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copleston history of philosophy: History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston, 2003-06-01 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, and explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy Frederick Copleston, 1999-01-01 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy: Bentham to Russell Frederick Charles Copleston, 1966 The utilitarianism of the nineteenth century, the idealist movement, the pragmatist movement, modern realism, Bertrand Russell and more recent trends in British philosophy. + |
copleston history of philosophy: A history of philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1953 The Fourteenth Century -- Rise of the Schools of the Renaissance. Culminates with the revival of Scholasticism. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Medieval Philosophy Frederick C. Copleston S.J., 1990-01-30 In this classic work, Frederick C. Copleston, S.J., outlines the development of philosophical reflection in Christian, Islamic, and Jewish thought from the ancient world to the late medieval period. A History of Medieval Philosophy is an invaluable general introduction that also includes longer treatments of such leading thinkers as Aquinas, Scotus, and Ockham. |
copleston history of philosophy: Late Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy Frederick Copleston, 2003-01-01 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1946 Progress of philoso-phical thinking among the Greeks, leading to a dual climax in the work of Plato and Aristotle, demanding a synthesis by the Neo-Platonists. |
copleston history of philosophy: Memoirs of a Philosopher Frederick Charles Copleston, 1993 Copelston's childhood, conversion to Catholicism and life in the Church for most of this century are recounted. An eventful life of a significant scholar. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy with Especial Reference to the Formation and Development of Its Problems and Conceptions Wilhelm Windelband, 1895 |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy Frederick Copleston, 1999-01-01 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy; 3 Frederick Charles Copleston, 2023-07-22 A classic work of philosophy, Frederick Copleston's A History of Philosophy remains a must-read for anyone interested in the subject. From the ancient Greeks to the modern era, Copleston provides a comprehensive overview of the major schools of thought and their contributions to the field. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
copleston history of philosophy: pt. 1 & 2. Greece and Rome Frederick Charles Copleston, |
copleston history of philosophy: History of Philosophy Volume 2 Frederick Copleston, 2003-06-12 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, and explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: Medieval Philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 2001-01-01 This classic introduction by a noted scholar compresses much of substance into comparatively little space, offering students and general readers an insightful, accessible survey of the major philosophical trends and thinkers of the Middle Ages. In 200 pages, the text basically covers the thought of ten centuries ... clearly no light task, says the Times Literary Supplement of London, adding that this is a careful and erudite book, full of patience and tolerance, catholic in every sense of the word. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy: Greece and Rome. v.2 Mediaeval philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1951 |
copleston history of philosophy: Logical Positivism and Existentialism Frederick Charles Copleston, 2003-01-01 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: Greece and Rome Frederick Charles Copleston, 1999 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: History of Medieval Philosophy Maurice Marie Charles De Wulf, 1926 Volume 2: From St. Thomas Aquinas to the end of the 12th Century. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy: Medieval philosophy, Augustine to Scotus Frederick Charles Copleston, 1946 |
copleston history of philosophy: Russian Philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 2003-01-01 Copleston, an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy, first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries. However, since its first publication (the last volume appearing in the mid-1970s) the series has become the classic account for all philosophy scholars and students. The 11-volume series gives an accessible account of each philosopher's work, but also explains their relationship to the work of other philosophers. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy... Frederick Charles Copleston, 1946 |
copleston history of philosophy: The History of Philosophy Alan Woods, Alan Woods outlines the development of philosophy from the ancient Greeks, all the way through to Marx and Engels who brought together the best of previous thinking to produce the Marxist philosophical outlook, which looks at the real material world, not as a static immovable reality, but one that is constantly changing and moving according to laws that can be discovered. It is this method which allows Marxists to look at how things were, how they have become and how they are most likely going to be in the future, in a long process which started with the early primitive humans in their struggles for survival, through to the emergence of class societies, all as part of a process towards greater and greater knowledge of the world we live in. This long historical process eventually created the material conditions which allow for an end to class divisions and the flowering of a new society where humans will achieve true freedom, where no human will exploit another, no human will oppress another. Here we see how philosophy becomes an indispensable tool in the struggle for the revolutionary transformation of society. |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy: Maine de Biran to Sartre Frederick Charles Copleston, 1946 Prominent French philosophical thinkers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. + |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy Anthony Carroll, Frederick Copleston, 2025-04-29 A history of philosophy from the origins of reason in Ancient Greece to the most influential philosophers working today, this long-awaited single volume companion to Frederick Copleston's historic 11-volume series is a must-have for any aspiring philosopher. Frederick Copleston's 11-volume A History of Philosophy has been the go-to reference for philosophers and students for decades. It is universally recognized as a classic and sits on the shelf of countless leading thinkers today. This companion to Copleston's landmark work contains clear and succinct analyses of the major events and texts in philosophy, exploring the foundational principles and ideals that drove the development of Western thought. It grapples with the sometimes complex views and teachings of the greatest minds in philosophy, explaining their work with clarity and elegance. An accessible journey through this epic and deeply human history, Carroll succinctly condenses Copleston's thought while expanding on contemporary and world philosophy. From the early teachings of Socrates to the medieval philosophies of Christian Europe, the Enlightenment and the radical arguments of the Existentialists, Carroll adeptly explores the common threads and themes that have united all rational enquiries into the fundamental nature of reality. |
copleston history of philosophy: British Philosophy Frederick Copleston, 2003-01-01 Also has chapters on the Cambridge Platonists, Robert Boyle, Sir Isaac Newton, and Deists, among others. |
copleston history of philosophy: Philosophy in Russia Frederick Copleston, 2010-01-07 Philosophy in Russia covers its subject broadly and in detail from the eighteenth century to Lenin and beyond into the post-Stalin period. It offers a continuous history of the development of philosophical thought in Russia, and portraits of individual and influential thinkers. The author devotes careful analysis to radicals such as Bakunin, Herzen, Chernyshevsky and Lavrov, and to the Marxists such as Plekhanov and Lenin. He also discusses the thought of writers such as Kireevsky, Leontiev and Solovyev, and examines the philosophically relevant ideas of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He also discusses Russian thinkers in exile, such as Berdyaev, Frank, N. O. Lossky and Shestov.For historical reasons philosophical thought in Russia has tended to become socially or politically committed thought. To what extent genuine philosophical thought has proved to be compatible with the monopoly enjoyed by Marxism-Leninism in the fields of education and publishing is a crucial question discussed in this authoritative study. |
copleston history of philosophy: Religion and The One Frederick Copleston, 2003-01-01 Theories of one ultimate reality exist in philosophies of both the East and the West, and in both traditions such theories are commonly connected with religion. In Religion and the One, Frederick Copleston explores the approach that different philosophies have taken to the question of divine reality, with a special focus on the metaphysics of the One.In the first part of the book, Copleston looks at the features of different traditions, discussing Taoist philosophy, the Vedanta schools of thought in India, the development of philosophy in the Islamic world, and a number of movements from the Western tradition. The second part questions why people form such theories, exploring factors such as the nature of the self and the cognitive value of mysticism.Writing with all his hallmark learning and lucidity, the author also discusses the consequences of the metaphysics of the One for ethical ideals and social activism. Approaching the issues in an open-minded and unprejudiced fashion, he does not pretend to have answers to all the questions he raises. However, unlike many theologians and philosophers, he is not prepared to dismiss metaphysics as being inherently irreligious. |
copleston history of philosophy: Dream of Reason: A History of Western Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance (New Edition) Anthony Gottlieb, 2016-08-30 His book...supplant[s] all others, even the immensely successful History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell.—A. C. Grayling Already a classic, this landmark study of early Western thought now appears in a new edition with expanded coverage of the Middle Ages. This landmark study of Western thought takes a fresh look at the writings of the great thinkers of classic philosophy and questions many pieces of conventional wisdom. The book invites comparison with Bertrand Russell's monumental History of Western Philosophy, but Gottlieb's book is less idiosyncratic and based on more recent scholarship (Colin McGinn, Los Angeles Times). A New York Times Notable Book, a Los Angeles Times Best Book, and a Times Literary Supplement Best Book of 2001. |
copleston history of philosophy: On the History of Philosophy and Other Essays Frederick Charles Copleston, 1979 Imprint covered by label which reads: Published in U.S.A. by Barnes & Noble Books, Totowa, N.J. Includes bibliographical references and index. |
copleston history of philosophy: History of Philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1960 A detailed study, designed for use in Catholic seminaries, of classical philosophy, stressing the theories of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and their followers |
copleston history of philosophy: History of Philosophy Volume 6 Frederick Copleston, 2023-06-13 |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy: Wolff to Kant Frederick Charles Copleston, 1960 |
copleston history of philosophy: Classical Philosophy Peter Adamson, 2014-06 Readership: Anyone interested in philosophy, the history of ideas, or the ancient Greek world |
copleston history of philosophy: A Thing of This World Lee Braver, 2007-07-13 Combining conceptual rigour and clarity of prose with historical erudition, this book shows how one of the standard issues of analytic philosophy, realism and anti-realism, has also been at the heart of continental philosophy. |
copleston history of philosophy: Philosophies and Cultures Frederick Charles Copleston, 1980 |
copleston history of philosophy: Classical Thought Terence Irwin, 1989 Spanning over a thousand years from Homer to Saint Augustine, Classical Thought encompasses a vast range of material in succinct style, while remaining clear and lucid even to those with no philosophical or Classical background The major philosophers and philosophical schools are examined---the Presocratics, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Stoicism, Epicureanism, Neoplatonism; but other important thinkers, such as Greek tragedians, historians, medical writers, and early Christian writers, are also discussed. The emphasis is naturally on questions of philosophical interest (although the literary and historical background to Classical philosophy is not ignored), and again the scope is broad---ethics, the theory of knowledge, philosophy of mind, philosophical theology. All this is presented in a fully integrated, highly readable text which covers may of the most important areas of ancient thought and in which stress is laid on the variety and continuity of philosophical thinking after Aristotle. |
copleston history of philosophy: The World Philosophy Made Scott Soames, 2021-11-16 How philosophy transformed human knowledge and the world we live in Philosophical investigation is the root of all human knowledge. Developing new concepts, reinterpreting old truths, and reconceptualizing fundamental questions, philosophy has progressed—and driven human progress—for more than two millennia. In short, we live in a world philosophy made. In this concise history of philosophy's world-shaping impact, Scott Soames demonstrates that the modern world—including its science, technology, and politics—simply would not be possible without the accomplishments of philosophy. Firmly rebutting the misconception of philosophy as ivory-tower thinking, Soames traces its essential contributions to fields as diverse as law and logic, psychology and economics, relativity and rational decision theory. Beginning with the giants of ancient Greek philosophy, The World Philosophy Made chronicles the achievements of the great thinkers, from the medieval and early modern eras to the present. It explores how philosophy has shaped our language, science, mathematics, religion, culture, morality, education, and politics, as well as our understanding of ourselves. Philosophy's idea of rational inquiry as the key to theoretical knowledge and practical wisdom has transformed the world in which we live. From the laws that govern society to the digital technology that permeates modern life, philosophy has opened up new possibilities and set us on more productive paths. The World Philosophy Made explains and illuminates as never before the inexhaustible richness of philosophy and its influence on our individual and collective lives. |
copleston history of philosophy: A history of philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1953 |
copleston history of philosophy: A History of Philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1976 |
copleston history of philosophy: Medieval Philosophy Frederick Charles Copleston, 1952 |
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - Dominican House of Studies
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes .. Contents: V. 1. Greece and Rome-v. 2. Augustine to …
Copleston History Of Philosophy Copy - archive.ncarb.org
History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston,2003-06-01 Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy created his history as an introduction for Catholic …
Frederick “Freddie” Copleston’s A History of Philosophy
It covers the history of western philosophy from the ancient Greeks up to the middle of the twentieth-century and also includes a fascinating volume on Russian philosophy.
A HISTORY PHILOSOPHY - Archive.org
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: V. 1. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-V. 4. From Descartes to Leibniz-v. 5. The …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - Antilogicalism
Copleston, Frederic Charlesk . A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographica referencel ans d indexes. Contents: v. 1 . Greece and Rome —[etc.] — v. 4. From Descarte tso Leibniz—v 5. . …
History Of Philosophy By Frederick Copleston - teach.kippla.org
presentation of the development of philosophy for Catholic seminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy has journeyed far beyond the modest …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - classicalliberalarts.com
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Greece and Rome—v. 2. Augustine to …
Frederick Copleston History Of Philosophy - ftp.maedco
The History of Philosophy History of Philosophy A History of Philosophy A. C. Grayling Robert C. Solomon Will Durant Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Juli n Mar¡as Frank Thilly Brian Glenney …
A HISTORY - gargicollege.in
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY From Augustine to Duns …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - Archive.org
Copleston, Frederic Charlesk . A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographica referencel ansd indexes. Contents: v. 1 . Greec ane d Rome—[etc. — ] v. 7. From the post-Kantia idealistn tso …
A History of Philosophy, Vol. 3 - cdn.bookey.app
Delve into the intricate and transformative era of post-Renaissance thought with Frederick Charles Copleston's "A History of Philosophy, Vol. 3," a captivating exploration of the philosophical …
A HISTORY PHILOSOPHY - Classical Liberal Arts
A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-v. 7. From the post-Kantian idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche-v. 8. …
A HISTORY - Dominican House of Studies
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. . VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME . From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus . VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY . From Augustine to …
Frederick Copleston A History Of Philosophy Copy
Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries However since its first publication the last …
A HISTORY PHILOSOPHY - Dominican House of Studies
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. . VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME . From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus . VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY . From Augustine to …
Copleston History of Philosophy Vol 1 Greece and Rome Outline
Copleston History of Philosophy Vol 1 Greece and Rome Outline Chapter I - Introduction 1) Why Study the History of Philosophy? i) Knowledge of history is necessary for ‘education’ – …
History Of Philosophy By Frederick Copleston
History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston,2003-06-01 Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy created his history as an introduction for Catholic …
Copleston A History Of Philosophy (Download Only)
Copleston A History Of Philosophy: History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston,2003-06-01 Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy created his history as …
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. A HISTORY
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Greece and Rome-[etc]-v. 4. From Descartes to Leibniz-v. 5. The …
A HISTORY - Dominican House of Studies
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v.I. Greece and Rome-v. 2. Augustine to …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - Dominican House of Studies
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes .. Contents: V. 1. Greece and Rome-v. 2. Augustine to …
Copleston History Of Philosophy Copy - archive.ncarb.org
History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston,2003-06-01 Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy created his history as an introduction for Catholic …
Frederick “Freddie” Copleston’s A History of Philosophy
It covers the history of western philosophy from the ancient Greeks up to the middle of the twentieth-century and also includes a fascinating volume on Russian philosophy.
A HISTORY PHILOSOPHY - Archive.org
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: V. 1. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-V. 4. From Descartes to Leibniz-v. 5. The …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - Antilogicalism
Copleston, Frederic Charlesk . A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographica referencel ans d indexes. Contents: v. 1 . Greece and Rome —[etc.] — v. 4. From Descarte tso Leibniz—v 5. . …
History Of Philosophy By Frederick Copleston
presentation of the development of philosophy for Catholic seminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy has journeyed far beyond the modest …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - classicalliberalarts.com
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Greece and Rome—v. 2. Augustine to …
Frederick Copleston History Of Philosophy - ftp.maedco
The History of Philosophy History of Philosophy A History of Philosophy A. C. Grayling Robert C. Solomon Will Durant Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Juli n Mar¡as Frank Thilly Brian Glenney …
A HISTORY - gargicollege.in
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY From Augustine to Duns …
A HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY - Archive.org
Copleston, Frederic Charlesk . A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographica referencel ansd indexes. Contents: v. 1 . Greec ane d Rome—[etc. — ] v. 7. From the post-Kantia idealistn tso …
A History of Philosophy, Vol. 3 - cdn.bookey.app
Delve into the intricate and transformative era of post-Renaissance thought with Frederick Charles Copleston's "A History of Philosophy, Vol. 3," a captivating exploration of the philosophical …
A HISTORY PHILOSOPHY - Classical Liberal Arts
A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Greece and Rome-[etc.]-v. 7. From the post-Kantian idealists to Marx, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche-v. …
A HISTORY - Dominican House of Studies
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. . VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME . From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus . VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY . From Augustine to …
Frederick Copleston A History Of Philosophy Copy
Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy first created his history as an introduction for Catholic ecclesiastical seminaries However since its first publication the last …
A HISTORY PHILOSOPHY - Dominican House of Studies
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. . VOLUME I: GREECE AND ROME . From the Pre-Socratics to Plotinus . VOLUME II: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY . From Augustine to …
Copleston History of Philosophy Vol 1 Greece and Rome …
Copleston History of Philosophy Vol 1 Greece and Rome Outline Chapter I - Introduction 1) Why Study the History of Philosophy? i) Knowledge of history is necessary for ‘education’ – …
History Of Philosophy By Frederick Copleston
History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston,2003-06-01 Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy created his history as an introduction for Catholic …
Copleston A History Of Philosophy (Download Only)
Copleston A History Of Philosophy: History of Philosophy Volume 1 Frederick Copleston,2003-06-01 Copleston an Oxford Jesuit and specialist in the history of philosophy created his history as …
A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston, S.J. A …
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. 1. Greece and Rome-[etc]-v. 4. From Descartes to Leibniz-v. 5. The …
A HISTORY - Dominican House of Studies
Copleston, Frederick Charles. A history of philosophy / Frederick Copleston. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v.I. Greece and Rome-v. 2. Augustine to …