Advertisement
| cost estimation civil engineering: Project Management for Construction Chris Hendrickson, Tung Au, 1989 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating for Building & Civil Engineering Work John Williams, Spence gedes, 2013-02-01 It deals in a practical and reasonable way with many of the estimating problems which can arise where building and civil engineering works are carried out and to include comprehensive estimating data within the guidelines of good practice. The early part of the book has been completely rewritten to contain chapters useful to students and practitioners alike for the development of the estimating process resulting in the presentation of a tender for construction works. The second and major part of the book contains estimating data fully updated for the major elements in building and civil engineering work, including a new chapter on piling, and a wealth of constants for practical use in estimating. The estimating examples are based on the current edition of the Standard Method of Measurement for Building Works (SMM7). The comprehensive information on basic principles of estimating found in 'Spence Geddes' are still as valid today as the first edition. In this edition the prevailing rates of labour and costs of materials are taken whenever possible as a round figure. Readers will appreciate in the construction industry that prices are continually changing, rise and fall, and that worked examples should therefore be used as a guide to method of calculation substituting in any specific case the current rates applicable to it. In the case of plant output dramatic increases have been experienced in productivity over recent years and again estimators with their own records should substitute values appropriate to their work. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating and Costing in Civil Engineering B.N. Dutta, 2021-02-28 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Conceptual Cost Estimating Manual John S. Page, 1996-06-14 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Construction Cost Analysis and Estimating Phillip F. Ostwald, 2001 This work provides principles & techniques for the evaluation of construction design, emphasizing the importance of strong analysis skills & exploring estimation. It aims to provide readers with a balanced & cohesive overview of these two areas. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating Construction Costs Robert Leroy Peurifoy, Garold D. Oberlender, 2001-12-01 Robert Peurifoy was a giant in the field of construction engineering and authored several books during his lifetime. This book last published in 1989 and will capitalize on the well-known name of the author. In this edition, computer calculations of costs and of modeling have been added as well as updated statistics, computer related examples and new problems. Civil, Environmental, and Construction Management Engineering Majors and Professionals will benefit from having this title on their shelf.This edition retains the conceptual strengths of the Peurifoy approach and organization from the previous edition but the new problems and computer-based examples and new up-to-date construction data make it the only choice in academia or industry. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Construction Cost Estimating Len Holm, John E. Schaufelberger, 2021-04-07 Construction Cost Estimating equips a new generation of students and early-career professionals with the skills they need to bid successfully on projects. From developing bid strategies to submitting a completed bid, this innovative textbook introduces the fundamentals of construction estimating through a real-life case study that unfolds across its 24 chapters. Exercises at the end of each chapter offer hands-on practice with core concepts such as quantity take-offs, pricing, and estimating for subcontractor work. Online resources provide instant access to examples of authentic construction documents, including complete, detailed direct work estimates, subcontractor work estimates, general conditions estimates, markups, and summary schedules. Through its unique mix of real-world examples and classroom-tested insights, Construction Cost Estimating ensures that readers are familiar with the entire estimating process even before setting foot on the jobsite. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating Building Costs Calin M. Popescu, Kan Phaobunjong, Nuntapong Ovararin, 2003-04-22 Companies live or die on the basis of estimating their costs. Preparing estimates and bidding for new jobs is a complex and often costly process. There is no substitute for on the job training -- until now. Drawing on the authors' combined experience of more than 70 years, Estimating Building Costs presents state-of-the-art principles, practices, a |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Cost Estimator's Reference Manual Rodney D. Stewart, Richard M. Wyskida, James D. Johannes, 1995-04-03 In today's hypercompetitive global marketplace, accurate costestimating is crucial to bottom-line results. Nowhere is this moreevident than in the design and development of new products andservices. Among managing engineers responsible for developingrealistic cost estimates for new product designs, the number-onesource of information and guidance has been the Cost Estimator'sReference Manual. Comprehensive, authoritative, and practical, the Manual instructsreaders in the full range of cost estimating techniques andprocedures currently used in the fields of development, testing,manufacturing, production, construction, software, generalservices, government contracting, engineering services, scientificprojects, and proposal preparation. The authors clearly explain howto go about gathering the data essential to preparing a realisticestimate of costs and guide the reader step by step through eachprocedure. This new Second Edition incorporates a decade of progress in themethods, procedures, and strategies of cost estimating. All thematerial has been updated and five new chapters have been added toreflect the most recent information on such increasingly importanttopics as activity-based costing, software estimating,design-to-cost techniques, and cost implications of new concurrentengineering and systems engineering approaches to projects. Indispensable to virtually anyone whose work requires accurate costestimates, the Cost Estimator's Reference Manual will be especiallyvaluable to engineers, estimators, accountants, and contractors ofproducts, projects, processes, and services to both government andindustry. The essential ready-reference for the techniques, methods, andprocedures of cost estimating COST ESTIMATOR'S REFERENCE MANUAL Second Edition Indispensable for anyone who depends on accurate cost estimates forengineering projects, the Cost Estimator's Reference Manual guidesthe user through both the basic and more sophisticated aspects ofthe estimating process. Authoritative and comprehensive, the Manualseamlessly integrates the many functions--accounting, financial,statistical, and management--of modern cost estimating practice.Its broad coverage includes estimating procedures applied to suchareas as: * Production * Software * Development * General services * Testing * Government contracting * Manufacturing * Engineering * Proposal preparation * Scientific projects * Construction This updated and expanded Second Edition incorporates all the mostimportant recent developments in cost estimating, such asactivity-based costing, software estimating, design-to-costtechniques, computer-aided estimating tools, concurrentengineering, and life cycle costing. For engineers, estimators, accountants, planners, and others whoare involved in the cost aspects of projects, the Cost Estimator'sReference Manual is an invaluable information source that will payfor itself many times over. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Project Cost Estimating Nigel J. Smith, 1995-03-31 The aim of this book is to offer advice and information on preparing and using estimates in the civil engineering industry. It deals with estimating at different stages of construction projects, and with the practice of estimating. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction Stuart H. Bartholomew, 2000 Disk contains: CSUC, CHICO Cost-estimating program, LOAD-AND-HAUL programs for off-highway end-dump trucks and push-loaded scrapers, and an indirect cost computer spreadsheet template. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Fundamentals of Construction Estimating David Pratt, 2011 An international edition of this product is available for sale overseas and in international markets. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating for Building and Civil Engineering Works Spence Geddes, Gordon Chrystal-Smith, 1971 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: The Engineer's Cost Handbook Richard E. Westney, 1997-02-26 Offers coverage of each important step in engineering cost control process, from project justification to life-cycle costs. The book describes cost control systems and shows how to apply the principles of value engineering. It explains estimating methodology and the estimation of engineering, engineering equipment, and construction and labour costs; delineates productivity and cash-flow analysis; and more. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: How to Estimate with RSMeans Data Saleh A. Mubarak, RSMeans, 2012-04-04 Using North America's most recognized construction cost data from RSMeans, this step-by-step guide develops problem-solving skills through over 300 sample problems and exercises. All of the major construction items, including site work, concrete and masonry, wood and metal framing, doors and windows, and more are covered. Access to a password-protected web site is included, which contains the instruction version of RSMeans Cos/Works, the electronic version of RS Means Building Construction Cost Data, and sample building plans and spreadsheets, enabling you to practice creating a complete construction estimate. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: How to Estimate with RSMeans Data RSMeans, Saleh A. Mubarak, 2020-03-31 A practical, hands-on guide to real-world construction estimating How to Estimate with RSMeans Data is the only instructional book on construction cost estimating that uses the most popular source of construction cost data, RS Means. This updated fifth edition includes new coverage on the role of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the estimating process, and over 300 sample problems and exercises that show you how to apply cost data to your building project based on the RS Means 2015 Building Construction Cost Data. The companion website provides access to RS Means CostWorks data, allowing you to use real-world numbers in your practice estimates, and the included Instructor's Manual provides step-by-step solutions to problems in the book. Focused on the practical aspects of estimating, this book emphasizes the application of estimating techniques—which are transferable to any estimating software—through problem solving and the ground-up creation of complete construction project estimates. Estimating skills are fundamental to the construction industry, and are applied by all parties at all levels throughout the industry. This book is a hands-on guide to the techniques and tools used to create a thorough estimate, with plenty of opportunities for practice. Apply cost data to all aspects of the building project Practice your skills on over 300 sample problems Construct a complete estimate using RSMeans Besides being an essential construction skill, learning estimating helps you become familiar with reading and understanding construction blueprints and how construction assemblies are built. Mastery of these vital skills is important to your future career, and How to Estimate with RSMeans Data is your ideal guide to a solid foundation. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: A Textbook of Estimating and Costing (Civil) R.C.Kohli, 2012-07 The book is written in simples language and self explanatory, reflects the image of the author's long experience in field and teaching as well. The new edition of the book is a compoite unit, complete in itself. The presentation of the matter is simple and excellent. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating in Heavy Construction Dieter Jacob, Clemens Müller, 2016-11-14 This book presents the theoretical background as well as best practice examples of estimating in heavy construction. The examples stem from practitioners in international large-scale construction projects. As distinct from other publications on estimating, this book presents specific numbers and costs are calculated precisely. In this way the book helps to avoid errors in the estimating of construction projects like roads, bridges, tunnels, and foundations. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Cost Estimation Gregory K. Mislick, Daniel A. Nussbaum, 2015-05-04 Presents an accessible approach to the cost estimation tools, concepts, and techniques needed to support analytical and cost decisions Written with an easy-to-understand approach, Cost Estimation: Methods and Tools provides comprehensive coverage of the quantitative techniques needed by professional cost estimators and for those wanting to learn about this vibrant career field. Featuring the underlying mathematical and analytical principles of cost estimation, the book focuses on the tools and methods used to predict the research and development, production, and operating and support costs for successful cost estimation in industrial, business, and manufacturing processes. The book begins with a detailed historical perspective and key terms of the cost estimating field in order to develop the necessary background prior to implementing the presented quantitative methods. The book proceeds to fundamental cost estimation methods utilized in the field of cost estimation, including working with inflation indices, regression analysis, learning curves, analogies, cost factors, and wrap rates. With a step-by-step introduction to the practicality of cost estimation and the available resources for obtaining relevant data, Cost Estimation: Methods and Tools also features: Various cost estimating tools, concepts, and techniques needed to support business decisions Multiple questions at the end of each chapter to help readers obtain a deeper understanding of the discussed methods and techniques An overview of the software used in cost estimation, as well as an introduction to the application of risk and uncertainty analysis A Foreword from Dr. Douglas A. Brook, a professor in the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School, who spent many years working in the Department of Defense acquisition environment Cost Estimation: Methods and Tools is an excellent reference for academics and practitioners in decision science, operations research, operations management, business, and systems and industrial engineering, as well as a useful guide in support of professional cost estimation training and certification courses for practitioners. The book is also appropriate for graduate-level courses in operations research, operations management, engineering economics, and manufacturing and/or production processes. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Life Cycle Costing for Engineers B.S. Dhillon, 2009-10-26 Cradle-to-grave analyses are becoming the norm, as an increasing amount of corporations and government agencies are basing their procurement decisions not only on initial costs but also on life cycle costs. And while life cycle costing has been covered in journals and conference proceedings, few, if any, books have gathered this information into an |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Guidance for Cost Estimation and Management for Highway Projects During Planning, Programming, and Preconstruction Stuart D. Anderson, Keith Robert Molenaar, Cliff J. Schexnayder, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 2007 'TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 574: Guidance for Cost Estimation and Management for Highway Projects During Planning, Programming, and Preconstruction explores approaches to cost estimation and management designed to overcome the root causes of cost escalation and to support the development of consistent and accurate project estimates through all phases of the development process, from long-range planning, through priority programming, and through project design. NCHRP Web-Only Document 98 details the steps followed by the research team in the development of NCHRP Report 574--Publisher's description. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Cost Estimating Manual for Pipelines and Marine Structures John S. Page, 1977-01-01 From the Book - Preface:This manual has been compiled to provide time frames, labor crews and equipment spreads to assist the estimator in capsulizing an estimate for the installation of cross-country pipelines, marshland pipelines, nearshore and surf zone pipelines, submerged pipelines, wharfs, jetties, dock facilities, single-point morring terminals, offshore drilling and production platforms and equipment and appurtenances installed thereon. The time frames and labor and equipment spreads which appear throughout this manual are the result of many time and method studies conducted under varied conditions and at locations throughout the world; these time frames and labor and equipment spreads reflect a complete, unbiased view of all operations involved. When one is engaged in compiling an estimate from any information furnished by others, as is the case with this manual, he should view it in an objective light, giving due consideration to the nature of the project at hand and evaluating all items that may affect the productivity of labor and all other elements involved. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Civil Estimating and Costing A. K. Upadhyay, 2010 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Cost Estimating Rodney D. Stewart, 1991 This revision of the author's bestselling earlier work on cost estimating has been updated to provide currently applicable examples, data and techniques. Two new chapters have been added covering: computer tools and models for cost estimating, where to get these tools, and the features to look for; software cost estimating with special emphasis on the effect of CASE tools on software productivities and resulting software costs. A complete set of inflation tables is now included to permit conversion from any year dollars to any other year dollars from 1959 through 1997. Retains its comprehensive coverage of the elements needed to embark on a cost estimating task. Strengthened are the invaluable parts of the book which tell the estimator how to produce a competitive and credible cost estimate. Manufacturing standards for hardware and electronics are retained as are handy tables for determining the costs of engineering, design, documentation, drafting and testing. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Means Building Construction Cost Data, 1996 R S Means Company, 1995-11 The acknowledged bible of the industry, Means Building Construction Cost Data offers unchallenged unit price reliability in an easy-to-use arrangement. Over 20,000 unit prices for 1996 are given. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Cost Analysis and Estimating for Engineering and Management Phillip F. Ostwald, Timothy S. McLaren, 2004 The authors present the latest principles and techniques for the evaluation of engineering design. The text is suitable for undergraduate or graduate courses in cost estimating in engineering, management and technology settings. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Cost Estimating for Engineering and Management Phillip F. Ostwald, 1974 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: RSMeans Cost Data RSMeans, 2012-02-21 RSMeans Cost Data RSMeans Cost Data for Students RSMeans Cost Data, Student Edition provides a thorough introduction to cost estimating in a self-contained print and online package. With clear explanations and a hands-on, example-driven approach, it is the ideal reference for students and new professionals who need to learn how to perform cost estimating for building construction. Features include: Commercial and residential construction cost data in print and online formats Complete how-to guidance on the essentials of cost estimating A supplemental website with plans, specifications, problem sets, and a full sample estimate With more than 930 Location Factors in the United States and Canada, the data includes up-to-date system prices for more than 100 standard assemblies and in-place costs for thousands of alternates—making it easy to customize budget estimates and compare system costs. UNIT PRICES (organized in MasterFormatTM 2010) 1 General Requirements 2 Existing Conditions 3 Concrete 4 Masonry 5 Metals 6 Woods, Plastics & Composites 7 Thermal & Moisture Protection 8 Openings 9 Finishes 10 Specialties 11 Equipment 12 Furnishings 13 Special Construction 14 Conveying Equipment 21 Fire Suppression 22 Plumbing 23 Heating, Ventilating & Air Conditioning 26 Electrical 27 Communications 28 Electronic Safety & Security 31 Earthwork 32 Exterior Improvements 33 Utilities ASSEMBLIES A Substructure B Shell C Interiors D Services E Equipment & Furnishings F Special Construction G Building Site Work REFERENCE INFORMATION Equipment Rental Costs Crews Cost Indexes Reference Tables Square Foot Costs RSMeans is the leading source of cost data for construction in North America. Visit rsmeans.com to learn more. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Introduction to Estimating for Construction Brian Greenhalgh, 2013-01-17 Students and professionals encountering estimating for the first time need an approachable introduction to its principles and techniques, which is up to date with current practice. Introduction to Estimating for Construction explains both the traditional techniques, and best practice in early contractor involvement situations, within the framework of modern construction procurement. As well as introducing different estimating techniques, it includes: The nature of costs in construction from a cost of resources approach Modern tendering procedures and the stages of development of construction projects How to convert an estimate into a formal tender and then into a contract Simple numerical examples of estimates Estimating and cost analysis during the construction project Summaries and discussion questions in every chapter This is an easy to read introduction to building estimating for undergraduate students, or anyone working in a quantity surveying or construction commercial management role who needs a quick reference. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: The Black Book of Communism Stéphane Courtois, 1999 This international bestseller plumbs recently opened archives in the former Soviet bloc to reveal the accomplishments of communism around the world. The book is the first attempt to catalogue and analyse the crimes of communism over 70 years. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating Construction Costs Robert Leroy Peurifoy, Garold D. Oberlender, 1989 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating in Building Construction Frank R. Dagostino, Leslie Feigenbaum, Clint Kissoon, 2008 Everything needed for a course in Estimating is provided in this proven text, which combines coverage of principles with step-by-step procedures. Ideal for construction, architecture, and engineering students, it reflects the popular approach of tracing a complete project's progress. The use of computers as a key estimating tool is incorporated throughout. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: RSMeans Estimating Handbook Barbara Balboni, John Chiang, R.S. Means Company, 2009 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Transportation Investment and Pricing Principles Martin Wohl, Chris Hendrickson, 1984 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Construction Estimating Karl F. Schmid, 2011-09-30 This pocket-sized book is a concise guide to the basics of estimating construction costs for residential and light commercial building projects. It provides a step-by-step guide to estimating the total cost of a construction project. It takes readers through five phases that lead to a successful estimate: initial assessment, work analysis, programming, costing and cost distribution and summarization. The book's primary targets are small contractors; however, the principles set forth in the book are applicable to all contractors. The book could also serve as a textbook for estimating classes in construction management programs at universities and community colleges. The last section of the book provides useful but not readily available information for estimators on diverse topics, e.g., detailed information about Value Engineering, scheduling, subcontractor selection, bid summarization, and so on. An extensive glossary of construction terms is also included. Readers in all construction capacities will find: * A new, fresh look at the often baffling and deceptive job of estimating construction costs for residential and light commercial construction * How to assess plans, review bonds, and evaluate the site and the project schedule before beginning a cost take-off * How to integrate a cost estimate into a general accounting program for cost management and eventual billing * Incredibly helpful appendix with common construction standards and measurements--from standards for concrete forms, to nail sizes to commercial lumber sizes, and much more! |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating Software Costs Capers Jones, 2007-05-10 Deliver bug-free software projects on schedule and within budget Get a clear, complete understanding of how to estimate software costs, schedules, and quality using the real-world information contained in this comprehensive volume. Find out how to choose the correct hardware and software tools, develop an appraisal strategy, deploy tests and prototypes, and produce accurate software cost estimates. Plus, you'll get full coverage of cutting-edge estimating approaches using Java, object-oriented methods, and reusable components. Plan for and execute project-, phase-, and activity-level cost estimations Estimate regression, component, integration, and stress tests Compensate for inaccuracies in data collection, calculation, and analysis Assess software deliverables and data complexity Test design principles and operational characteristics using software prototyping Handle configuration change, research, quality control, and documentation costs Capers Jones' work offers a unique contribution to the understanding of the economics of software production. It provides deep insights into why our advances in computing are not matched with corresponding improvements in the software that drives it. This book is absolutely required reading for an understanding of the limitations of our technological advances. --Paul A. Strassmann, former CIO of Xerox, the Department of Defense, and NASA |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating Construction Costs Robert Leroy Peurifoy, 1958 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: The Universal Generating Function in Reliability Analysis and Optimization Gregory Levitin, 2006-02-04 Many real systems are composed of multi-state components with different performance levels and several failure modes. These affect the whole system's performance. Most books on reliability theory cover binary models that allow a system only to function perfectly or fail completely. The Universal Generating Function in Reliability Analysis and Optimization is the first book that gives a comprehensive description of the universal generating function technique and its applications in binary and multi-state system reliability analysis. Features: - an introduction to basic tools of multi-state system reliability and optimization; - applications of the universal generating function in widely used multi-state systems; - examples of the adaptation of the universal generating function to different systems in mechanical, industrial and software engineering. This monograph will be of value to anyone interested in system reliability, performance analysis and optimization in industrial, electrical and nuclear engineering. |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Estimating for Building and Civil Engineering Works Spence Geddes, 1976 It deals in a practical and reasonable way with many of the estimating problems which can arise where building and civil engineering works are carried out and to include comprehensive estimating data within the guidelines of good practice. The early part of the book has been completely rewritten to contain chapters useful to students and practitioners alike for the development of the estimating process resulting in the presentation of a tender for construction works. The second and major part of the book contains estimating data fully updated for the major elements in building and civil engineering work, including a new chapter on piling, and a wealth of constants for practical use in estimating. The estimating examples are based on the current edition of the Standard Method of Measurement for Building Works (SMM7). The comprehensive information on basic principles of estimating found in 'Spence Geddes' are still as valid today as the first edition. In this edition the prevailing rates of labour and costs of materials are taken whenever possible as a round figure. Readers will appreciate in the construction industry that prices are continually changing, rise and fall, and that worked examples should therefore be used as a guide to method of calculation substituting in any specific case the current rates applicable to it. In the case of plant output dramatic increases have been experienced in productivity over recent years and again estimators with their own records should substitute values appropriate to their work. Comprehensive treatise on estimating Unique wealth of estimating data Fully updated based on SMM7 |
| cost estimation civil engineering: Structural Engineer's Pocket Book, 2nd Edition Fiona Cobb, 2009 Now in its second edition, the Structural Engineer's Pocket Book is a comprehensive pocket reference guide for professional and student structural engineers, particularly those taking the iStructE Part 3 Exam. The combination of tables, data, facts, formulae and rules of thumb make it a valuable aid in scheme design for structural engineers in the office, in transit or on site. Concise and precise, this second edition is updated to reflect changes to the British Standards, which are used and referenced throughout, as well as the addition of a new section on sustainability. Other subject areas include timber, masonry, steel, concrete, aluminium and glass. --Book Jacket. |
Costco Wholesale Corporation (COST) - Yahoo F…
Find the latest Costco Wholesale Corporation (COST) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your …
COST Stock Price | Costco Wholesale Corp. Stock Quote …
3 days ago · COST | Complete Costco Wholesale Corp. stock news by MarketWatch. View real-time stock prices and stock quotes for a full …
COST Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of COST is the amount or equivalent paid or charged for something : price. How to use cost in a sentence.
COST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
COST definition: 1. the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make something: 2. the amount of money …
Cost - definition of cost by The Free Dictionary
cost - value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something; "the cost in human life was enormous"; "the price of success is …
Costco Wholesale Corporation (COST) - Yahoo F…
Find the latest Costco Wholesale Corporation (COST) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your …
COST Stock Price | Costco Wholesale Corp. Stock Quote …
3 days ago · COST | Complete Costco Wholesale Corp. stock news by MarketWatch. View real-time stock prices and stock quotes for a full …
COST Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of COST is the amount or equivalent paid or charged for something : price. How to use cost in a sentence.
COST | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
COST definition: 1. the amount of money needed to buy, do, or make something: 2. the amount of money …
Cost - definition of cost by The Free Dictionary
cost - value measured by what must be given or done or undergone to obtain something; "the cost in human life was enormous"; "the price of success is …
