| cost of targeted therapy: Cancer and Society Eric H. Bernicker, 2019-03-04 While a number of books have looked at the intersection between human health in general and other topics, such as climate change or diet, this book focuses specifically on cancer as it impacts and is impacted by social justice issues. The massive explosion of research knowledge of cancer immunology and genomics is holding out great promise of therapeutic advances, yet other human actions—climate change, pollution, business decisions, advertising – are fostering health inequalities as well as increasing risks. Those involved in cancer care and research are in a unique position to let their experiences and knowledge inform the public, yet very often have not taken strong public roles when it comes to discussing issues surrounding tobacco, climate change and health risks, financial toxicity of treatments, and diet choices. Written by a multidisciplinary team of authors and for medical oncologists, cancer researchers, occupational health workers, and related medical students, residents, and fellows, this book encourages oncologists to address public health care and the societal issues associated with cancer risk. This volume discusses the overarching theme of environmental justice and oncology, focuses on business and cancer (such as clinical trials, drug development and profits, and global disparities), as well as animals and cancer. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, National Cancer Policy Forum, 2013-06-20 Rising health care costs are a central fiscal challenge confronting the United States. National spending on health care currently accounts for 18 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but is anticipated to increase to 25 percent of GDP by 2037. The Bipartisan Policy Center argues that this rapid growth in health expenditures creates an unsustainable burden on America's economy, with far-reaching consequences. These consequences include crowding out many national priorities, including investments in education, infrastructure, and research; stagnation of employee wages; and decreased international competitiveness.In spite of health care costs that far exceed those of other countries, health outcomes in the United States are not considerably better. With the goal of ensuring that patients have access to high-quality, affordable cancer care, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) National Cancer Policy Forum convened a public workshop, Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century, October 8-9, 2012, in Washington, DC. Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century summarizes the workshop. |
| cost of targeted therapy: American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary & Alternative Cancer Therapies , 2009 A comprehensive guide to more than two hundred alternative cancer treatments, including diet, vitamin, and touch therapies, that discusses how each is used, its history, medical evidence for its efficacy, and any possible problems associated with the treatment. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer Gw Sledge, George W. Sledge (Jr.), 2012-06 This new volume updates the reader on selected areas of targeted therapy in breast cancer, with special emphasis on chemoprevention strategies, drug resistance, biomarkers, combination chemotherapy, angiogenesis inhibition and pharmacogenomics in the context of clinical efficacy. This selected review of targeted therapies will guide the reader on effective treatment as part of an integrated programme of patient management. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Targeted Radionuclide Therapy Tod W. Speer, 2012-03-28 Radioimmunotherapy, also known as systemic targeted radiation therapy, uses antibodies, antibody fragments, or compounds as carriers to guide radiation to the targets. It is a topic rapidly increasing in importance and success in treatment of cancer patients. This book represents a comprehensive amalgamation of the radiation physics, chemistry, radiobiology, tumor models, and clinical data for targeted radionuclide therapy. It outlines the current challenges and provides a glimpse at future directions. With significant advances in cell biology and molecular engineering, many targeting constructs are now available that will safely deliver these highly cytotoxic radionuclides in a targeted fashion. A companion website includes the full text and an image bank. |
| cost of targeted therapy: SEER, Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program SEER Program (National Cancer Institute (U.S.)), 2000 |
| cost of targeted therapy: Health System and Reform in Lebanon Walid Ammar, 2003 |
| cost of targeted therapy: Handbook of Oncology Social Work Grace Christ, Carolyn Messner, Lynn Behar, 2015-01-28 The development of this inaugural Handbook of Oncology Social Work: Psychosocial Care for People With Cancer provides a repository of the scope of oncology social workers' clinical practice, education, research, policy and program leadership in the psychosocial care of people with cancer and their families. It focuses on the unique synergy of social work perspectives, values, knowledge, and skills with the psychosocial needs of cancer patients, their families, and the health care systems in which they are treated. It addresses both the science and art of psychosocial care and identifies the increasing specialization of oncology social work related to its unique knowledge base, skills, role, and the progressive complexity of psychosocial challenges for patients with cancer. This Handbook equips the reader with all that we know today in oncology social work about patient and family centered care, distress screening, genetics, survivorship, care coordination, sociocultural and economic diversity, legal and ethical matters, clinical work with adults living with cancer, cancer across the lifespan, their caregivers and families, pediatrics, loss and grief, professional career development, leadership, and innovation. Our hope is that in reading this Handbook you will identify new areas where each of you can leave your mark as innovators and change agents in our evolving field of practice. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Successes and Limitations of Targeted Cancer Therapy S. Peters, R.A. Stahel, 2014-02-19 The treatment of patients with advanced malignancies has undergone remarkable change in the last few years. While in the past decisions about systemic therapy were largely based on the performance status of a patient, oncologists today also take into account the pathological and molecular characteristics of the patient’s tumor. Targeting specific molecular pathways important for tumorigenesis has become the preferred way of treatment for many types of malignancies. With these advances come new challenges including the optimization of therapy, recognizing and dealing with side effects and, importantly, the development of resistance. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the advances and limitations of targeted therapy for several tumor entities including breast cancer, colon cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, lung cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer and renal cell carcinoma. Written by over a dozen internationally renowned scientists, the book is suitable for advanced students, postdoctoral researchers, scientists and clinicians who wish to update their knowledge of the latest approaches to targeted cancer therapies. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Making Medicines Affordable National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Ensuring Patient Access to Affordable Drug Therapies, 2018-03-01 Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicinesâ€and health care at largeâ€more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugsâ€coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costsâ€is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Dermatologic Principles and Practice in Oncology Mario E. Lacouture, 2013-11-26 The first book focusing specifically on frequent and frequently disabling side effects involving the skin, hair and nails in cancer patients According to the World Health Organization, there are approximately thirty million people living with a diagnosis of cancer – the majority of whom will receive surgery, systemic therapy, and/or radiation, and who will suffer from dermatologic adverse events. Dermatologists and oncologists are only beginning to grapple with these events, which pose serious quality-of-life issues with so many patients, and will become more prevalent as survival rates improve, thanks in part to new cancer treatments and drug regimens. Concentrating on a topic that has only been briefly touched upon by other texts, this book offers a focused perspective on the clinical presentation, underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, and management of skin, hair, and nail conditions for oncologists, dermatologists, and allied practitioners. Dermatologic Principles and Practice in Oncology: Conditions of the Skin, Hair, and Nails in Cancer Patients: • Covers in detail the dermatologic adverse events of oncologic therapies, clinical presentations, and treatment recommendations • Enables dermatologists and other practitioners to significantly improve the care of patients with cancer • Addresses the dermatologic adverse events of cancer therapies used globally, of which a large number are found in developing countries • Emphasizes prophylactic measures – based on treatments used and type of cancer – to prevent the appearance of adverse events • Provides built-in discussions on patient education for practical counseling during therapies • Offers rapid-reference sections on topical dermatology drugs The first book to present dermatologic conditions in cancer patients and survivors in a uniform and in-depth manner, Dermatologic Principles and Practice in Oncology is ideal for oncologists, oncology nurses, and dermatologists who wish to take better care of those with adverse skin, hair, and nail conditions. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Handbook of Targeted Cancer Therapy Daniel D. Karp, Gerald S. Falchook, 2014-09-09 Make optimal use of the latest personalized therapeutic strategies with Handbook of Targeted Cancer Therapy! This concise, practical oncology reference examines more than 140 targeted therapy agents for which clinical trial data are available, and explains when and how you can use them to most effectively combat cancer. Approach clinical challenges from any direction with separate sections on Targets by Organ Site, Carcinogenesis from the Perspective of Targeted Therapy, Molecular Targets and Pathways, and Targeted Therapy Agents. Find information easily thanks to a color-coded format and an intuitive organization. Access the complete contents online and on mobile devices, with regular updates to include newly approved treatments. Important state of the art cancer information for caregivers, researchers, other health care professionals, and even patients |
| cost of targeted therapy: Medical Innovation in the Changing Healthcare Marketplace National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy, 2002-05-06 A wave of new health care innovation and growing demand for health care, coupled with uncertain productivity improvements, could severely challenge efforts to control future health care costs. A committee of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine organized a conference to examine key health care trends and their impact on medical innovation. The conference addressed the following question: In an environment of renewed concern about rising health care costs, where can public policy stimulate or remove disincentives to the development, adoption and diffusion of high-value innovation in diagnostics, therapeutics, and devices? |
| cost of targeted therapy: Anticancer Drug Development Bruce C. Baguley, David J. Kerr, 2001-11-17 Here in a single source is a complete spectrum of ideas on the development of new anticancer drugs. Containing concise reviews of multidisciplinary fields of research, this book offers a wealth of ideas on current and future molecular targets for drug design, including signal transduction, the cell division cycle, and programmed cell death. Detailed descriptions of sources for new drugs and methods for testing and clinical trial design are also provided. - One work that can be consulted for all aspects of anticancer drug development - Concise reviews of research fields, combined with practical scientific detail, written by internationally respected experts - A wealth of ideas on current and future molecular targets for drug design, including signal transduction, the cell division cycle, and programmed cell death - Detailed descriptions of the sources of new anticancer drugs, including combinatorial chemistry, phage display, and natural products - Discussion of how new drugs can be tested in preclinical systems, including the latest technology of robotic assay systems, cell culture, and experimental animal techniques - Hundreds of references that allow the reader to access relevant scientific and medical literature - Clear illustrations, some in color, that provide both understanding of the field and material for teaching |
| cost of targeted therapy: Economic Dimensions of Personalized and Precision Medicine Ernst R. Berndt, Dana P. Goldman, John Rowe, 2019-04-22 Personalized and precision medicine (PPM)—the targeting of therapies according to an individual’s genetic, environmental, or lifestyle characteristics—is becoming an increasingly important approach in health care treatment and prevention. The advancement of PPM is a challenge in traditional clinical, reimbursement, and regulatory landscapes because it is costly to develop and introduces a wide range of scientific, clinical, ethical, and socioeconomic issues. PPM raises a multitude of economic issues, including how information on accurate diagnosis and treatment success will be disseminated and who will bear the cost; changes to physician training to incorporate genetics, probability and statistics, and economic considerations; questions about whether the benefits of PPM will be confined to developed countries or will diffuse to emerging economies with less developed health care systems; the effects of patient heterogeneity on cost-effectiveness analysis; and opportunities for PPM’s growth beyond treatment of acute illness, such as prevention and reversal of chronic conditions. This volume explores the intersection of the scientific, clinical, and economic factors affecting the development of PPM, including its effects on the drug pipeline, on reimbursement of PPM diagnostics and treatments, and on funding of the requisite underlying research; and it examines recent empirical applications of PPM. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Ending Medical Reversal Vinayak K. Prasad, Adam S. Cifu, 2019-05-14 Why medicine adopts ineffective or harmful medical practices only to abandon them—sometimes too late. Medications such as Vioxx and procedures such as vertebroplasty for back pain are among the medical advances that turned out to be dangerous or useless. What Dr. Vinayak K. Prasad and Dr. Adam S. Cifu call medical reversal happens when doctors start using a medication, procedure, or diagnostic tool without a robust evidence base—and then stop using it when it is found not to help, or even to harm, patients. In Ending Medical Reversal, Drs. Prasad and Cifu narrate fascinating stories from every corner of medicine to explore why medical reversals occur, how they are harmful, and what can be done to avoid them. They explore the difference between medical innovations that improve care and those that only appear to be promising. They also outline a comprehensive plan to reform medical education, research funding and protocols, and the process for approving new drugs that will ensure that more of what gets done in doctors' offices and hospitals is truly effective. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer Monica Castiglione, Martine J. Piccart, 2009-07-11 Adjuvant treatment is administered prior to or as follow up to surgical procedures for breast cancer. Proven success in using medical therapies allowing for breast conserving procedures or reducing risk of occurrence. Although there has been much progress towards a cure, including the introduction of new targeted therapies, metastasizing cancer remains highly incurable. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Cancer Incidence and Survival Among Children and Adolescents , 1999 |
| cost of targeted therapy: WHO List of Priority Medical Devices for Cancer Management World Health Organization, 2017-05-09 This is the model list and clearing house of appropriate, basic, and priority medical devices based on the list of clinical interventions selected from clinical guidelines on prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, palliative care, monitoring, and end of life care. This publication addresses medical devices that can be used for the management of cancer and specifically describes medical devices for six types of cancer: breast, cervical, colorectal, leukemia, lung, and prostate. This book is intended for ministries of health, public health planners, health technology managers, disease management, researchers, policy makers, funding, and procurement agencies and support and advocacy groups for cancer patients. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Targeted Therapies in Oncology, Second Edition Giuseppe Giaccone, Jean-Charles Soria, 2013-10-21 Since the last edition of this book, major advances have been made in our understanding of key pathways that control tumor progression. This has led to the development of new anticancer agents that have the ability to block the activity of proteins involved in neoplastic cell development and proliferation. Targeted Therapies in Oncology, Second Edition provides a concise timely panorama of existing targeted therapies and progress into future anticancer treatments. These therapies notably include: Targeted agents of immune checkpoints Signal-transduction inhibitors Antiangiogenic agents Vascular-disrupting agents Apoptosis modulators Stem cell inhibitors Tumor profiling for drug development The book emphasizes the biology behind this new class of drugs as well as the clinical achievements obtained. The contributors to this volume stand at the cutting edge of cancer research and treatment around the world. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Neurologic Complications of Cancer Therapy Eudocia Quant Lee, MD, MPH, David Schiff, MD, Patrick Y. Wen, MD, 2011-09-28 Neurologic side effects of cancer therapy can inhibit treatment, can be dose-limiting and can diminish quality-of-life. Neurotoxicity related to cancer therapy is a common problem in oncology practice and in clinical neurology. Recognition of neurologic complications of anticancer therapy is necessary due to potential confusion with metastatic disease, paraneoplastic syndromes or comorbid neurologic disorders that do not require reduction or discontinuation of therapy. Neurologic Complications of Cancer Therapy provides comprehensive coverage of the recognition and management of neurologic symptoms related to cancer therapy. The book includes sections on systemic therapy discussed by both agent and adverse event. The section on adverse events is particularly valuable to clinicians, allowing them to consult by symptom in cases where multiple agents have been administered and the source of the complication is uncertain. The systemic therapy section includes coverage of immunologic agents, biologics, and targeted therapies. The book also features sections on the complications of radiation therapy, complications of surgery and high-dose chemotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. Neurologic Complications of Cancer Therapy Features: A widely recognized team of editors Systemic therapy covered by therapeutic agent and by adverse event, enabling a problem-oriented approach for the clinician Coverage of newer modalities including immunologic agents, biologics, and targeted therapies Complete sections on complications of radiation therapy, surgery, high-dose chemotherapy, and stem-call transplantion |
| cost of targeted therapy: Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 4) Vikram Patel, Dan Chisholm, Tarun Dua, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Mari'a Lena Medina-Mora, Theo Vos, 2016-03-10 Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders are common, highly disabling, and associated with significant premature mortality. The impact of these disorders on the social and economic well-being of individuals, families, and societies is large, growing, and underestimated. Despite this burden, these disorders have been systematically neglected, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with pitifully small contributions to scaling up cost-effective prevention and treatment strategies. Systematically compiling the substantial existing knowledge to address this inequity is the central goal of this volume. This evidence-base can help policy makers in resource-constrained settings as they prioritize programs and interventions to address these disorders. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Ask a Manager Alison Green, 2018-05-01 From the creator of the popular website Ask a Manager and New York’s work-advice columnist comes a witty, practical guide to 200 difficult professional conversations—featuring all-new advice! There’s a reason Alison Green has been called “the Dear Abby of the work world.” Ten years as a workplace-advice columnist have taught her that people avoid awkward conversations in the office because they simply don’t know what to say. Thankfully, Green does—and in this incredibly helpful book, she tackles the tough discussions you may need to have during your career. You’ll learn what to say when • coworkers push their work on you—then take credit for it • you accidentally trash-talk someone in an email then hit “reply all” • you’re being micromanaged—or not being managed at all • you catch a colleague in a lie • your boss seems unhappy with your work • your cubemate’s loud speakerphone is making you homicidal • you got drunk at the holiday party Praise for Ask a Manager “A must-read for anyone who works . . . [Alison Green’s] advice boils down to the idea that you should be professional (even when others are not) and that communicating in a straightforward manner with candor and kindness will get you far, no matter where you work.”—Booklist (starred review) “The author’s friendly, warm, no-nonsense writing is a pleasure to read, and her advice can be widely applied to relationships in all areas of readers’ lives. Ideal for anyone new to the job market or new to management, or anyone hoping to improve their work experience.”—Library Journal (starred review) “I am a huge fan of Alison Green’s Ask a Manager column. This book is even better. It teaches us how to deal with many of the most vexing big and little problems in our workplaces—and to do so with grace, confidence, and a sense of humor.”—Robert Sutton, Stanford professor and author of The No Asshole Rule and The Asshole Survival Guide “Ask a Manager is the ultimate playbook for navigating the traditional workforce in a diplomatic but firm way.”—Erin Lowry, author of Broke Millennial: Stop Scraping By and Get Your Financial Life Together |
| cost of targeted therapy: The Gerson Therapy Charlotte Gerson, Morton Walker, 2001 Offers a nutritional program that utilizes the healing powers of organic fruits and vegetables to reverse the effects of cancer and other illnesses. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, 2007-01-26 Cancer is low or absent on the health agendas of low- and middle-income countries (LMCs) despite the fact that more people die from cancer in these countries than from AIDS and malaria combined. International health organizations, bilateral aid agencies, and major foundations—which are instrumental in setting health priorities—also have largely ignored cancer in these countries. This book identifies feasible, affordable steps for LMCs and their international partners to begin to reduce the cancer burden for current and future generations. Stemming the growth of cigarette smoking tops the list to prevent cancer and all the other major chronic diseases. Other priorities include infant vaccination against the hepatitis B virus to prevent liver cancers and vaccination to prevent cervical cancer. Developing and increasing capacity for cancer screening and treatment of highly curable cancers (including most childhood malignancies) can be accomplished using resource-level appropriateness as a guide. And there are ways to make inexpensive oral morphine available to ease the pain of the many who will still die from cancer. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Antineoplastons Burzynski Research Institute, 1988 |
| cost of targeted therapy: A Beginner's Guide to Targeted Cancer Treatments Elaine Vickers, 2018-05-08 Highly Commended in the category of Oncology at the British Medical Association Awards 2019 The accessible guide to the principles behind new, more targeted drug treatments for cancer Written for anyone who encounters cancer patients, cancer data or cancer terminology, but have no more than a passing knowledge of cell biology. A Beginner's Guide to Targeted Cancer Treatments provides an understanding of how cancer works and the many new treatments available. Using over 100 original illustrations, this accessible handbook covers the biology and mechanisms behind a huge range of targeted drug treatments, including many new immunotherapies. Dr Vickers translates a complex and often overwhelming topic into something digestible and easily understood. She also explains what cancer is, how it behaves and how our understanding of cancer has changed in recent years. Each chapter takes the reader through how new cancer drugs work and their benefits and limitations. With the help of this book, readers will be able to better understand more complex, in-depth articles in journals and books and develop their knowledge. This vital resource: Offers the latest insights into cancer biology Provides a broad understanding of how targeted cancer treatments work Describes many of the new immunotherapy approaches to cancer treatment, such as checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-modified T cells Helps readers feel confident discussing treatment options with colleagues and patients Provides an overview of which treatments are relevant to each of the most common solid tumours and haematological cancers, and the rationale behind them Demystifies the jargon – terms such as the EMT, cancer stem cells, monoclonal antibodies, kinase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors etc. Explains the resistance mechanisms to many new treatments, including issues such as the way cancer cells diversify and evolve and the complex environment in which they live |
| cost of targeted therapy: Skeel's Handbook of Cancer Therapy Samir N. Khleif, Olivier Rixe, Roland Skeel, 2016-03-31 For more than 30 years, Skeel’s Handbook of Cancer Therapy (formerly Handbook of Cancer Chemotherapy) has been the resource of choice for current, reliable information on cancer treatment for most adults. The 9th Edition reflects recent significant advances in the systemic treatment of cancer, including innovations in immunotherapy, oncology genomics, and molecular targeted therapy. An invaluable reference for all levels of physicians, nurses, and allied health professionals who provide care to cancer patients, this bestselling guide combines the most current rationale and the details necessary to safely administer pharmacologic therapy, offering a balanced synthesis between science and clinical practice. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Outcome Measures for Health Education and Other Health Care Interventions Kate Lorig, Anita Stewart, Philip Ritter, Virginia Gonzalez, Diana Laurent, John Lynch, 1996-04-18 Although Outcome Measurement has become an important tool in the evaluation of health promotion patient education and other health services interventions, problems remain in locating reliable measurements and scales. This book provides a unique compilation of more than 50 self-administered scales for measuring health behaviors, health status, self-efficacy, and health-care utilization. |
| cost of targeted therapy: A National Cancer Clinical Trials System for the 21st Century Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Cancer Clinical Trials and the NCI Cooperative Group Program, 2010-07-08 The National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program has played a key role in developing new and improved cancer therapies. However, the program is falling short of its potential, and the IOM recommends changes that aim to transform the Cooperative Group Program into a dynamic system that efficiently responds to emerging scientific knowledge; involves broad cooperation of stakeholders; and leverages evolving technologies to provide high-quality, practice-changing research. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Radiation Therapy for Skin Cancer Armand B Cognetta, William M. Mendenhall, 2013-06-13 Photon Radiation Therapy for Skin Malignancies is a vital resource for dermatologists interested in radiation therapy, including the physics and biology behind treatment of skin cancers, as well as useful and pragmatic formulas and algorithms for evaluating and treating them. Dermatology has always been a field that overlaps multiple medical specialties and this book is no exception, with its focus on both dermatologists and radiation oncologists. It is estimated that between 2010 and 2020, the demand for radiation therapy will exceed the number of radiation oncologists practicing in the U.S. tenfold, which could profoundly affect the ability to provide patients with sufficient access to treatment. Photon Radiation Therapy for Skin Malignancies enhances the knowledge of dermatologists and radiation oncologists and presents them with the most up-to-date information regarding detection, delineation and depth determination of skin cancers, and appropriate biopsy techniques. In addition, the book also addresses radiation therapy of the skin and the skin’s reactions to radiation therapy. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Textbook of Lung Cancer, Second Edition Heine Hansen, 2008-03-17 Textbook of Lung Cancer, 2nd edition, published in association with the European Society of Medical Oncology, is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary text, which examines all aspects of this disease, with contributions from a multinational team of authors on etiology, epidemiology, molecular biology, pathology, smoking, detection and management, clinical features, staging and prognostic factors, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It provides essential information and guidance for specialist trainees in oncology, and for the many physicians and specialists involved in the field of lung cancer. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Diagnosing and Treating Adult Cancers and Associated Impairments National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri, National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, Health And Medicine Division, Board On Health Care Services, Committee on Diagnosing and Treating Adult Cancers, 2021-11-10 Cancer is the second leading cause of death among adults in the United States after heart disease. However, improvements in cancer treatment and earlier detection are leading to growing numbers of cancer survivors. As the number of cancer survivors grows, there is increased interest in how cancer and its treatments may affect a person's ability to work, whether the person has maintained employment throughout the treatment or is returning to work at a previous, current, or new place of employment. Cancer-related impairments and resulting functional limitations may or may not lead to disability as defined by the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA), however, adults surviving cancer who are unable to work because of cancer-related impairments and functional limitations may apply for disability benefits from SSA. At the request of SSA, Diagnosing and Treating Adult Cancers and Associated Impairments provides background information on breast cancer, lung cancer, and selected other cancers to assist SSA in its review of the listing of impairments for disability assessments. This report addresses several specific topics, including determining the latest standards of care as well as new technologies for understanding disease processes, treatment modalities, and the effect of cancer on a person's health and functioning, in order to inform SSA's evaluation of disability claims for adults with cancer. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Methods and Biostatistics in Oncology Raphael. L.C Araújo, Rachel P. Riechelmann, 2019-02-08 This book introduces and discusses the most important aspects of clinical research methods and biostatistics for oncologists, pursuing a tailor-made and practical approach. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) has been in vogue in the last few decades, particularly in rapidly advancing fields such as oncology. This approach has been used to support decision-making processes worldwide, sparking new clinical research and guidelines on clinical and surgical oncology. Clinical oncology research has many peculiarities, including specific study endpoints, a special focus on survival analyses, and a unique perspective on EBM. However, during medical studies and in general practice, these topics are barely taught. Moreover, even when EBM and clinical cancer research are discussed, they are presented in a theoretical fashion, mostly focused on formulas and numbers, rather than on clinical application for a proper literature appraisal. Addressing that gap, this book discusses more practical aspects of clinical research and biostatistics in oncology, instead of relying only on mathematical formulas and theoretical considerations. Methods and Biostatistics in Oncology will help readers develop the skills they need to understand the use of research on everyday oncology clinical practice for study design and interpretation, as well to demystify the use of EBM in oncology. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care Committee on Improving the Quality of Cancer Care: Addressing the Challenges of an Aging Population, Board on Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, 2014-01-10 In the United States, approximately 14 million people have had cancer and more than 1.6 million new cases are diagnosed each year. However, more than a decade after the Institute of Medicine (IOM) first studied the quality of cancer care, the barriers to achieving excellent care for all cancer patients remain daunting. Care often is not patient-centered, many patients do not receive palliative care to manage their symptoms and side effects from treatment, and decisions about care often are not based on the latest scientific evidence. The cost of cancer care also is rising faster than many sectors of medicine--having increased to $125 billion in 2010 from $72 billion in 2004--and is projected to reach $173 billion by 2020. Rising costs are making cancer care less affordable for patients and their families and are creating disparities in patients' access to high-quality cancer care. There also are growing shortages of health professionals skilled in providing cancer care, and the number of adults age 65 and older--the group most susceptible to cancer--is expected to double by 2030, contributing to a 45 percent increase in the number of people developing cancer. The current care delivery system is poorly prepared to address the care needs of this population, which are complex due to altered physiology, functional and cognitive impairment, multiple coexisting diseases, increased side effects from treatment, and greater need for social support. Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care: Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis presents a conceptual framework for improving the quality of cancer care. This study proposes improvements to six interconnected components of care: (1) engaged patients; (2) an adequately staffed, trained, and coordinated workforce; (3) evidence-based care; (4) learning health care information technology (IT); (5) translation of evidence into clinical practice, quality measurement and performance improvement; and (6) accessible and affordable care. This report recommends changes across the board in these areas to improve the quality of care. Delivering High-Quality Cancer Care: Charting a New Course for a System in Crisis provides information for cancer care teams, patients and their families, researchers, quality metrics developers, and payers, as well as HHS, other federal agencies, and industry to reevaluate their current roles and responsibilities in cancer care and work together to develop a higher quality care delivery system. By working toward this shared goal, the cancer care community can improve the quality of life and outcomes for people facing a cancer diagnosis. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Childhood Cancer and Functional Impacts Across the Care Continuum National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Childhood Cancers and Disability, 2021-09-09 Since the late 1960s, the survival rate in children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer has steadily improved, with a corresponding decline in the cancer-specific death rate. Although the improvements in survival are encouraging, they have come at the cost of acute, chronic, and late adverse effects precipitated by the toxicities associated with the individual or combined use of different types of treatment (e.g., surgery, radiation, chemotherapy). In some cases, the impairments resulting from cancer and its treatment are severe enough to qualify a child for U.S. Social Security Administration disability benefits. At the request of Social Security Administration, Childhood Cancer and Functional Impacts Across the Care Continuum provides current information and findings and conclusions regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of selected childhood cancers, including different types of malignant solid tumors, and the effect of those cancers on childrenâ (TM)s health and functional capacity, including the relative levels of functional limitation typically associated with the cancers and their treatment. This report also provides a summary of selected treatments currently being studied in clinical trials and identifies any limitations on the availability of these treatments, such as whether treatments are available only in certain geographic areas. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Basic Physics and Measurement in Anaesthesia P. D. Davis, G. D. Parbrook, G. N. C. Kenny, 1995 Revisions for this edition include developments in equipment; a review of technical features; new European regulations, expanded EEG and infusion chapters; updated and new illustrations; and a thorough review to cover FRCA requirements. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Targeted Therapy in Translational Cancer Research Apostolia-Maria Tsimberidou, Razelle Kurzrock, Kenneth C. Anderson, 2015-10-08 Targeted Therapy in Translational Cancer Research for the Translational Oncology series provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in our understanding of tumor biology, elucidates the roles of targets and pathways involved in carcinogenesis, and describes current state-of-the-art anticancer therapy, as well as the most promising areas of translational research and targeted therapy. Introduces cutting-edge ‘bench to bedside and back’ breakthroughs which have transformed the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer Covers basic principles of targeted therapy, including immunotherapy and the roles of cancer stem cells, the microenvironment, angiogenesis, epigenetics, microRNAs, and functional imaging in precision medicine Summarises major advances in therapeutic management of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors using conventional therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or novel treatment modalities |
| cost of targeted therapy: Targeted Cancer Therapy Razelle Kurzrock, Maurie Markman, 2008-03-07 Emerging technologies in target identification, drug discovery, molecular markers, and imaging are rapidly changing the face of cancer. This book provides a foundation of knowledge in targeted cancer therapeutics. The treatment of cancer is increasingly being individualized, based on an understanding of underlying biologic mechanisms. Poised to change the landscape in oncology, this volume provides a state-of-the-art overview. It will be valuable to practicing and academic physicians, fellows, residents and students, as well as basic scientists, interested in the cancer field. |
| cost of targeted therapy: Health System Efficiency Jonathan Cylus, Irene Papanicolas, Peter C. Smith, 2016-12-15 In this book the authors explore the state of the art on efficiency measurement in health systems and international experts offer insights into the pitfalls and potential associated with various measurement techniques. The authors show that: - The core idea of efficiency is easy to understand in principle - maximizing valued outputs relative to inputs, but is often difficult to make operational in real-life situations - There have been numerous advances in data collection and availability, as well as innovative methodological approaches that give valuable insights into how efficiently health care is delivered - Our simple analytical framework can facilitate the development and interpretation of efficiency indicators. |
Su Yi Cheng M.S., Ambarish Ambegaonkar, Ph.D. EE 297
All of the approved therapies were targeted therapies designed for specific mutations, such as ALK, RET, MET, and KRAS G12C. Average annual cost of therapy for those launched in 2018, …
Cost analysis of targeted and immunotherapies in operable …
We applied the estimated cost of the medication based on dosing and duration of treatment, which spanned 1 year for all but adjuvant Osi-mertinib, which spanned 3 years. Using these …
Understanding Price Growth in the Market for Targeted …
Analyzing a sample of targeted therapies intended to treat common tumor types, we estimate the growth in price per patient-year, the reduction in the average size of the annual patient base …
Cost-utility and budget impact analysis of neoadjuvant dual …
This study aimed to assess the cost‐utility and budget impact of dual to single HER2 targeted neoadjuvant therapy for HER2‐positive breast cancer in Sri Lanka.
Cost-Effectiveness of Targeted Pharmacotherapy for …
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the clinical and economic outcomes of initial targeted treatment for the following drugs: adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab (TNFα inhibitors); apremilast (PDE4 …
Cost of care in first line advanced NSCLC patients: …
Background: Targeted therapies have increasingly placed drug cost in the spotlight. This represents onlyone aspect of cancer treatment cost. To provide acomprehensive view, we …
Healthcare cost of HER2-positive and negative breast tumors …
Results: The per patient cost was $292,155 for HER2-positive and $224,955 for negative tumors, respec-tively. The total cost for HER2-positive patients was estimated for 2012 at …
The Quest for Affordable Monoclonal Antibodies and …
The median annual cost of 5-MABs was $163,640. In a/d-NSCLC, the 2-year $327,280 cost was justified. However, the 3rd-year $490,920 cost was excessive and unnecessary due to lack of …
Challenges in the Value Assessment, Pricing, and Funding of …
• 7-10% of advanced cancer patients screened in profile really received targeted therapy (50% expressed some targets) • Combinations just started: MDM2/CDK4, tremelimumab/durvalumab …
Assessment of the Cost-Effectiveness of HER2-Targeted …
The history of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) in assessing targeted therapy for HER2? ESBC is extensive. In a comparison with chemotherapy (anchoring to the HERA trial), Liberato et al. …
Understanding Targeted Therapy - Cancer Council
Targeted therapy is a drug treatment that targets specific features of cancer cells to stop the cancer growing and spreading. The drugs circulate through the body, but work in a more …
The New Frontier of Low-Cost Neoadjuvant Therapy
targeted therapy Osimertinib is currently utilized as neoadjuvant, and in advanced/metastatic lung cancer with cost increasing with further use. We aimed to quantify the cost and savings...
Comparison of diagnosis, administration, and treatment …
The objective of our research was to estimate and compare the total cost of 223Ra vs 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy, whenever they may be being used during mCRPC disease, from a third …
Targeted Therapies: A New Generation of Cancer Treatments
Targeted therapy has raised new questions about the tailoring of cancer treatment to an individual patient’s tumor, the assessment of drug effectiveness and toxicity, and the economics of...
Considering the Costs of Targeted Radionuclide Therapies in …
Mar 31, 2024 · Despite the explosion in publications on the use of targeted radionuclide therapies in prostate cancer, studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of available nuclear medicine …
TARGETED THERAPIES IN COMBINATION WITH …
ies found that combination of trastuzumab plus taxol became the most cost-effective option in both HR-positive and HR-negative patients. One cost minimisation analysis showed SC tras.
Evaluating the cost benefit of fixed-duration targeted therapy …
ibrutinib exceeds 64 weeks, fixed-dose therapy has a cost advantage. The research calculates the cost-savings potential that could be achieved using venetoclax– obinutuzumab combination …
CHALLENGES IN EVALUATING AND PAYING FOR …
for considerations of cost-effectiveness has recently changed, in 2020, to $50,000/QALY, some backbone therapy components of recently evaluated CTs were previously assessed as …
Cost-Effectiveness of Treatment Sequences of …
CONCLUSIONS: Overall, survival increases marginally with the addition of targeted biologics, such as bevacizumab, at first line and third line at substantial costs.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of a new second-line treatment
Oct 20, 2022 · This CEA evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the pemigatinib/mFOLFOX regimen as the second-line treatment for advanced ICC based on FGFR2 status in comparison with the …
Immunotherapy or targeted therapy as the first-line …
“targeted therapy”, “molecular targeted therapy”, “unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma”,and“clinical trial” (Supplementary Table 2). Liu et al. 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1103055
ASTATINE-211 AS AN EMERGING RADIOISOTOPE FOR …
growing significance of the α-emitting radionuclides in cancer therapy and provides an overview of the clinical studies, highlighting the potential for 211At to become a pivotal component of TAT. …
Department for Behavioral Health, Developmental and …
Q: Is Targeted Case Management a billable Kentucky Medicaid service? A: Yes, Kentucky’s Department for Medicaid Services submitted a State Plan Amendment (SPA) to revise …
Medication Therapy Management in a Chronically Ill …
The cost of medication non-adherence was estimated to exceed $177 billion, with medication-related hospitalizations accounting for almost 70% ($121.5 billion) of that estimate (2000 U.S. …
Assessment of the Cost-Effectiveness of HER2-Targeted …
administer the recommended 18 cycles of therapy (four cycles in the neoadjuvant setting and the remaining 14 following surgery), others elect to discontinue pertuzumab and maintain
Economic Evaluation of Targeted Therapies for Anaplastic …
Feb 15, 2024 · targeted drugs are expensive and inaccessible to the majority of patients in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).9 Targeted drugs like crizotinib and ceritinib can cost …
Microsoft PowerPoint - 3_ResearchMethod_EconomicEvaluation
Prescribe high cost targeted therapy medicine to prolong cancer patient for 2 years Or Prescribe low cost medicine to prolong for half years ∆ year saved = 2 –0.5 = 1.5 years Section for …
Not cost-effective at zero price: valuing and paying for …
EDITORIAL Not cost-effective at zero price: valuing and paying for combination therapies in cancer Nicholas R Latimer a, Adrian Towseb and Chris Henshallb a Health Economics and …
Cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®) as a …
HER2-targeted therapy The National Centre for Pharmacoeconomics (NCPE) has issued a recommendation regarding the cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla®). …
Cost-Effectiveness of Targeted Pharmacotherapy for …
Cost-Effectiveness of Targeted Pharmacotherapy for Moderate to Severe Plaque Psoriasis Patients who have a PASI response less than 75% during the initiation period discontinue …
Targeted therapeutic options and future perspectives for …
of 39,730 patients, which elucidate an overall % of HER2-positive rate and a mean relative risk of 2.74 for overall survival in the anti-HER2-targeted therapy. 24 HER2 gene amplification has …
CAR-T Cell Therapy Accessibility: A Targeted Review of …
CAR-T therapy primarily targets public pay markets and utilizes public-private partnerships (PPPs) to enhance healthcare system sustainability, exemplified by initiatives in Singapore. • India has …
CHALLENGES IN EVALUATING AND PAYING FOR …
total cost of expensive CTs(2, 3). • Similar to many healthcare systems (HCS) worldwide, the Canadian HCS ... • Be for a new combination of targeted therapies OR new add-on therapy …
Do cancer biomarkers make targeted therapies cost …
Cancer biomarkers for targeted therapies in mCRC were mostly found to be cost-effective; otherwise, they at least improved the cost-effectiveness of targeted therapies by saving some …
Immunotherapy or targeted therapy as the first-line …
unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, network meta-analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis 1 Introduction Primary liver cancer, including hepatocellular …
ESTIMATING COST PREVENTIVE SERVICES - GovInfo
The single PMPM cost reported in this publication represents the midpoint value between the median cost of the least expen-sive scenario and the median cost of the most expensive …
Evidence Supporting Enhanced Medication Therapy …
engagement by basing eligibility on targeted medications Results of the study indicate that 57 percent of the drug change recommendations made were implemented and sustained, and the …
Nanomedicine and Targeted Drug Delivery: Advances and …
nanomedicine lies the concept of targeted drug delivery, a strategy that aims to direct therapeutic agents specifically to diseased cells or tissues[1–3]. This targeted approach has the potential …
Healthcare cost of HER2-positive and negative breast tumors …
Per patient cost Targeted therapy abstract Background: In this study, we estimated the current and future costs related to the use of targeted agents in patients with HER2-positive and …
Radioligand therapy: realising the potential of targeted …
Targeted therapy is a category of cancer treatment that exploits differences between normal and cancerous cells, and includes targeting and killing ... understand patient outcomes and …
Cost of care in first line advanced NSCLC patients: …
Background: Targetedtherapies have increasingly placed drug cost in the spotlight. This represents onlyone aspect of cancer treatment cost. To provide acomprehensive ...
RESEARCH ARTICLE Reducing the Financial Toxicity of …
Targeted therapy (TT), approved at 2-3-year-survival, are currently continued as long as efficacious and safe. Drug costs were proportional to duration of therapy (Guirgis, ESMED, …
Targeted Therapies: A New Generation of Cancer Treatments
The cost of these agents, which can exceed several thou-sand 3,4dollars per month, may become an ... Targeted therapy has raised new questions about the tailoring
Challenges in the Value Assessment, Pricing, and Funding …
WTP cost of the combination outcomes: C B&A_WTP =λO B&A • The WTP cost of the add-on therapy B is given by the difference of the combination WTP cost and backbone cost on in …
Cost-Effectiveness of the Dabrafenib Schedule in …
adjusted life-years, but the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is above that of the willingness to pay. Keywords: BRAFV600 mutation, cost-effectiveness, dabrafenib, immunotherapy, …
Research methodology in economic evaluation
Prescribe high cost targeted therapy medicine to prolong cancer patient for 2 years Or Prescribe low cost medicine to prolong for half a year ∆ year saved = 2 –0.5 = 1.5 years 25. Incremental …
Basket Cases: How Real-World Testing for Drugs Approved …
Jun 24, 2019 · how the cost effectiveness of targeted therapy is di-rectly related to the positive predictive value of the test, ranging from approximately $76,000 to $532,000 across cancer …
Research methodology in economic evaluation
Prescribe high cost targeted therapy medicine to prolong cancer patient for 2 years Or Prescribe low cost medicine to prolong for half a year ∆ year saved = 2 –0.5 = 1.5 years 28. Incremental …
Comparison of diagnosis, administration, and treatment …
(targeted alpha therapy) that initially gained approval in 2013 in the US and subsequently in other global markets.3,4 Another is 177Lutetium-PSMA-617 ... Total cost of therapy comparison of …
Basket Cases: How Real-World Testing for Drugs Approved …
treatment, (2) the new drug raises the lifetime cost of treatment, (3) the prevalence of the mutation varies widely across tumor types, and (4) the sensitivity and specificity of the initial diagnostic …
Cost-Effectiveness of Treatment Sequences of …
ment with either chemotherapy or targeted therapy, and 2,534 received second-line therapy. Treatment Sequences Treatment sequences of multiline combinations of systemic …
Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Targeted Oral Anti-Cancer
Targeted anti-cancer therapy, although lacking a single all-encompassing definition, is generally considered a therapy ... The high cost of targeted OAMs has triggered heated debates in …
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of non-invasive Targeted ... - ISPOR
The non-invasive targeted temperature management therapy with feedback system provides better neurologic outcomes for ROSC-OHCA patients and is a cost-effective and potentially …
Trends in medicine utilization and its expenditure for
Oct 20, 2022 · b) targeted therapy, c) immunotherapy, d) antiangiogenic therapies From 2014 to 2021, 25 pharmacological treatments for lung cancer, corresponding to 12 different molecules …
Infusion Therapy Market Overview - National Infusion Center …
care is limited to only certain segments of patients needing infusion therapy. Pricing Medium The average cost per infusion in an OIC is 3,500 to $5,000. Complexity/Acuity Medium Physicians …
Quality of life in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer …
prioritised when prescribing the high-cost targeted therapies. While more evidence of targeted therapies being associated with better QoL has been reported [4], ... Keywords Quality of life, …
Optimal Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Targeted Therapy for …
May 20, 2024 · updates. Although a formal cost-effectiveness analysis was out of scope for this update, it could be informative for some decision makers considering the costs of both …
OVERVIEW OF FDA-APPROVED ANTI CANCER DRUGS USED …
A primary goal of targeted therapy is to fight can - cer cells with more precision and potentially few - er side effects. For this reason it is a promising ... Small molecules, Tyrosine kinase …
Cost efectiveness of cytotoxic and targeted therapy for …
1 Cost-Effectiveness of Cytotoxic and Targeted Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Critical and Systematic Review Patricia R. Blank1*, Konstantin J. Dedes2 and Thomas D. Szucs1 …
Medication Therapy Management Program Frequently Asked …
This FAQs sheet offers questions and answers about the 2024 Medication Therapy Management (MTM) program. A CMS-approved MTM program is one of several required elements in the ...
Cost-effectiveness analysis of 1st through 3rd line sequential …
first-line therapy, T-DM1 as second-line therapy, and tras-tuzumab/lapatinib as third-line therapy. Conclusion Our results suggest that THP as first-line therapy, followed by T-DM1 as second …
Changes to the Medicare Benefits Schedule for radiation …
Subgroup 1 – Targeted intraoperative radiation therapy 15900 Breast, malignant tumour, targeted intraoperative radiation therapy, using an Intrabeam® or Xoft® Axxent® device, delivered at …
List Prices for Proton Radiation Therapy - practicalradonc.org
trend toward greater cost for more complex therapy (77523, 77525; P = .056). Large ranges ($16,863, $16,059, $18,414, $22,143) resulted in ratios of maximum/minimum prices of 5 to …
Conventional Chemotherapy Versus Targeted Therapy 6
targeted therapy does not directly induce cell death, but it helps to prevent a cancer cell from dividing and producing new cancer cells [1, 33–35]. The targeted therapy interacts with specic …
Managing the hallenges of Paying for Gene Therapy: …
Paying for Gene Therapy: Strategies for Market Action and Policy Reform April 23, 2024 ... Individual patient cost sharing requirements have an important impact on access to gene …
CLINICAL WHITE PAPER | MEHEE CHOI, MD AND BRIAN …
GAMMATILE | SURGICALLY TARGETED RADIATION THERAPY (STaRT) FDA-cleared in 2018, GammaTile surgically targeted radiation therapy (STaRT) is a form of radiation therapy that is …
Do cancer biomarkers make targeted therapies cost …
Cancer biomarkers for targeted therapies in mCRC were mostly found to be cost-effective; otherwise, they at least improved the cost-effectiveness of targeted therapies by saving some …
Sequential Targeted Therapy for Advanced, Metastatic, and …
then the QALY will range between 0 and 1. (2) Cost =the accumulated cost based on the treatment received. (3) CER = Cost-effectiveness ratio, which is the ratio of the average cost …
High-Cost Outlier Targeted Drug Exception C17973-A
High-Cost Outlier Targeted Drug Exception . See High-Cost Outlier Targeted Drug List . Coverage for services, procedures, medical devices, and drugs are dependent upon benefit eligibility as …
