests, and a strong interest to develop a coherent theoretical framework to assess and scrutinize context effects, in addition to the desire to align some of the findings in survey research studies with the discoveries made in the information-processing field. This book attests to a fruitful dialogue between cognitive psychologists and survey researchers, as the cognitive processes initiated by question probes are really beginning to be understood and context effects classified and differentiated. |
| context effects psychology example: Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 2012-12-06 0 e The contributors to this book review our current knowledge of context effects in survey research, psychological testing, and social judgement. Drawing on recent developments in cognitive psychology, they offer theoretical accounts of the conditions that lead to the emergence of various context effects and report a number of new experimental studies. At stake now are clear, practical needs in the structuring of reliable tests, and a strong interest to develop a coherent theoretical framework to assess and scrutinize context effects, in addition to the desire to align some of the findings in survey research studies with the discoveries made in the information-processing field. This book attests to a fruitful dialogue between cognitive psychologists and survey researchers, as the cognitive processes initiated by question probes are really beginning to be understood and context effects classified and differentiated. |
| context effects psychology example: Social Information Processing and Survey Methodology Hans-J. Hippler, Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 2012-12-06 Survey researchers have long been aware that the way in which questions are asked determines the obtained responses. However, the exact processes that mediate response effects remained elusive. In the present volume, cognitive psychologists and survey methodologists explore the cognitive processes that underlie respondents' answers to survey questions. The contributors provide an introduction to information processing theories for survey researchers, review current knowledge of response effects in the light of recent theorizing in cognitive psychology, and report a number of experimental studies on question context and question wording. In combination, the chapters provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of response effects in surveys and raise a number of applied and theoretical issues that have so far not been addressed in cognitive psychology. |
| context effects psychology example: Attitude Strength Richard E. Petty, Jon A. Krosnick, 2014-01-14 Social psychologists have long recognized the possibility that attitudes might differ from one another in terms of their strength, but only recently had the profound implications of this view been explored. Yet because investigators in the area were pursuing interesting but independent programs of research exploring different aspects of strength, there was little articulation of assumptions underlying the work, and little effort to establish a common research agenda. The goals of this book are to highlight these assumptions, to review the discoveries this work has produced, and to suggest directions for future work in the area. The chapter authors include individuals who have made significant contributions to the published literature and represent a diversity of perspectives on the topic. In addition to providing an overview of the broad area of attitude strength, particular chapters deal in depth with specific features of attitudes related to strength and integrate the diverse bodies of relevant theory and empirical evidence. The book will be of interest to graduate students initiating work on attitudes as well as to longstanding scholars in the field. Because of the many potential directions for application of work on attitude strength to amelioration of social problems, the book will be valuable to scholars in various applied disciplines such as political science, marketing, sociology, public opinion, and others studying attitudinal phenomena. |
| context effects psychology example: Psychology Don H. Hockenbury, Sandra E. Hockenbury, 2002-07-19 New edition of the Hockenburys' text, which draws on their extensive teaching and writing experiences to speak directly to students who are new to psychology. |
| context effects psychology example: Psychology Richard A. Griggs, 2008-02-15 The updated 2nd edition of this brief introduction to Psychology, is more accessible and ideal for short courses. This is a brief, accessible introductory psychology textbook. The updated 2nd edition of this clear and brief introduction to Psychology is written by the award-winning lecturer and author Richard Griggs. The text is written in an engaging style and presents a selection of carefully chosen core concepts in psychology, providing solid topical coverage without drowning the student in a sea of details. |
| context effects psychology example: Neurobiology of Attention Laurent Itti, Geraint Rees, John K. Tsotsos, 2005-03-31 A key property of neural processing in higher mammals is the ability to focus resources by selectively directing attention to relevant perceptions, thoughts or actions. Research into attention has grown rapidly over the past two decades, as new techniques have become available to study higher brain function in humans, non-human primates, and other mammals. Neurobiology of Attention is the first encyclopedic volume to summarize the latest developments in attention research.An authoritative collection of over 100 chapters organized into thematic sections provides both broad coverage and access to focused, up-to-date research findings. This book presents a state-of-the-art multidisciplinary perspective on psychological, physiological and computational approaches to understanding the neurobiology of attention. Ideal for students, as a reference handbook or for rapid browsing, the book has a wide appeal to anybody interested in attention research.* Contains numerous quick-reference articles covering the breadth of investigation into the subject of attention* Provides extensive introductory commentary to orient and guide the reader* Includes the most recent research results in this field of study |
| context effects psychology example: Oxford Handbook of Face Perception Andrew J. Calder, 2011-07-28 In the past 30 years, face perception has become an area of major interest within psychology. This is the most comprehensive and commanding review of the field ever published. |
| context effects psychology example: Theoretical Aspects of Memory Michael Gruneberg, Peter E Morris, 2006-09-21 Recent years have seen major developments in our understanding of how memories works. Aspects of Memory gives a clear introduction by some of the world's leading experts. The first two chapters of set past theorising about memory in an historical context and identify the major aspects of memory to be captured by any theoretical account. Later chapters go on to discuss theoretical accounts of working memory, the development of memory, implicity memory, and context-dependent memory. A final section discusses the respective strengths and problems of naturalistic and laboratory research on memory.Aspects of Memory provides an excellent authoritative textbook of current approaches to memory. |
| context effects psychology example: Memory and Control of Action , 2011-10-10 Memory and Control of Action |
| context effects psychology example: Rising stars in: Environmental psychology Giuseppe Carrus, Federica Caffaro, Angelo Panno, Lorenza Tiberio, Eugenio De Gregorio, 2023-06-09 |
| context effects psychology example: Measuring Psychological Responses to Media Messages Annie Lang, 1994 First Published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| context effects psychology example: Understanding Priming Effects in Social Psychology Daniel C. Molden, 2014-01-10 How incidentally activated social representations affect subsequent thoughts and behaviors has long interested social psychologists. Recently, such priming effects have provoked debate and skepticism. Originally a special issue ofSocial Cognition, this book examines the theoretical challenges researchers must overcome to further advance priming studies and considers how these challenges can be met. The volume aims to reduce the confusion surrounding current discussions by more thoroughly considering the many phenomena in social psychology that the term ?priming? encompasses, and closely examining the psychological processes that explain when and how different types of priming effects occur. |
| context effects psychology example: Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology Thomas B. Jabine, 1984 |
| context effects psychology example: The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling Marc A. Scott, Jeffrey S. Simonoff, Brian D. Marx, 2013-08-31 In this important new Handbook, the editors have gathered together a range of leading contributors to introduce the theory and practice of multilevel modeling. The Handbook establishes the connections in multilevel modeling, bringing together leading experts from around the world to provide a roadmap for applied researchers linking theory and practice, as well as a unique arsenal of state-of-the-art tools. It forges vital connections that cross traditional disciplinary divides and introduces best practice in the field. Part I establishes the framework for estimation and inference, including chapters dedicated to notation, model selection, fixed and random effects, and causal inference. Part II develops variations and extensions, such as nonlinear, semiparametric and latent class models. Part III includes discussion of missing data and robust methods, assessment of fit and software. Part IV consists of exemplary modeling and data analyses written by methodologists working in specific disciplines. Combining practical pieces with overviews of the field, this Handbook is essential reading for any student or researcher looking to apply multilevel techniques in their own research. |
| context effects psychology example: How People Learn II National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Science Education, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on How People Learn II: The Science and Practice of Learning, 2018-09-27 There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults. |
| context effects psychology example: Modeling Contextual Effects in Longitudinal Studies Todd D. Little, James A. Bovaird, Noel A. Card, 2007-03-21 Modeling the impact and influence of contextual factors on human development is something that many talk about but few actually do. The goal of this book is to provide researchers with an accessible guide to understanding the many different ways that contextual factors can be including in longitudinal studies of human development. |
| context effects psychology example: Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology Adam Joinson, Katelyn McKenna, Tom Postmes, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, 2009-02-12 Over one billion people use the Internet globally. Psychologists are beginning to understand what people do online, and the impact being online has on behaviour. It's making us re-think many of our existing assumptions about what it means to be a social being. For instance, if we can talk, flirt, meet people and fall in love online, this challenges many of psychology's theories that intimacy or understanding requires physical co-presence. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology brings together many of the leading researchers in what can be termed 'Internet Psychology'. Though a very new area of research, it is growing at a phenomenal pace. In addition to well-studied areas of investigation, such as social identity theory, computer-mediated communication and virtual communities, the volume also includes chapters on topics as diverse as deception and misrepresentation, attitude change and persuasion online, Internet addiction, online relationships, privacy and trust, health and leisure use of the Internet, and the nature of interactivity. With over 30 chapters written by experts in the field, the range and depth of coverage is unequalled, and serves to define this emerging area of research. Uniquely, this content is supported by an entire section covering the use of the Internet as a research tool, including qualitative and quantitative methods, online survey design, personality testing, ethics, and technological and design issues. While it is likely to be a popular research resource to be 'dipped into', as a whole volume it is coherent and compelling enough to act as a single text book. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology is the definitive text on this burgeoning field. It will be an essential resource for anyone interested in the psychological aspects of Internet use, or planning to conduct research using the 'net'. |
| context effects psychology example: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| context effects psychology example: IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology Paul R. Martin, Fanny M. Cheung, Michael C. Knowles, Michael Kyrios, Lyn Littlefield, J. Bruce Overmier, José M. Prieto, 2011-03-01 The IAAP Handbook of Applied Psychology, an up-to-date and authoritative reference, provides a critical overview of applied psychology from an international perspective. Brings together articles by leading authorities from around the world Provides the reader with a complete overview of the field and highlights key research findings Divided into three parts: professional psychology, substantive areas of applied psychology, and special topics in applied psychology Explores the challenges, opportunities, and potential future developments in applied psychology Features comprehensive coverage of the field, including topics as diverse as clinical health psychology, environmental psychology, and consumer psychology |
| context effects psychology example: Attention and Performance V P. M. A. Rabbitt, Stanislav Dornič, 1975 |
| context effects psychology example: The Powerful Placebo Arthur K. Shapiro, Elaine Shapiro, 2000-10-17 Ranging from antiquity to modern times, this history of the placebo effect is especially timely in light of renewed interest in the mind-body relationship. Until this century, most medications prescribed by physicians were pharmacologically inert, if not harmful. That is, physicians were prescribing placebos or worse without knowing it. In a sense, then, the history of medical treatment until relatively recently is the history of the placebo effect. Based on the authors' lifelong study and clinical research, this is a comprehensive and scholarly examination of the placebo effect. The authors begin by surveying the use of placebos from antiquity to modern times. They also examine the development, use, and validity of the double-blind, controlled clinical trial. And they present their own study of the placebo effect in more than 1000 patients. Demonstrating both the magnitude and the limitations of the placebo effect, the book helps to clarify knotty issues ranging from the evaluation of therapies to the ethics of conducting controlled studies in which patients are deliberately given placebos. With the renewed interest in the mind-body relationship as well as in the role of placebos in new and alternative medical procedures and therapies, the findings of this book are especially timely. |
| context effects psychology example: Basic Color Terms Brent Berlin, Paul Kay, 1991 Explores the psychophysical and neurophysical determinants of cross-linguistic constraints on the shape of color lexicons. |
| context effects psychology example: Reconstructing the Cognitive World Michael Wheeler, 2005 An argument for a non-Cartesian philosophical foundation for cognitive science that combines elements of Heideggerian phenomenology, a dynamical systems approach to cognition, and insights from artificial intelligence-related robotics. |
| context effects psychology example: Laws of UX Jon Yablonski, 2020-04-21 An understanding of psychology—specifically the psychology behind how users behave and interact with digital interfaces—is perhaps the single most valuable nondesign skill a designer can have. The most elegant design can fail if it forces users to conform to the design rather than working within the blueprint of how humans perceive and process the world around them. This practical guide explains how you can apply key principles in psychology to build products and experiences that are more intuitive and human-centered. Author Jon Yablonski deconstructs familiar apps and experiences to provide clear examples of how UX designers can build experiences that adapt to how users perceive and process digital interfaces. You’ll learn: How aesthetically pleasing design creates positive responses The principles from psychology most useful for designers How these psychology principles relate to UX heuristics Predictive models including Fitts’s law, Jakob’s law, and Hick’s law Ethical implications of using psychology in design A framework for applying these principles |
| context effects psychology example: Laziness Does Not Exist Devon Price, 2021-01-05 From social psychologist Dr. Devon Price, a conversational, stirring call to “a better, more human way to live” (Cal Newport, New York Times bestselling author) that examines the “laziness lie”—which falsely tells us we are not working or learning hard enough. Extra-curricular activities. Honors classes. 60-hour work weeks. Side hustles. Like many Americans, Dr. Devon Price believed that productivity was the best way to measure self-worth. Price was an overachiever from the start, graduating from both college and graduate school early, but that success came at a cost. After Price was diagnosed with a severe case of anemia and heart complications from overexertion, they were forced to examine the darker side of all this productivity. Laziness Does Not Exist explores the psychological underpinnings of the “laziness lie,” including its origins from the Puritans and how it has continued to proliferate as digital work tools have blurred the boundaries between work and life. Using in-depth research, Price explains that people today do far more work than nearly any other humans in history yet most of us often still feel we are not doing enough. Filled with practical and accessible advice for overcoming society’s pressure to do more, and featuring interviews with researchers, consultants, and experiences from real people drowning in too much work, Laziness Does Not Exist “is the book we all need right now” (Caroline Dooner, author of The F*ck It Diet). |
| context effects psychology example: The SAGE Handbook of Health Psychology Stephen Sutton, Andrew Baum, Marie Johnston, 2004-11-09 The SAGE Handbook of Health Psychology represents a landmark work in the field, gathering together in a single volume contributions from an internationally renowned group of scholars. It provides a definitive, one-stop, authoritative guide to the major themes and debates in health psychology, both past and present, and should in time become a classic reference work for a wide, international readership. Its coverage is comprehensive, both traditional and innovative, and reflects the latest in global health psychology research from a wide perspective. This includes the latest work in epidemiology of health and illness, health-related cognitions, chronic illness, interventions in changing health behaviour, research methods in health psychology and biological mechanisms of health and disease. As a result its potential as an authoritative entry point to those new to the discipline as well as those already working inside it is very high. Given its breadth of content and accessibility, the Handbook will be indispensable for advanced students as well as researchers. Expertly organized by editors of international stature, and authored by a similar team of luminaries in the field, this single volume Handbook is an essential purchase for individuals and librarians worldwide. Advisory Editors: Professor Karen Matthews PhD University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Prof. Dr. Ralf Schwarzer Freie Universität Berlin Professor Shelley Taylor PhD UCLA Professor Jane Wardle University College London Professor Robert West St. George′s Hospital Medical School |
| context effects psychology example: Modeling Contextual Effects in Longitudinal Studies Todd D. Little, James A. Bovaird, Noel A. Card, 2007-03-21 This volume reviews the challenges and alternative approaches to modeling how individuals change across time and provides methodologies and data analytic strategies for behavioral and social science researchers. This accessible guide provides concrete, clear examples of how contextual factors can be included in most research studies. Each chapter can be understood independently, allowing readers to first focus on areas most relevant to their work. The opening chapter demonstrates the various ways contextual factors are represented—as covariates, predictors, outcomes, moderators, mediators, or mediated effects. Succeeding chapters review best practice techniques for treating missing data, making model comparisons, and scaling across developmental age ranges. Other chapters focus on specific statistical techniques such as multilevel modeling and multiple-group and multilevel SEM, and how to incorporate tests of mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation. Critical measurement and theoretical issues are discussed, particularly how age can be represented and the ways in which context can be conceptualized. The final chapter provides a compelling call to include contextual factors in theorizing and research. This book will appeal to researchers and advanced students conducting developmental, social, clinical, or educational research, as well as those in related areas such as psychology and linguistics. |
| context effects psychology example: Categorization in Social Psychology Craig McGarty, 1999-09-15 Categorization in Social Psychology offers a major introduction to the study of categorization, looking especially at links between categorization in cognitive and social psychology. In a highly readable and accessible style, the author covers all the main approaches to categorization in social psychology that a student might come across, including: biased stimulus processing, construct actviation, self-categorization, explanation-based, social judgeability and assimilation/contrast approaches. It is a wide-ranging and up-to-date treatment of concepts from cognitive as well as social psychology. |
| context effects psychology example: Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology Harry T. Reis, Charles M. Judd, 2014-02-24 This indispensable sourcebook covers conceptual and practical issues in research design in the field of social and personality psychology. Key experts address specific methods and areas of research, contributing to a comprehensive overview of contemporary practice. This updated and expanded second edition offers current commentary on social and personality psychology, reflecting the rapid development of this dynamic area of research over the past decade. With the help of this up-to-date text, both seasoned and beginning social psychologists will be able to explore the various tools and methods available to them in their research as they craft experiments and imagine new methodological possibilities. |
| context effects psychology example: The Psychology of Later Life Manfred Diehl, Hans-Werner Wahl, 2020 Renowned experts in adult development and aging, Manfred Diehl and Hans-Werner Wahl synthesize decades of psychological research into a comprehensive volume that considers later life in the context of lifespan development, social and physical environmental factors, and historical-cultural influences. In so doing, they review important research on cognitive functioning, behavioral processes, personality and identity development, and overall well-being in middle to late adulthood. Diehl and Wahl's three-part framework helps readers better understand that the development process is influenced by multiple factors and can take many different trajectories. Through this contextualized perspective, they examine the influence that previous life experiences, beginning in early childhood, can have on the aging process in older adults. This includes social relations, technological advances, societal perspectives on aging, and education. The authors also examine the challenges and opportunities of aging, using a strength-based approach to promote a diverse, nuanced understanding of successful, healthy aging. Chapters also conclude with dialogues from other experts in the field, offering multiple different perspectives on the research. |
| context effects psychology example: Applied Social Psychology Gün R Semin, Klaus Fiedler, 1996-05-28 This comprehensive and accessible textbook overviews the applications of social psychology to a wide range of problems and issues in contemporary society. With internationally respected contributors who survey the major developments in their fields, this practical guide incorporates advice, examples and reading lists. The first part of the book outlines a number of general frameworks that inform the applications of social psychology, namely language, attitudes, decision-making and survey research; Part Two focuses on major behavioural domains, including health and economic behaviour; Part Three explains the relationship between social psychology and social institutions, highlighting, for instance, the media, law and politic |
| context effects psychology example: Development of Person-context Relations Thomas A. Kindermann, Jaan Valsiner, 2013-06-17 Traditionally, developmental psychology has its focus on individuals. Developmentalists aim to describe regularities in individuals' change and development across time, to explain the processes and mechanisms that are involved in producing change and regularity, and eventually, to design strategies for optimization and modification of developmental pathways. Although the role of contexts has always been of central concern for these purposes, it is nevertheless quite surprising to note that compared to the effort devoted to individuals, relatively little attention has been paid to the study of the nature and organization of their contexts. This volume is an exploration of the idea that how we describe and explain human development will be closely tied to our understanding of what contexts are, how individuals and contexts become influential for one another, what contexts do to and with individuals, and how contexts and their influences change themselves across time. A major theme is whether the traditional dichotomy between individuals and their contexts may be artificial, perhaps culturally biased, and after psychologists have adhered to it for about a century, may have become an impediment to increasing our understanding of developmental processes. With this volume, the editors contribute a serious consideration of development and systematic change to emerging models of person-context relations, and provide suggestions about how it may be possible to incorporate these notions in developmental research and theorizing. |
| context effects psychology example: The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 Shane Parrish, Rhiannon Beaubien, 2024-10-15 Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage. |
| context effects psychology example: Food Components to Enhance Performance Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on Military Nutrition Research, 1994-02-01 The physiological or psychological stresses that employees bring to their workplace affect not only their own performance but that of their co-workers and others. These stresses are often compounded by those of the job itself. Medical personnel, firefighters, police, and military personnel in combat settingsâ€among othersâ€experience highly unpredictable timing and types of stressors. This book reviews and comments on the performance-enhancing potential of specific food components. It reflects the views of military and non-military scientists from such fields as neuroscience, nutrition, physiology, various medical specialties, and performance psychology on the most up-to-date research available on physical and mental performance enhancement in stressful conditions. Although placed within the context of military tasks, the volume will have wide-reaching implications for individuals in any job setting. |
| context effects psychology example: The Handbook of Attitudes Dolores Albarracin, Blair T. Johnson, Mark P. Zanna, 2014-04-04 This new handbook presents, synthesizes, and integrates the existing knowledge of methods, theories, and data in attitudes. The editors' goal is to promote an understanding of the broader principles underlying attitudes across several disciplines. Divided into three parts: one on definitions and methods; another on the relations of attitudes with beliefs, behavior, and affect; and a final one that integrates these relations into the broader areas of cognitive processes, communication and persuasion, social influence, and applications, the handbook also features an innovative chapter on implicit versus explicit attitudes. With contributions from the top specialists, this handbook features unique collaborations between researchers, some who have never before worked together. Every writer was encouraged to work from as unbiased a perspective as possible. A must have for researchers in the areas of social, political, health, clinical, counseling, and consumer psychology, marketing, and communication, the handbook will also serve as an excellent reference for advanced courses on attitudes in a variety of departments. |
| context effects psychology example: Social Psychology, Second Edition Arie W. Kruglanski, E. Tory Higgins, 2013-10-21 This book has been replaced by Social Psychology, Third Edition, ISBN 978-1-4625-4398-4. |
| context effects psychology example: A Functional Theory of Cognition Norman H. Anderson, 1996 First Published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| context effects psychology example: Compensating for Psychological Deficits and Declines Roger A. Dixon, Lars B„ckman, Lars Backman, 2013-06-17 The concept of compensation in psychology refers to processes through which a gap or mismatch between current accessible skills and environmental demands is reduced or closed. These gaps can be principally the result of losses, such as those associated with aging or interpersonal role changes; injuries, such as those that may occur to the neurological or sensory systems; organic or functional diseases, such as the dementias or schizophrenia; and congenital deficits, such as those apparent in autism or some learning disabilities. Whether the demand-skill gaps can be bridged completely, reduced only moderately, or are impossible to close, depends on a variety of factors. In every case, however, the guiding notions of compensation are that: * some such deficits may be amendable, * the continuation of the effects of the gap may be avoidable, and * some functioning may be recoverable. In this sense, compensation is related to adaptation; it is about overcoming deficits, managing the effects of losses, and promoting improvement in psychological functioning. Compensation is a concept that has a long and rich history in numerous domains of psychological research and practice. To date, however, few of the relevant research domains have benefitted explicitly or optimally from considering alternative perspectives on the concept of compensation. Although researchers and practitioners in several areas of psychology have actively pursued programs with compensation as a central concept, communication across disciplinary divides has been lacking. Comparing and contrasting the uses and implications of the concept across neighboring (and even not-so-adjacent) areas of psychology can promote advances in both theoretical and practical pursuits. The goal of this book is to carry inchoate integrative efforts to a new level of clarity. To this end, the editors have recruited major authors from selected principal areas of research and practice in psychological compensation. The authors review the current state of compensation scholarship in their domains of specialization. State-of-the-art reviews of this rapidly expanding area of scholarship are, therefore, collected under one cover for the first time. In this way, a wide variety of readers who might otherwise rarely cross professional paths with one another, can quickly learn about alternative preferences, agendas and methods, as well as novel research results, interpretations, and practical applications. Designed to contain broad, deep, and current perspectives on compensation, this volume continues the processes of: * explicating the concept of compensation; * linking and distinguishing compensation from neighboring concepts; * describing the variety of compensatory mechanisms operating in a wide range of phenomena; and * illustrating how compensatory mechanisms can be harnessed or trained to manage losses or deficits and to promote gains or at least maintenance of functioning. |
| context effects psychology example: Neuroscience of Preference and Choice Raymond J. Dolan, Tali Sharot, 2012 One of the most pressing questions in neuroscience, psychology and economics today is how does the brain generate preferences and make choices? With a unique interdisciplinary approach, this volume is among the first to explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms mediating the generation of the preferences that guide choice. From preferences determining mundane purchases, to social preferences influencing mating choice, through to moral decisions, the authors adopt diverse approaches to answer the question. Chapters explore the instability of preferences and the common neural processes that occur across preferences. Edited by one of the world's most renowned cognitive neuroscientists, each chapter is authored by an expert in the field, with a host of international contributors. Emphasis on common process underlying preference generation makes material applicable to a variety of disciplines - neuroscience, psychology, economics, law, philosophy, etc. Offers specific focus on how preferences are generated to guide decision making, carefully examining one aspect of the broad field of neuroeconomics and complementing existing volumes Features outstanding, international scholarship, with chapters written by an expert in the topic area |
What is 'Context' on Android? - Stack Overflow
Aug 26, 2010 · The context allows multiple instances of the system to coexist in a single process, each with its own context. later in the comment section, you will find another comment by …
How to change the value of a Context with useContext?
Feb 18, 2019 · 1) Is the useContext hook strictly a means of consuming the context values? 2) Is there a recommended way, using React hooks, to update values from the child component, …
Understanding the Python with statement and context managers
Creating context managers is done by implementing __enter__() and __exit__() in a normal class. __enter__() tells what to do when a context manager starts and __exit__() when a context …
How to get bean using application context in spring boot
Dec 4, 2015 · @Component public class Example { @Autowired private ApplicationContext context; public MyService getMyServiceBean() { return context.getBean(MyService.class); } // …
How can I implement DbContext Connection String in .NET Core?
Mar 31, 2017 · 3) If using Entity Framework add a database context service (MyDbContext is the context class generated by EF). You also want to tell the built-in dependency injection how to …
How to fix database update PendingModelChangesWarning error
Dec 27, 2024 · EF Core generates migrations by comparing two models: The current model (your application's current state).; The model from the last migration.
How to set the context path of a web application in Tomcat 7.0
This ROOT.xml will override the default settings for the root context of the tomcat installation for that engine and host (Catalina and localhost). Enter the following to the ROOT.xml file; …
How to get Context in Jetpack Compose - Stack Overflow
@RakaAdiNugroho I found out that I used a wrong place for getting context: firstly I wrote val context = +ambient(ContextAmbient) inside Clickable and it was the reason …
javascript - Passing multiple value and setter pairs to Context ...
Sep 8, 2019 · Since the object (and arrays) in render are created every render, they lose the referential equality and hance any components connected to this context will need to refresh. …
java - What is the reason behind "non-static method cannot be ...
What the compiler is complaining about is that it cannot simply insert the standard "this." as it does within instance methods, because this code is within a static method; however, maybe …
The Role of Episodic Context in Retrieval Practice Effects
The context theory can account for several key findings in the retrieval practice literature. For example, one consistent finding is that spaced retrieval produces better retention than does …
Emotion and False Memory - American Psychological …
Oct 17, 2016 · the context in which events are encoded. We sketch the theoretical basis for this content-context dissociation and then review accumulated evidence that content and context …
Effects of Intellectual Humility in the Context of Affective ...
Effects of Intellectual Humility in the Context of Affective Polarization: Approaching and Avoiding Others in Controversial Political Discussions Larissa Knöchelmann and J. Christopher Cohrs …
Cognitive Context‟s Role in Discourse Interpretation
For example: (1) A: Do you remember John, the headmaster of our school? He is the mayor of this city now! B: Really? In this example, both the addressor and the addressee know a lot of …
Game Management, Context Effects, and Calibration: The
Such context effects have also been reported for ratings in gymnastics (Ste-Marie & Lee, 1991; Damisch, Mussweiler, & Plessner, 2006), for referee judgments in Australian football (Mohr & …
List-Context Effects in Evaluative Pr ming - ResearchGate
affective connotations as indexed, for example, by evalua- tion latency, Bargh, Chalken, Govender, and Pratto (1992) Karl Christoph Klauer, Christian RoBnagel, and Jochen Musch,
Context Dependent Memory: The Role of Environmental …
Our first example of the context shift effect comes from a study by Perkins and Weyant (1958) that examined the role of a change in context over an extended testing interval.
Speech categorization in context: Joint effects of nonspeech …
context effects on speech categorization when context and target are presented to opposite ears Holt and Lotto, 2002; Lotto et al., 2003 and findings demonstrating effects of non-adjacent …
An Interactive Activation Model of Context Effects in Letter …
Jul 31, 1981 · context of the ongoing processing of the other letters, and processing of each letter is influenced by the effects of processing all of the others. For example, when a word is …
The neuroscience of placebo effects: connecting context
Review, share many similarities with context effects on visual perception 22–24 , memory 25 , decision making 26–28 , athletic 29 and cognitive 30 performance, and other pro
Bryant-Taneda: AP Psychology Test Bank – Memory (Chapter 9)
30. In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had: A) learned the words on …
Cognitive and Affective Priming Effects of the Context for …
oretical model that can systematically account for context effects. The present study investigates one way in which ad context can influence consumers' processing of ad information. It …
The Psychology of the Placebo Effect: Exploring Meaning …
such, placebo effects are often regarded a nuisance, showing up in unpredictable ways, and sometimes to astonishing degrees (Kirsch, Scoboria, and Moore, 2002; Thase, 1999). …
Crime, Choice, and Context - SAGE Journals
diate context for crime consists not only of environmental factors, people too contribute to it, for example as instigators, co-offenders, bystanders, or peers. Peer effects are commonly divided …
Can different contexts affect memory recall? - ResearchGate
1School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of ... effects of context change on recall and recognition is an issue well worth investigating. ... Does this mean, for example, that you need …
Additive and Interactive Effects on Response Time …
observations of additive effects of frequency and degradation and the theoretical prediction of an interaction is to posit that additive effects may not faithfully reflect the underlying architecture …
Not Not Just Just for for Consumers: Consumers: Context …
902 Truebloodetal. when people show a stronger preference forX when it is presented along with its inferior comparison 04^), and similarly for Y. Formally, the attraction effect occurs when the …
Financial Prospect Relativity: Context Effects
decisions; context effects; perception INTRODUCTION Two goals of the research are presented here: the first is theoretical, while the second is applied. The theoretical goal is to test the …
Categorization Theory and Research in Consumer Psychology …
ibility of category representations has been shown in recent literature of consumer psychology in the context of consumer goals and research on malleable self (and cultural) views. ... For …
Mark scheme (A-level) : Paper 2 Psychology in context - June …
standardised examples to determine if it is the same standard, better or worse than the example. You can then use this to allocate a mark for the answer based on the Lead Examiner’s mark …
The Multi-attribute Linear Ballistic Accumulator Model of …
Three important context effects are the attraction (Huber, Payne, & Puto, 1982), similarity (Tversky, 1972), and com-promise (Simonson, 1989) effects. The standard experi-ment for the …
How Reliable Are Visual Context Effects in the …
strong-context than to weak-context objects and more strongly to famous faces (for which contextual associations are available) than to nonfamous faces. We reexamined the reliability …
Contact Between Groups, Peace, and Conflict - APA PsycNet
the positive effects of contact in the aftermath of violent intergroup conflict, the important role played ... is Professor of Social Psychology at Simon Fraser University. His research focuses …
Effects of mental context reinstatement on accuracy and …
In a meta-analysis of studies on environmental context-dependent memory, Smith and Vela (2001) included 93 separate effects sizes from 75 studies and identified modest beneficial …
High-level context effects on spatial displacement: the …
example, the remembered location of an object associated with actual or implied motion is typically displaced in the direction of motion. In this paper, two experiments explore context …
Essay: Psychology example - University of South Australia
Essay: Psychology example Example introduction In Psychology, y Scientific studies on personality have in recent decades provided insight into areas previously considered …
Lexical Ambiguity and Context Effects in Spoken Word …
effects of prior context, frequency, and density of a homophone on spoken word recognition of Chinese homophones in a cross-modal experiment. Results indicate that prior context affects …
Sample Literature Review - University of Vermont
show the effects of eating behavior on students’ later moods in the context of the natural, day-to-day stressors they experienced. The results showed that negative moods tended to be …
Benevolent and hostile sexism in a shifting global context
Nature Reviews Psychology | Volume 2 | February 2023 | 98–111 102 Review article ledtoincreasesinbenevolentsexism.Finally,men’sbenevolentsexism
Media Context and Advertising Effectiveness: The Role of …
findings on the effects of these media context factors. Two aspects in particular will be discussed: the mod-erating effect of product category involvement on the relationship between ad/context …
Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Part-Whole Question
and contrast effects in part-whole question sequences is pre-sented. When one specific question precedes a general question and the two are not assigned to the same conversational context, …
What drives young children to over-imitate? Investigating the …
effects of age, context, action type and transitivity. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: ... 1 Psychology Department, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE 2 School of …
Central locus for nonspeech context effects on phonetic …
et al. ~2000! suggest that nonspeech context effects are pri-marily due to masking. On the other hand, they propose that speech context effects are due specifically to perception of speech …
Evaluative judgments are based on evaluative information: …
their interrelationships, are immaterial to context effects. In fact, given the same evaluative levels, context words of different denotations should be equipotential in producing context effects. …
1 SELF-TALK: EFFECTS ON EMOTION IN INTERPERSONAL …
This study examines self-talk within a communication framework and context. The effects of different types of self-talk on emotion are explored. Specifically, this research looks at different …
Context, Content Effects and Flexibility - hal.science
1 Context, content effects, and flexibility (author version) Hippolyte GROS 1 and Katarina GVOZDIC 2 1 Paragraphe, CY Cergy Paris University, Gennevilliers, France 2 IDEA, …
The role of context in episodic memory: Behavior and …
cil’s context with the context of previously presented items money, onion, and barrel. Note that due to context drift, the more recently presented items are more strongly active on the context …
Lexical Ambiguity Resolution and Spoken Word Recognition
In a neutral-bias sentential context, these stimuli contact only the lexical representation matching the surface form ( rum). However, a sentential context favoring run com-
The Effects of Context on Processing Words During Sentence …
The Effects of Context on Processing Words During Sentence Reading ... Allison A. Steen-Baker, Department of Educational Psychology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at …
Learning Interpretable Feature Context Effectsin Discrete Choice
as intuitive context effects. For example, we find in a hotel booking dataset that users presented with more hotels on sale showed in-creased willingness to pay. This lets us hypothesize that …
The Essential Impact of Context on Organizational Behavior
impactful context effects and the first place one might look in trying to contextualize research. However, situational salience is neither suffi cient nor necessary to ensure contextual impact …
Context effects on -related
Context ef alcohol cognitions: A multi methodological . approach PhD Edge Hill University 2013 fects on -related -MONK, R. L.
Spillover effects in environmental behaviors, across time …
effects in environmental behaviors, across time and context: a review and research agenda, Environmental Education Research, 23:4, 573-589, DOI: 10.1080/13504622.2016.1250148
Context Effects in Bilingual Sentence Processing: Task SpeciÞ …
context are used to speed up recognition of upcoming words (e.g., Schwanenß ugel & LaCount, 1988 ; Stanovich & West, 1983 ). The question now is whether these monolingual sentence …
50 Years of Context Effects: Merging the Behavioral and …
et al. (1982), behavioral research on context effects pur-sued three general directions (table 1): (1) research demon-strating additional context effects besides attraction and similarity, (2) …
Semantic Context Effects on Color Categorization - Social …
and purple (for example) should be labeled “brown” more of-ten in the icon or word context of “chocolate” and labeled “purple” in the icon or word context of “eggplant”. Figure 1 shows …
labphon-gow-mcmurray.final3 - psychology.uiowa.edu
both progressive and regressive context effects in spoken language perception. In two experiments, the current work examines the timecourse ... green boats, for example, may be …
Item context effects on Big Five personality measures - Srce
MLINARIČ and PODLESEK, Item context effects on personality measures, Review of Psychology, 2013, Vol. 20, No. 1-2, 23-28 The term frame of reference represents an implicit or ex-plicit …
Child and Adolescent Development in Cultural Context
tural context. Culture is a very broad construct. It includes not only country and ethnicity but also a range of formative experiences in people’s lives. For example, indi-viduals sometimes define …
UNCLASSIFIED LhhhEE DIEGO
We consider one specific example of the interac-tion between knowledge and perception -- the perception of letters in words and other contexts. In Part I we examine the main findings in the …
