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| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on the United States Contributions to Global Ocean Plastic Waste, 2022-09 An estimated 8 million metric tons (MMT) of plastic waste enters the world's ocean each year - the equivalent of dumping a garbage truck of plastic waste into the ocean every minute. Plastic waste is now found in almost every marine habitat, from the ocean surface to deep sea sediments to the ocean's vast mid-water region, as well as the Great Lakes. This report responds to a request in the bipartisan Save Our Seas 2.0 Act for a scientific synthesis of the role of the United States both in contributing to and responding to global ocean plastic waste. The United States is a major producer of plastics and in 2016, generated more plastic waste by weight and per capita than any other nation. Although the U.S. solid waste management system is advanced, it is not sufficient to deter leakage into the environment. Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste calls for a national strategy by the end of 2022 to reduce the nation's contribution to global ocean plastic waste at every step - from production to its entry into the environment - including by substantially reducing U.S. solid waste generation. This report also recommends a nationally-coordinated and expanded monitoring system to track plastic pollution in order to understand the scales and sources of U.S. plastic waste, set reduction and management priorities, and measure progress. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Marine Anthropogenic Litter Melanie Bergmann, Lars Gutow, Michael Klages, 2015-06-01 This book describes how man-made litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Life Cycle Impact Assessment Michael Z. Hauschild, Mark A.J. Huijbregts, 2015-03-24 This book offers a detailed presentation of the principles and practice of life cycle impact assessment. As a volume of the LCA compendium, the book is structured according to the LCIA framework developed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO)passing through the phases of definition or selection of impact categories, category indicators and characterisation models (Classification): calculation of category indicator results (Characterisation); calculating the magnitude of category indicator results relative to reference information (Normalisation); and converting indicator results of different impact categories by using numerical factors based on value-choices (Weighting). Chapter one offers a historical overview of the development of life cycle impact assessment and presents the boundary conditions and the general principles and constraints of characterisation modelling in LCA. The second chapter outlines the considerations underlying the selection of impact categories and the classification or assignment of inventory flows into these categories. Chapters three through thirteen exploreall the impact categories that are commonly included in LCIA, discussing the characteristics of each followed by a review of midpoint and endpoint characterisation methods, metrics, uncertainties and new developments, and a discussion of research needs. Chapter-length treatment is accorded to Climate Change; Stratospheric Ozone Depletion; Human Toxicity; Particulate Matter Formation; Photochemical Ozone Formation; Ecotoxicity; Acidification; Eutrophication; Land Use; Water Use; and Abiotic Resource Use. The final two chapters map out the optional LCIA steps of Normalisation and Weighting. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Handbook of Research on Environmental and Human Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution Khursheed Ahmad Wani, Lutfah Ariana, S. M. Zuber, 2019-06-17 This book examines the negative impacts of plastic and explores different biotechnological interventions to plastic pollution. It also generates an awareness of the use of plastics and its impact on the environment, human health, and other ecosystems-- |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, Marine Board, 1995-10-06 Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part, the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V. Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance, including integrated waste management systems and effective enforcement. Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book covers: How shipborne garbage orignates and what happens to garbage discharged into the seas. Effects of discharge on human health, wildlife safety, and aesthetics. Differences in perspective among military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside facilities. Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Plastics and the Environment R. M. Harrison, R. E. Hester, 2018-11-20 This book reviews the role of plastics in society and examines the environmental impact of different types of plastics. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Management of Marine Plastic Debris Michael Niaounakis, 2017-07-04 Management of Marine Plastic Debris gives a thorough and detailed presentation of the global problem of marine plastics debris, covering every aspect of its management from tracking, collecting, treating and commercial exploitation for handing this anthropogenic waste. The book is a unique, essential source of information on current and future technologies aimed at reducing the impact of plastics waste in the oceans. This is a practical book designed to enable engineers to tackle this problem—both in stopping plastics from getting into the ocean in the first place, as well as providing viable options for the reuse and recycling of plastics debris once it has been recovered. The book is essential reading not only for materials scientists and engineers, but also other scientists involved in this area seeking to know more about the impact of marine plastics debris on the environment, the mechanisms by which plastics degrade in water and potential solutions. While much research has been undertaken into the different approaches to the increasing problem of plastics marine debris, this is the first book to present, evaluate and compare all of the available techniques and practices, and then make suggestions for future developments. The book also includes a detailed discussion of the regulatory environment, including international conventions and standards and national policies. - Reviews all available processes and techniques for recovering, cleaning and recycling marine plastic debris - Presents and evaluates viable options for engineers to tackle this growing problem, including the use of alternative polymers - Investigates a wide range of possible applications of marine plastics debris and opportunities for businesses to make a positive environmental impact - Includes a detailed discussion of the regulatory environment, including international conventions and standards and national policies |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Impacts of Marine Litter Luisa Galgani, Ricardo Beiras, Francois Galgani, Cristina Panti, Angel Borja, 2019-08-15 |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Marine Litter L. Jeftic, Seba B. Sheavly, Ellik Adler, 2009 Marine litter is an ecological, economic, health and aesthetic problem. it is a complex and multi-dimensional challenge with significant implications For The marine and coastal environment, and human activities all over the world. The persistence of marine litter is the result of a lack of coordinated global and regional strategies, and deficiencies in the implementation and enforcement of existing programmes, regulations and standards at all levels - international, regional and national. The UNEP Global Initiative on Marine Litter provides a platform For The management of marine litter through the establishment of partnerships, cooperative arrangements and coordination of joint activities. it has succeeded in organizing and implementing regional activities on marine litter around the world. In addition to activities in 12 Regional Seas, UNEP commissioned preparation of several documents on specific topics, including UNEP/IOC Guidelines for monitoring of marine litter; Abandoned and lost fishing gear; and Marine litter and market-based instruments. This report provides an overview of the status of marine litter in UNEP's assisted Regional Seas, and highlights the amounts, main sources, impacts, and economics of marine litter, and discusses legislation, policies, compliance and enforcement mechanisms; institutional frameworks and stakeholder involvement; education and outreach strategies; monitoring programmes and research; mitigation activities among other aspects. it concludes that there is an urgent need to approach the issue of marine litter through better enforcement of laws and regulations, expanded outreach and educational campaigns And The employment of strong economic instruments and incentives. it proposes some general recommendations, based on the materials presented in the document, and specific recommendations for fourteen different issues regarding marine litter. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: The Great Barrier Thief Sue Pillans, Suzie Starfish, 2022-02-02 This story illustrates the impacts of climate change on our Great Barrier Reef. It is told through the eyes of a feisty fish called Anthia who starts to see the disappearing colours of the reef as a warning sign that the reef is in trouble |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Freshwater Microplastics Martin Wagner, Scott Lambert, 2017-11-21 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume focuses on microscopic plastic debris, also referred to as microplastics, which have been detected in aquatic environments around the globe and have accordingly raised serious concerns. The book explores whether microplastics represent emerging contaminants in freshwater systems, an area that remains underrepresented to date. Given the complexity of the issue, the book covers the current state-of-research on microplastics in rivers and lakes, including analytical aspects, environmental concentrations and sources, modelling approaches, interactions with biota, and ecological implications. To provide a broader perspective, the book also discusses lessons learned from nanomaterials and the implications of plastic debris for regulation, politics, economy, and society. In a research field that is rapidly evolving, it offers a solid overview for environmental chemists, engineers, and toxicologists, as well as water managers and policy-makers. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Marine Debris James M. Coe, Donald Rogers, 2012-12-06 Marine debris is a global pollution problem affecting marine life, maritime commerce and environmental quality. Scientists, policymakers and the public must be knowledgeable about the source, impact and control efforts if effective solutions are to be developed. Marine Debris addresses the origin of persistent solid waste in the ocean, from urban and rural discharges to waste from ships and the recreational use of oceans. The book identifies key issues from biological, technological, economic and legal perspectives, and gives a framework for controlling each of the main sources of marine debris. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Microplastics in fisheries and aquaculture: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2018-11-09 An overview of the occurrence and effects of microplastics on aquatic organisms, with recommendations regarding seafood safety and security, environmental risk assessment approaches and targeted monitoring of microplastics in the environment. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Ocean Acidification National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on the Development of an Integrated Science Strategy for Ocean Acidification Monitoring, 2010-09-14 The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: What a Waste 2.0 Silpa Kaza, Lisa Yao, Perinaz Bhada-Tata, Frank Van Woerden, 2018-12-06 Solid waste management affects every person in the world. By 2050, the world is expected to increase waste generation by 70 percent, from 2.01 billion tonnes of waste in 2016 to 3.40 billion tonnes of waste annually. Individuals and governments make decisions about consumption and waste management that affect the daily health, productivity, and cleanliness of communities. Poorly managed waste is contaminating the world’s oceans, clogging drains and causing flooding, transmitting diseases, increasing respiratory problems, harming animals that consume waste unknowingly, and affecting economic development. Unmanaged and improperly managed waste from decades of economic growth requires urgent action at all levels of society. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 aggregates extensive solid aste data at the national and urban levels. It estimates and projects waste generation to 2030 and 2050. Beyond the core data metrics from waste generation to disposal, the report provides information on waste management costs, revenues, and tariffs; special wastes; regulations; public communication; administrative and operational models; and the informal sector. Solid waste management accounts for approximately 20 percent of municipal budgets in low-income countries and 10 percent of municipal budgets in middle-income countries, on average. Waste management is often under the jurisdiction of local authorities facing competing priorities and limited resources and capacities in planning, contract management, and operational monitoring. These factors make sustainable waste management a complicated proposition; most low- and middle-income countries, and their respective cities, are struggling to address these challenges. Waste management data are critical to creating policy and planning for local contexts. Understanding how much waste is generated—especially with rapid urbanization and population growth—as well as the types of waste generated helps local governments to select appropriate management methods and plan for future demand. It allows governments to design a system with a suitable number of vehicles, establish efficient routes, set targets for diversion of waste, track progress, and adapt as consumption patterns change. With accurate data, governments can realistically allocate resources, assess relevant technologies, and consider strategic partners for service provision, such as the private sector or nongovernmental organizations. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 provides the most up-to-date information available to empower citizens and governments around the world to effectively address the pressing global crisis of waste. Additional information is available at http://www.worldbank.org/what-a-waste. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Marine Pollution, Shipping Waste and International Law Gabriela Argüello, 2019-07-22 Waste management poses increasing challenges to both the protection of the environment and to human health. To face these challenges, this book claims that environmental law needs to shift attention from media-specific pollution regimes to integrative life-cycle approaches of waste management i.e., from the prevention of waste generation to the actual handling of wastes. Furthermore, the cooperation of States and the establishment of coordinated activities is essential because states can no longer have separate standards for wastes posing transboundary risks and for ‘purely domestic’ wastes. Drawing upon both International and EU law, the book provides a detailed analysis of the regimes set up to deal with the transboundary movement of wastes and ship-source pollution, so as to elucidate the obligations and legal principles governing such regimes. It concludes that treaty obligations concerning transboundary movements of wastes are inapplicable to ship wastes while on board ships and on land. However, despite the limitations of the transboundary movement of wastes regime, the principle of Environmentally Sound Management (ESM) embodied in this regime has gradually transformed into a legal principle. ESM works to address the legal gaps in the regulation of wastes, and consequently, it provides the desired coherence to the legal system since it acts as a bridge between several regulatory and sectoral levels. Furthermore, ESM offers a new light with which to understand and interpret existing obligations, and it provides a renewed impetus to regimes that directly and indirectly govern wastes. This impetus translates into greater coordination and the establishment of cross-sectional policies. By offering alternative ways to solve problems linked to the management of ship wastes in the sea-land interface, this book will appeal to anyone with an interest in International Environmental Law. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Extended Producer Responsibility A Guidance Manual for Governments OECD, 2001-03-20 This guidance manual presents the potential benefits and costs associated with Extended Producer Responsibility. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: YOUMARES 9 - the Oceans: Our Research, Our Future Simon Jungblut, Viola Liebich, Maya Bode-Dalby, 2020-01-01 This open access book summarizes peer-reviewed articles and the abstracts of oral and poster presentations given during the YOUMARES 9 conference which took place in Oldenburg, Germany, in September 2018. The aims of this book are to summarize state-of-the-art knowledge in marine sciences and to inspire scientists of all career stages in the development of further research. These conferences are organized by and for young marine researchers. Qualified early-career researchers, who moderated topical sessions during the conference, contributed literature reviews on specific topics within their research field. . |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: World Wide Waste: How Digital Is Killing Our Planetâand What We Can Do About It Gerry McGovern, 2020-03-13 Speaking out when it's unpopular. Back in the day, Henry David Thoreau raged at the robber barons-the big shots of their age, despoiling the environment in the name of progress. Deep in the throes of the seemingly unstoppable growth of tech, a modern-day Thoreau has emerged in the guise of Gerry McGovern-decrying the massive, hidden negative impacts of tech on the environment. McGovern has thoroughly documented in World Wide Waste how tech damages the Earth-and what we should be doing about it. It is not just the acres of discarded computer hardware conveniently dumped in Third World countries. Every time an email is downloaded it contributes to global warming. Every tweet, search, check of a webpage creates pollution. Digital is physical. Those data centers are not in the Cloud. They're on land in massive physical buildings packed full of computers hungry for energy. It seems invisible. It seems cheap and free. It's not. Digital costs the Earth. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Discard Studies Max Liboiron, Josh Lepawsky, 2022-05-24 An argument that social, political, and economic systems maintain power by discarding certain people, places, and things. Discard studies is an emerging field that looks at waste and wasting broadly construed. Rather than focusing on waste and trash as the primary objects of study, discard studies looks at wider systems of waste and wasting to explore how some materials, practices, regions, and people are valued or devalued, becoming dominant or disposable. In this book, Max Liboiron and Josh Lepawsky argue that social, political, and economic systems maintain power by discarding certain people, places, and things. They show how the theories and methods of discard studies can be applied in a variety of cases, many of which do not involve waste, trash, or pollution. Liboiron and Lepawsky consider the partiality of knowledge and offer a theory of scale, exploring the myth that most waste is municipal solid waste produced by consumers; discuss peripheries, centers, and power, using content moderation as an example of how dominant systems find ways to discard; and use theories of difference to show that universalism, stereotypes, and inclusion all have politics of discard and even purification—as exemplified in “inclusive” efforts to broaden the Black Lives Matter movement. Finally, they develop a theory of change by considering “wasting well,” outlining techniques, methods, and propositions for a justice-oriented discard studies that keeps power in view. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: UNEP Year Book United Nations Publications, 2015-01-30 The UNEP Year Book series examines emerging environmental issues and policy-relevant events and developments. It also presents the latest trends using key environmental indicators. This 2014 edition shows that changes in the Arctic will have consequences far beyond this fragile region and that they require an urgent international response. The volume of chemicals in the world continues to grow, with a shift in production from developed to developing countries. To meet the goal of producing and using chemicals in ways that minimize significant impacts on health and the environment by 2020, efforts must be made to reduce the use of toxic chemicals, promote safer alternatives and build capacity for sound chemicals management. Adequate information for minimizing chemical risks is essential to support these efforts. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Plastic Soup Michiel Roscam Abbing, 2019-04-04 Plastics have transformed every aspect of our lives. Yet the very properties that make them attractive—they are cheap to make, light, and durable—spell disaster when trash makes its way into the environment. Plastic Soup: An Atlas of Ocean Pollution is a beautifully-illustrated survey of the plastics clogging our seas, their impacts on wildlife and people around the world, and inspirational initiatives designed to tackle the problem. In Plastic Soup, Michiel Roscam Abbing of the Plastic Soup Foundation reveals the scope of the issue: plastic trash now lurks on every corner of the planet. With striking photography and graphics, Plastic Soup brings this challenge to brilliant life for readers. Yet it also sends a message of hope; although the scale of the problem is massive, so is the dedication of activists working to check it. Plastic Soup highlights a diverse array of projects to curb plastic waste and raise awareness, from plastic-free grocery stores to innovative laws and art installations. According to some estimates, if we continue on our current path, the oceans will contain more plastic than fish by the year 2050. Created to inform and inspire readers, Plastic Soup is a critical tool in the fight to reverse this trend. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Citizen Science for Coastal and Marine Conservation John A. Cigliano, Heidi L. Ballard, 2017-10-31 In recent years, citizen science has emerged as a powerful new concept to enable the general public, students, and volunteers to become involved in scientific research. A prime example is in biodiversity conservation, where data collection and monitoring can be greatly enhanced through citizen participation. This is the first book to provide much needed guidance and case studies from marine and coastal conservation. The novelty and rapid expansion of the field has created a demand for the discussion of key issues and the development of best practices. The book demonstrates the utility and feasibility, as well as limitations, of using marine and coastal citizen science for conservation, and by providing critical considerations (i.e.which questions and systems are best suited for citizen science), presents recommendations for best practices for successful marine and coastal citizen science projects. A range of case studies, for example, on monitoring of seabird populations, invasive species, plastics pollution, and the impacts of climate change, from different parts of the world, is included. Also included are discussions on engaging youth, indigenous communities, and divers and snorkelers as citizen scientists, as well as best practices on communication within citizen science, building trust with stakeholders, and informing marine policy as part of this exciting and empowering way of improving marine and coastal conservation. . |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Drawdown Paul Hawken, 2017-04-18 • New York Times bestseller • The 100 most substantive solutions to reverse global warming, based on meticulous research by leading scientists and policymakers around the world “At this point in time, the Drawdown book is exactly what is needed; a credible, conservative solution-by-solution narrative that we can do it. Reading it is an effective inoculation against the widespread perception of doom that humanity cannot and will not solve the climate crisis. Reported by-effects include increased determination and a sense of grounded hope.” —Per Espen Stoknes, Author, What We Think About When We Try Not To Think About Global Warming “There’s been no real way for ordinary people to get an understanding of what they can do and what impact it can have. There remains no single, comprehensive, reliable compendium of carbon-reduction solutions across sectors. At least until now. . . . The public is hungry for this kind of practical wisdom.” —David Roberts, Vox “This is the ideal environmental sciences textbook—only it is too interesting and inspiring to be called a textbook.” —Peter Kareiva, Director of the Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA In the face of widespread fear and apathy, an international coalition of researchers, professionals, and scientists have come together to offer a set of realistic and bold solutions to climate change. One hundred techniques and practices are described here—some are well known; some you may have never heard of. They range from clean energy to educating girls in lower-income countries to land use practices that pull carbon out of the air. The solutions exist, are economically viable, and communities throughout the world are currently enacting them with skill and determination. If deployed collectively on a global scale over the next thirty years, they represent a credible path forward, not just to slow the earth’s warming but to reach drawdown, that point in time when greenhouse gases in the atmosphere peak and begin to decline. These measures promise cascading benefits to human health, security, prosperity, and well-being—giving us every reason to see this planetary crisis as an opportunity to create a just and livable world. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Junk Raft Marcus Eriksen, 2017-07-04 An exciting account of a scientist’s expedition across the Pacific on a home-made “junk raft” in order to learn more about plastic marine pollution A scientist, activist, and inveterate adventurer, Eriksen and his co-navigator, Joel Paschal, construct a “junk raft” made of plastic trash and set themselves adrift from Los Angeles to Hawaii, with no motor or support vessel, confronting perilous cyclones, food shortages, and a fast decaying raft. As Eriksen recounts his struggles to keep afloat, he immerses readers in the deep history of the plastic pollution crisis and the movement that has arisen to combat it. The proliferation of cheap plastic products during the twentieth century has left the world awash in trash. Meanwhile, the plastics industry, with its lobbying muscle, fights tooth and nail against any changes that would affect its lucrative status quo, instead defending poorly designed products and deflecting responsibility for the harm they cause. But, as Eriksen shows, the tide is turning in the battle to save the world’s oceans. He recounts the successful efforts that he and many other activists are waging to fight corporate influence and demand that plastics producers be held accountable. Junk Raft provides concrete, actionable solutions and an empowering message: it’s within our power to change the throw-away culture for the sake of our planet. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Global Plastics Outlook Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options OECD, 2022-02-22 While plastics are extremely useful materials for modern society, plastics production and waste generation continue to increase with worsening environmental impacts despite international, national and local policy responses, as well as industry commitments. The first of two reports, this Outlook intends to inform and support policy efforts to combat plastic leakage. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: The Pig Book Citizens Against Government Waste, 2013-09-17 The federal government wastes your tax dollars worse than a drunken sailor on shore leave. The 1984 Grace Commission uncovered that the Department of Defense spent $640 for a toilet seat and $436 for a hammer. Twenty years later things weren't much better. In 2004, Congress spent a record-breaking $22.9 billion dollars of your money on 10,656 of their pork-barrel projects. The war on terror has a lot to do with the record $413 billion in deficit spending, but it's also the result of pork over the last 18 years the likes of: - $50 million for an indoor rain forest in Iowa - $102 million to study screwworms which were long ago eradicated from American soil - $273,000 to combat goth culture in Missouri - $2.2 million to renovate the North Pole (Lucky for Santa!) - $50,000 for a tattoo removal program in California - $1 million for ornamental fish research Funny in some instances and jaw-droppingly stupid and wasteful in others, The Pig Book proves one thing about Capitol Hill: pork is king! |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Sea Change National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on Guidance for NSF on National Ocean Science Research Priorities: Decadal Survey of Ocean Sciences, 2015-05-19 Ocean science connects a global community of scientists in many disciplines - physics, chemistry, biology, geology and geophysics. New observational and computational technologies are transforming the ability of scientists to study the global ocean with a more integrated and dynamic approach. This enhanced understanding of the ocean is becoming ever more important in an economically and geopolitically connected world, and contributes vital information to policy and decision makers charged with addressing societal interests in the ocean. Science provides the knowledge necessary to realize the benefits and manage the risks of the ocean. Comprehensive understanding of the global ocean is fundamental to forecasting and managing risks from severe storms, adapting to the impacts of climate change, and managing ocean resources. In the United States, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is the primary funder of the basic research which underlies advances in our understanding of the ocean. Sea Change addresses the strategic investments necessary at NSF to ensure a robust ocean scientific enterprise over the next decade. This survey provides guidance from the ocean sciences community on research and facilities priorities for the coming decade and makes recommendations for funding priorities. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Why Evolution is True Jerry A. Coyne, 2010-01-14 For all the discussion in the media about creationism and 'Intelligent Design', virtually nothing has been said about the evidence in question - the evidence for evolution by natural selection. Yet, as this succinct and important book shows, that evidence is vast, varied, and magnificent, and drawn from many disparate fields of science. The very latest research is uncovering a stream of evidence revealing evolution in action - from the actual observation of a species splitting into two, to new fossil discoveries, to the deciphering of the evidence stored in our genome. Why Evolution is True weaves together the many threads of modern work in genetics, palaeontology, geology, molecular biology, anatomy, and development to demonstrate the 'indelible stamp' of the processes first proposed by Darwin. It is a crisp, lucid, and accessible statement that will leave no one with an open mind in any doubt about the truth of evolution. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris , 1990 |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, Miguel Angel Gardetti, 2020-03-31 This book is part of a five-volume set that explores sustainability in textile industry practices globally. Case studies are provided that cover the theoretical and practical implications of sustainable textile issues, including environmental footprints of textile manufacturing, consumer behavior, eco-design in clothing and apparels, supply chain sustainability, the chemistry of textile manufacturing, waste management and textile economics. The set will be of interest to researchers, engineers, industrialists, R&D managers and students working in textile chemistry, economics, materials science, and sustainable consumption and production. This volume explores some alternative synthetic raw materials resulting from the recycling and regeneration of renewable textile fibers, and how these sustainable green-based composites can contribute to improved ecological and human health. The book offers insights into the impacts of human-made fibers and microfiber pollution, and how biodegradable material sourcing can help to curb harmful environmental impacts from these practices and achieve clothing and apparel sustainability. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Ocean Studies Board, Committee on the Effectiveness of International and National Measures to Prevent and Reduce Marine Debris and Its Impacts, 2009-01-17 Marine debris from ships and other ocean-based sources-including trash and lost fishing gear-contributes to the spoiling of beaches, fouling of surface waters and the seafloor, and harm to marine animals, among other effects. Unfortunately, international conventions and domestic laws intended to control marine debris have not been successful, in part because the laws, as written, provide little incentive to change behavior. This book identifies ways to reduce waste, improve waste disposal at ports, and strengthen the regulatory framework toward a goal of zero waste discharge into the marine environment. Progress will depend on a commitment to sustained funding and appropriate institutional support. The Interagency Marine Debris Coordinating Committee should, through planning and prioritization, target research to understand the sources, fates, and impacts of marine debris. It should support the establishment of scalable and statistically rigorous protocols that allow monitoring at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. These protocols should contain evaluative metrics that allow assessment of progress in marine debris mitigation. The United States, through leadership in the international arena, should provide technical assistance and support for the establishment of additional monitoring and research programs worldwide. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Environmental Science in the Coastal Zone National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, 1994-02-01 This book assesses the dimensions of our scientific knowledge as it applies to environmental problems in the coastal zone. The volume contains 10 papers that cover different aspects of science, management, and public policy concerning the coastal zone. A consensus is presented on several key issues confronting science for developing a more holistic approach in managing this region's intense human activities and important natural resources. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: The Human Relationship with Nature Peter H. Kahn, 1999 Winner of Outstanding Book Award, 2000, Moral Development and Education, American Educational Research Association. Winner of the 2000 Book Award from the Moral Development & Education Group of the American Educational Research Association Urgent environmental problems call for vigorous research and theory on how humans develop a relationship with nature. In a series of original research projects, Peter Kahn answers this call. For the past eight years, Kahn has studied children, young adults, and parents in diverse geographical locations, ranging from an economically impoverished black community in Houston to a remote village in the Brazilian Amazon. In these studies Kahn seeks answers to the following questions: How do people value nature, and how do they reason morally about environmental degradation? Do children have a deep connection to the natural world that gets severed by modern society? Or do such connections emerge, if at all, later in life, with increased cognitive and moral maturity? How does culture affect environmental commitments and sensibilities? Are there universal features in the human relationship with nature? Kahn's empirical and theoretical findings draw on current work in psychology, biology, environmental behavior, education, policy, and moral development. This scholarly yet accessible book will be of value to practitioners in the social science and environmental fields, as well as to informed generalists interested in environmental issues and children. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2022-04-30 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Monitoring of Marine Pollution Houma Bachari Fouzia, 2019-06-05 Many of the pollutants discharged into the sea are directly or indirectly the result of human activities. Some of these substances are biodegradable, while others are not. This study is devoted to monitoring areas of the environment. Methods assessment is based on monitoring data and an evaluation of the impact of pollution.Surveillance provides a scientific basis for standards development and application. The methodology of marine pollution control is governed by algorithms and models. A monitoring strategy should be put in place, coupled with an environmental assessment concept, through targeted research activities in areas identified at local and regional levels. This concept will make it possible to diagnose the state of health of these zones and consequently to correct any anomalies. Monitoring of the marine and coastal environment is based on recent methods and validated after experiments in the field of marine pollution. |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments Eddy Y Zeng, 2023-11-10 This second edition of Microplastic Contamination in Aquatic Environments: An Emerging Matter of Environmental Urgency presents 14 chapters, through which a team of global, expert contributors cover a full range of microplastic research. The first chapter describes the general patterns for sources, occurrence, and transport of microplastics to lead off the book. The next batch of chapters covers sampling analytical methods for quantifying microplastics in the environment, followed by chapters addressing the association of chemicals with microplastics. A large cluster of chapters focus on the fate and transport of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, freshwater systems, marine environment, terrestrial settings, and riverine runoff that connects terrestrial and marine systems. The next few chapters examine biotransport and effects of microplastics in organisms. The last two chapters are dedicated to two emerging research areas: nanoplastics in the environment and management strategies for global plastic pollution. Outlooks for future research to better understand the situation and further improvements of microplastic research are also covered. In the 6 years since the previous edition published, this fast-moving area has evolved, and the contents of this revision reflect that. There are numerous brand-new chapters, chapters that have been revised, and chapters that have been completely refocused. This book provides an overview of microplastics research. It is a guide for researchers to better understand the occurrence of microplastics. Ideally, this book provides basic background knowledge of microplastics for oceanographers, ecologists, and climatologists. Provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for sampling, identification, and enumeration of microplastics Contains contributions from world experts with a diverse range of backgrounds, all brought together by a well-known, experienced editor Presents information on microplastics in a unified place, with easy access for the reader |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Geotechnical Engineering of Ocean Waste Disposal K. R. Demars, 1990 |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Ocean Waste Disposal, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Oceans and Atmosphere...92-1, on S. 307, 1082, 1238, and 1286, March 2, 3,; April 15, 21, 22, and 28, 1971 United States. Congress. Senate. Commerce, 1971 |
| contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Waste Trevor Letcher, Daniel A. Vallero, 2019-03-05 Waste: A Handbook for Management, Second Edition, provides information on a wide range of hot topics and developing areas, such as hydraulic fracturing, microplastics, waste management in developing countries, and waste-exposure-outcome pathways. Beginning with an overview of the current waste landscape, including green engineering, processing principles and regulations, the book then outlines waste streams and treatment methods for over 25 different types of waste and reviews best practices and management, challenges for developing countries, risk assessment, contaminant pathways and risk tradeoffs. With an overall focus on waste recovery, reuse, prevention and lifecycle analysis, the book draws on the experience of an international team of expert contributors to provide reliable guidance on how best to manage wastes for scientists, managers, engineers and policymakers in both the private and public sectors. - Covers the assessment and treatment of different waste streams in a single book - Provides a hands-on report on each type of waste problem as written by an expert in the field - Highlights new findings and evolving problems in waste management via discussion boxes |
August 23 2022, by Hannah Hickey - Phys.org
Citizen scientists recorded trash on Pacific Northwest beaches, from southern Oregon to Anacortes, Washington, to contribute to the growing study of marine trash. A study by the …
Plastic marine debris: Sources, distribution and impacts on …
plastic marine debris with respect to: (1) definition and types; (2) sources and distribution; (3) environmental impacts on coastal and ocean biodiversity; and (4) effective solutions to tackle...
Reckoning with the U.S. Role in Global Ocean Plastic Waste
Impacts on and Distribution by Marine Life Entanglement and ingestion of plastic waste repre - sent two especially well-studied impacts on marine and freshwater life. One review, by Kuhn …
September 2019 MARINE DEBRIS - U.S. Government …
Marine debris—waste ranging from small, everyday items, such as cigarettes and discarded plastic bottles, to larger objects, such as abandoned fishing gear and vessels found in the …
The Garbage Patch in the Oceans The Problem and …
“…overused and poorly managed landfill and transfer stations can increase marine debris. Trash that is improperly covered during transport or deposition into landfills can be carried by wind …
SOURCES AND COMPOSITION OF THE MARINE DEBRIS …
Marine debris is produced in Nigeria's coastal cities due to a variety of circumstances. Notably, poor waste management practices, both on land and at sea, are a major contributor to the …
Contribute To The Growing Study Of Marine Trash - origin …
contribute to the growing study of marine trash: Marine Anthropogenic Litter Melanie Bergmann, Lars Gutow, Michael Klages, 2015-06-01 This book describes how man-made litter, primarily …
Contribute To The Growing Study Of Marine Trash [PDF]
authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of …
Marine Debris: Sources, distribution and fate of plastic and …
CSIRO has developed an online national marine debris database where you can contribute data you collect about litter at your local beach. Together, we can contribute to the improved …
TRASH FREE SEAS Ev Ery Piece coastal cleanu P Ev Ery …
Ever-increasing ocean trash – plastic waste in particular – has produced nothing less than a global crisis for ocean waters, marine wildlife and habitat, human health and safety, and …
MARINE DEBRIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO …
Understanding the degree of plastic waste contamination in marine habitats, the routes through which microplastics enter the bloodstream of humans, and any potential health effects are …
Distribution and Solutions for Marine Debris: A Case Study …
Results show that plastic is the predominant constituent of marine debris. Sources of marine debris include land-based and ocean-based. Marine debris has great impacts on creatures …
The status and fate of oceanic garbage patches - Nature
Floating plastic is accumulating in the five subtropical oceanic gyres, but little is known about their composition, sources, and fate. Monitoring has provided insight into persistence and...
IMPACTS OF PLASTIC POLLUTION IN THE OCEANS ON …
60-95% of global marine plastic pollution.9 Land-based sources near coastlines and rivers further inland contribute the large majority of marine plastic pollution: a recent analysis estimated that …
Tackling Marine Debris in the 21st Century - The National …
Marine debris from ships and other ocean-based sources—including trash and lost fishing gear—contributes to the spoiling of beaches, fouling of surface waters and the seafloor, and …
Impacts of marIne DebrIs on bIoDIversIty - Convention on …
Marine habitats throughout the world are contaminated with man-made items of debris and solid waste. This report reviews the current state of knowledge of the effects of marine debris, and …
BUILDING A CLEAN SWELL - Ocean Conservancy
Volunteers remove millions of pounds of trash from beaches and waterways worldwide while fostering awareness of the marine debris issue and a sense of stewardship for one of our …
Marine Debris: A Lesson in Conserving the Ecosystem - USF
Marine debris is trash that gets into the marine environment as a result of careless handling or disposal. There are several sources of marine debris, both in the ocean and on land. Careful …
Plastic Pollution Effects on Pacific Marine Life
contribute to the statistical impacts of plastic waste in aquatic environments. Three hundred million tons of plastic are produced yearly, with 50% being single use only.
Review of the science on the impacts of bottom trawling on …
A prospective global study on rhodoliths, calcareous red algae that acts as marine biodiversity hotspot, identified future climate refugia and their trawling threat levels. It shows that the …
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: IMPACT ON SHIPS AND …
Also, possible outcomes of the growing pollution fall into the domain of this study. Keywords: Karachi, harbor ... metals, radioactive materials, overfishing, marine trash, and the extinction of …
Socio-economic profile Coastal and marine ecosystem and …
Marine litter status Philippines is worldwide the 3rd largest contributor of marine plastic pollution with 0.28 – 0.75 million tonnes/year of plastic entering to oceans. The Philippines generates an …
Review of the science on the impacts of bottom trawling on …
A prospective global study on rhodoliths, calcareous red algae that acts as marine biodiversity hotspot, identified future climate refugia and their trawling threat levels. It shows that the …
Marine Pollution: A Growing Threat to Our Oceans and …
Marine debris: Apart from plastics, other forms of debris, such as fishing gear, abandoned ships, and discarded fishing nets, contribute to marine pollution. These objects can entangle marine …
September 2019 MARINE DEBRIS - U.S. Government …
significant amount of marine debris stems from land-based sources, such as improperly managed plastic waste. 3 1 For the purposes of this report, we use the term marine debris, but such …
The Garbage Patch in the Oceans The Problem and Possible …
carried by wind into the marine environment or into other aquatic systems that transport the trash to the marine environment.” (Interagency Marine Debris Coordinating Committee). …
Collection Efficiency: Strategies for Success - US EPA
The growing trend, even in the hottest climates, is to eliminate the second municipal solid waste (MSW) col-lection day or replace the second collection day with a recyclables or yard …
PLASTIC POLLUTION - IUCN
the marine environment, plastic pollution originates primarily from land runoff, but includes paint shed from shipping, discarded fishing gear, and more. Due to solar radiation, wind, currents …
Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment: History and …
Sep 18, 2019 · duction, marine plastic debris was first identified as a potential wild scale impact to the marine environment worldwide.[17,18] Some of the earliest reports of plastic debris in the …
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and Marine Research 11 3. Introduction 13 4. The scale, extent and pathways of marine plastic pollution 27 5. Effects of plastic debris and hazardous substances on marine species 43 5.1 …
Climate Change and Water
The growing global demand for water increases the need for energy-intensive water pumping, transportation and treatment, and has contributed to the degradation of critical water …
U.S. EPA Escaped Trash Assessment Protocol (ETAP) - U.S.
Trash pollution is a growing problem in the U.S. and around the world. This document is intended to ... 2015). In 2020, several of the same authors of that 2015 study gathered to provide an …
Ocean Plastic Pollution Facts and Figures - Ocean Conservancy
omnivores (SOURCE: Marine Pollution Bulletin). • A recent study estimated children take in roughly 550 microplastics per day and adults take in 880 per day through breathing as well as …
Plastic Contamination of the Environment: Sources, Fate, …
trash ultimately makes its way to the sea16 All Rivers Flow to the Sea, and So Does Plastic Trash The Great Pacific Garbage Patch in the North Pacific occupies just one of the world’s five …
EPA 842-R-16-004 December 2016 ATLAS OF GULF STATES
1 During the 2015 International Coastal Cleanup (supported by the Ocean Conservancy), participants worldwide collected more than 18 million pounds of land-based trash in a single …
For more INFormatIoN CoNtaCt - Ocean Conservancy
marine debris altogether by reducing it at the source, chang-ing the behaviors that cause it, and supporting better policy. The comprehensive body of data compiled each year at the …
The New Plastics Economy - World Economic Forum
Feb 13, 2015 · The circular economy is gaining growing attention as a potential way for our society to increase prosperity, while reducing demands on finite raw materials and minimizing …
Developing an Automated Ocean Trash Collecting Robot
the ocean environment, identify pollution, and collect marine trash. The work conducted by Vargas et al. [4] presents the development of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with the ability …
HEALTH, THE GLOBAL OCEAN AND MARINE POLICY BRIEF …
contribute to our health. The best-documented and direct benefits ... Case study 1. Beneficial effects of marine and coastal settings on health and well-being (United Kingdom) ”I must go …
GUIDELINE TO MARINE LITTER MONITORING - Ocean Best …
With growing awareness of its detrimental effects, marine litter, especially plastics and microplastics, has increasingly been featured in the media and is increasingly part of the …
Marine Plastic Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Policy Issues
Jun 25, 2019 · Potential Effects of (Micro)plastics on Marine Ecosystems The impacts of plastics on marine ecosystems range from direct health effects in marine organisms, due to ingestion …
TRASH FREE SEAS Ev Ery Piece coastal cleanu P Ev Ery Person
approach to confronting marine debris, recognizing that cleanups alone could not solve the enormous problem of ocean trash. This resulted in the formation of the Trash Free Seas …
Filling the Gaps in the Global Governance of Marine Plastic
year at the global level. In addition, one study found that there is an annual loss of $500 billion to $2.5 trillion in the value of the benefits derived from marine ecosystem services. N. J. …
International Journal of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences
May 19, 2023 · impacting marine life [6]. Agricultural operations can also release pollutants into bodies of water, such as bacteria, heavy metals, and salts, and cause pollution and barren …
Ocean Science Experiments
57. Study how trash breaks down in water. 58. Create underwater pressure tests using bottles. 59. Test how different materials float in salt water. 60. Make ocean acidification tests using …
WRAPPED IN PLASTIC: THE STATE OF PLASTIC POLLUTION IN …
Unregulated production of plastic products: Plastic industries also contribute considerably to the growing mismanaged plastic waste in Bangladesh.There are about 5,000 plastic manufacturers …
GHOST GEAR: THE ABANDONED FISHING NETS HAUNTING …
Nov 8, 2019 · fishing gear, alongside the multiple and growing pressures facing marine life, Greenpeace calls on governments to: 1. Agree an ambitious Global Ocean Treaty by spring …
MARINE DEBRIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PLASTIC …
Global concern has grown over the growing number of marine debris, especially plastic garbage, in our oceans. Understanding the degree of plastic waste contamination in marine habitats, the …
Marine Litter Prevention - GIZ
4.2 Solid waste management in Annaba and marine litter prevention activities 58 4.3 Sources and pathways of marine plastic litter generation in Annaba60 4.4 Quantitative estimation of marine …
Bioconversion of marine trash of MTF - ResearchGate
Bioconversion of marine trash fish (MTF) to organic liquid fertilizer for effective solid waste management and its efficacy on Tomato growth L. Aranganathan and Radhika Rajasree S.R.
WASTE TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES - Greenpeace
Growing international jurisprudence, a reflection of international duty to regulate waste trade The definition of waste in Philippine laws is a potential loophole Human rights obligations also call …
NOVEMBER 2021 MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION - IUCN
MARINE PLASTIC POLLUTION • Over . 300 million tons of plastic . are produced every year for use in a wide variety of applications. • At least . 14 million tons of plastic end up in the ocean …
2017 Marine Debris Report - Amazon Web Services
such as tourism, agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and industry all contribute to marine debris (Thiel et al. 2013). Some marine debris will quickly sink and accumulate in areas they first enter …
Plastic marine debris: Sources, distribution and impacts on …
the production of trash and the potential for marine ... also contribute to marine debris (US EPA, 1992a; Sheavly, 2005). ... and presents a major and growing global pollution problem (Andrady ...
Distribution and Solutions for Marine Debris: A Case Study …
Distribution and Solutions for Marine Debris: A Case Study on the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch Zuyi Huang 1, Minyu Pan 2, Xitong Zhou 3,* 1Shenzhen Senior High School (Group) …
Microplastics in the marine environment: Current trends and …
presence of microplastics in the marine environment, which may serve as a potential guide for future investigations. 2. Materials and methods The study was conducted in November 2014 …
EPA 842-R-16-004 December 2016 ATLAS OF GULF STATES
1 During the 2015 International Coastal Cleanup (supported by the Ocean Conservancy), participants worldwide collected more than 18 million pounds of land-based trash in a single …
The generation and cost of litter resulting from the curbside ...
Marine litter abstract This study examined the generation of litter, defined as spillage and uncollected residue, from a curbside collection system for residential recycling. The primary …
Marine Microbes and Plastic Debris: Research Status and …
Marine Beaked whale (Mesoplodon hotaula) Plastic ingestion Abreo et al. 2016a Marine Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) Plastic ingestion Abreo et al. 2016b Marine Gastropod (Nassarius …
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habitat for marine flora and fauna, supporting human existence by supplying freshwater, hydration for plants, and regulating the earth's humidity[2]. The world's population is quickly growing, and …
Marine Pollution
Marine Pollution The ocean covers almost three quarters of our planet. Populations in coastal regions are growing and placing increasing pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems. …
The plastic waste problem in Malaysia: management, …
ingestion of marine organisms by humans may cause car - diovascular diseases, reproductive abnormalities and obe - sity [16]. In addition, discarded plastic bags, bottles and plastic straws …
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and Marine Research 11 3. Introduction 13 4. The scale, extent and pathways of marine plastic pollution 27 5. Effects of plastic debris and hazardous substances on marine species 43 5.1 …
Advancing Sustainable Materials Management - U.S.
Our MSW, or trash, is comprised of various items consumers throw away. These items include packaging, food, yard trimmings, furniture, electronics, tires and appliances. MSW does not …
Assessing and Monitoring Floatable Debris
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Environmental impact, site selection and carrying capacity …
production. Aquaculture in Asia contribute more than 80 percent of an estimated 17–20 million aquaculture farmers in Asia providing livelihoods, food security and export earning power but at …
IMPACTS OF PLASTIC POLLUTION IN THE OCEANS ON …
inland contribute the large majority of marine plastic pollution: a recent analysis estimated that Europe, for example, releases 307-925 million litter items into the ocean annually, of which …
A Trash Monitoring Protocol for Urban Streets - California …
Jan 10, 2020 · sources of trash in your neighborhood/the activities that contribute most to litter accumulation in your neighborhood, or examining the best ways to clean up or prevent litter. …
