| case study on hepatitis b: CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, 2017-04-17 THE ESSENTIAL WORK IN TRAVEL MEDICINE -- NOW COMPLETELY UPDATED FOR 2018 As unprecedented numbers of travelers cross international borders each day, the need for up-to-date, practical information about the health challenges posed by travel has never been greater. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, the CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel is the definitive guide to staying safe and healthy anywhere in the world. The fully revised and updated 2018 edition codifies the U.S. government's most current health guidelines and information for international travelers, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables, and charts. The 2018 Yellow Book also addresses the needs of specific types of travelers, with dedicated sections on: · Precautions for pregnant travelers, immunocompromised travelers, and travelers with disabilities · Special considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees · Practical tips for last-minute or resource-limited travelers · Advice for air crews, humanitarian workers, missionaries, and others who provide care and support overseas Authored by a team of the world's most esteemed travel medicine experts, the Yellow Book is an essential resource for travelers -- and the clinicians overseeing their care -- at home and abroad. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Eliminating the Public Health Problem of Hepatitis B and C in the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on a National Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis B and C, 2016-06-01 Hepatitis B and C cause most cases of hepatitis in the United States and the world. The two diseases account for about a million deaths a year and 78 percent of world's hepatocellular carcinoma and more than half of all fatal cirrhosis. In 2013 viral hepatitis, of which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common types, surpassed HIV and AIDS to become the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The world now has the tools to prevent hepatitis B and cure hepatitis C. Perfect vaccination could eradicate HBV, but it would take two generations at least. In the meantime, there is no cure for the millions of people already infected. Conversely, there is no vaccine for HCV, but new direct-acting antivirals can cure 95 percent of chronic infections, though these drugs are unlikely to reach all chronically-infected people anytime soon. This report, the first of two, examines the feasibility of hepatitis B and C elimination in the United States and identifies critical success factors. The phase two report will outline a strategy for meeting the elimination goals discussed in this report. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Case Studies in Infectious Disease: Hepatitis B Virus Peter Lydyard, Michael Cole, John Holton, Will Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Kate Ward, 2009-12 Case Studies in Infectious Disease: Hepatitis B virus presents the natural history of this infection from point of entry of the pathogen through pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. A set of core questions explores the nature, causation, host response, manifestations, and management of this infectious process. This case also includes summary bullet points, questions and answers, and references. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Adverse Effects of Vaccines Institute of Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee to Review Adverse Effects of Vaccines, 2012-04-26 In 1900, for every 1,000 babies born in the United States, 100 would die before their first birthday, often due to infectious diseases. Today, vaccines exist for many viral and bacterial diseases. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, passed in 1986, was intended to bolster vaccine research and development through the federal coordination of vaccine initiatives and to provide relief to vaccine manufacturers facing financial burdens. The legislation also intended to address concerns about the safety of vaccines by instituting a compensation program, setting up a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, and by providing information to consumers. A key component of the legislation required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to collaborate with the Institute of Medicine to assess concerns about the safety of vaccines and potential adverse events, especially in children. Adverse Effects of Vaccines reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others. For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. It finds that while no vaccine is 100 percent safe, very few adverse events are shown to be caused by vaccines. In addition, the evidence shows that vaccines do not cause several conditions. For example, the MMR vaccine is not associated with autism or childhood diabetes. Also, the DTaP vaccine is not associated with diabetes and the influenza vaccine given as a shot does not exacerbate asthma. Adverse Effects of Vaccines will be of special interest to the National Vaccine Program Office, the VICP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccine safety researchers and manufacturers, parents, caregivers, and health professionals in the private and public sectors. |
| case study on hepatitis b: CDC Yellow Book 2020 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2019 The definitive reference for travel medicine, updated for 2020 A beloved travel must-have for the intrepid wanderer. -Publishers Weekly A truly excellent and comprehensive resource. -Journal of Hospital Infection The CDC Yellow Book offers everything travelers and healthcare providers need to know for safe and healthy travel abroad. This 2020 edition includes: � Country-specific risk guidelines for yellow fever and malaria, including expert recommendations and 26 detailed, country-level maps � Detailed maps showing distribution of travel-related illnesses, including dengue, Japanese encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis, and schistosomiasis � Guidelines for self-treating common travel conditions, including altitude illness, jet lag, motion sickness, and travelers' diarrhea � Expert guidance on food and drink precautions to avoid illness, plus water-disinfection techniques for travel to remote destinations � Specialized guidelines for non-leisure travelers, study abroad, work-related travel, and travel to mass gatherings � Advice on medical tourism, complementary and integrative health approaches, and counterfeit drugs � Updated guidance for pre-travel consultations � Advice for obtaining healthcare abroad, including guidance on different types of travel insurance � Health insights around 15 popular tourist destinations and itineraries � Recommendations for traveling with infants and children � Advising travelers with specific needs, including those with chronic medical conditions or weakened immune systems, health care workers, humanitarian aid workers, long-term travelers and expatriates, and last-minute travelers � Considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees Long the most trusted book of its kind, the CDC Yellow Book is an essential resource in an ever-changing field -- and an ever-changing world. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Guidelines on Hepatitis B and C Testing World Health Organization, 2017 Testing and diagnosis of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection is the gateway for access to both prevention and treatment services, and is a crucial component of an effective response to the hepatitis epidemic. Early identification of persons with chronic HBV or HCV infection enables them to receive the necessary care and treatment to prevent or delay progression of liver disease. Testing also provides an opportunity to link people to interventions to reduce transmission, through counselling on risk behaviors and provision of prevention commodities (such as sterile needles and syringes) and hepatitis B vaccination. These are the first WHO guidelines on testing for chronic HBV and HCV infection and complement published guidance by WHO on the prevention, care and treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection. These guidelines outline the public health approach to strengthening and expanding current testing practices for HBV and HCV, and are intended for use across age groups and populations. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Hepatitis and Liver Cancer Institute of Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Prevention and Control of Viral Hepatitis Infections, 2010-04-23 The global epidemic of hepatitis B and C is a serious public health problem. Hepatitis B and C are the major causes of chronic liver disease and liver cancer in the world. In the next 10 years, 150,000 people in the United States will die from liver disease or liver cancer associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Today, between 800,000 and 1.4 million people in the United States have chronic hepatitis B and between 2.7 and 3.9 million have chronic hepatitis C. People most at risk for hepatitis B and C often are the least likely to have access to medical services. Reducing the rates of illness and death associated with these diseases will require greater awareness and knowledge among health care workers, improved identification of at-risk people, and improved access to medical care. Hepatitis B is a vaccine-preventable disease. Although federal public health officials recommend that all newborns, children, and at-risk adults receive the vaccine, about 46,000 new acute cases of the HBV infection emerge each year, including 1,000 in infants who acquire the infection during birth from their HBV-positive mothers. Unfortunately, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, which is transmitted by direct exposure to infectious blood. Hepatitis and Liver Cancer identifies missed opportunities related to the prevention and control of HBV and HCV infections. The book presents ways to reduce the numbers of new HBV and HCV infections and the morbidity and mortality related to chronic viral hepatitis. It identifies priorities for research, policy, and action geared toward federal, state, and local public health officials, stakeholder, and advocacy groups and professional organizations. |
| case study on hepatitis b: A National Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis B and C National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on a National Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis B and C, 2017-07-30 Hepatitis B and C cause most cases of hepatitis in the United States and the world. The two diseases account for about a million deaths a year and 78 percent of world's hepatocellular carcinoma and more than half of all fatal cirrhosis. In 2013 viral hepatitis, of which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common types, surpassed HIV and AIDS to become the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The world now has the tools to prevent hepatitis B and cure hepatitis C. Perfect vaccination could eradicate HBV, but it would take two generations at least. In the meantime, there is no cure for the millions of people already infected. Conversely, there is no vaccine for HCV, but new direct-acting antivirals can cure 95 percent of chronic infections, though these drugs are unlikely to reach all chronically-infected people anytime soon. This report, the second of two, builds off the conclusions of the first report and outlines a strategy for hepatitis reduction over time and specific actions to achieve them. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Liver Disease in Children Frederick J. Suchy, Ronald J. Sokol, William F. Balistreri, 2007-05-07 Completely revised new edition of the premier reference on pediatric liver disease. Liver Disease in Children, 3rd Edition provides authoritative coverage of every aspect of liver disease affecting infants, children, and adolescents. The book offers an integrated approach to the science and clinical practice of pediatric hepatology and charts the substantial progress in understanding and treating these diseases. Chapters are written by international experts and address the unique pathophysiology, manifestations, and management of these disorders in the pediatric population. The third edition has been thoroughly updated and features new contributions on liver development, cholestatic and autoimmune disorders, fatty liver disease, and inborn errors of metabolism. With the continued evolution of pediatric hepatology as a discipline, this text remains an essential reference for all physicians involved in the care of children with liver disease. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Epidemiology in Military and Veteran Populations Institute of Medicine, Medical Follow-Up Agency, 1991-02-01 This book contains papers presented at a conference which describe studies of a World War II hepatitis epidemic, a genetic analysis of substance use in veteran twins, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, the psychological effects of military captivity, and dioxin in adipose tissue. Other papers discuss radiation risk studies in military populations and resources for epidemiologic research in Vietnam-era veterans. This volume should be of interest to epidemiologists, medical researchers, and others interested in public health. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Ethics Dumping Doris Schroeder, Julie Cook, François Hirsch, Solveig Fenet, Vasantha Muthuswamy, 2017-12-04 This open access book provides original, up-to-date case studies of “ethics dumping” that were largely facilitated by loopholes in the ethics governance of low and middle-income countries. It is instructive even to experienced researchers since it provides a voice to vulnerable populations from the fore mentioned countries. Ensuring the ethical conduct of North-South collaborations in research is a process fraught with difficulties. The background conditions under which such collaborations take place include extreme differentials in available income and power, as well as a past history of colonialism, while differences in culture can add a new layer of complications. In this context, up-to-date case studies of unethical conduct are essential for research ethics training. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Infectious Diseases Case Study Approach Jonathan Cho, 2020-04-03 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. A new case-based approach to teaching infectious disease pharmacotherapy to pharmacy students Reflecting the growing demand for healthcare providers versed in infectious disease pharmacotherapy, this innovative new text provides an essential examination of the subject through patient cases seen in actual practice. Assuming little prior knowledge of infectious diseases on the reader’s part, the text covers both common and uncommon presentations, as well as disease states not found in similar textbooks. Infectious Diseases: A Case Study Approach includes multiple-choice questions along with detailed explanations for both correct and incorrect answer choices, and valuable insight into each disease state. With this valuable resource, pharmacy students will learn how to apply pharmacotherapy concepts to real-world situations. Features: • Coverage of myriad disease states, including bacterial infections, prosthetic joint infections, bite wounds, encephalitis, and sexually transmitted diseases • Students will learn how to apply concepts to real-world situations • Includes enlightening clinical pearls for numerous disease states • Multiple-choice questions with complete answers, and more |
| case study on hepatitis b: Review of the Fialuridine (FIAU) Clinical Trials Institute of Medicine, Committee to Review the Fialuridine (FIAU/FIAC) Clinical Trials, 1995-03-14 In June 1993 a clinical trial of fialuridine (FIAU), a promising new medication for hepatitis B, was abruptly terminated when one of the 15 out-patients participating in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) study was suddenly hospitalized with liver failure. Although all the remaining patients were contacted and told to stop taking their medication, six more subsequently developed severe toxicity. Five patients died, and two others were probably saved from death only by having liver transplants. In response to a request from the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, the IOM committee has analyzed the FIAU clinical trials, making recommendations for additional safeguards for the conduct of future clinical trials. This evaluation included the review of documents pertaining to investigational new drug submissions, protocols and consent forms from other clinical trials, as well as information available from other clinical and preclinical experience with compounds related to FIAU and its parent drug, fiacitibine (FIAC), which is metabolized to FIAU. The committee does not seek to affix responsibility for the adverse outcome of this NIH trial, but instead focuses on whether any rules or procedures governing the clinical trials process itself need to be changed, and if so, what burdens or costs such changes might place on future clinical trials. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Hepatitis B Virus and Liver Disease Jia-Horng Kao, Ding-Shinn Chen, 2018-01-12 This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the art review of HBV infection and liver disease. It discusses new data on basic and translational medicine, including the viral life cycle, the immunopathogenesis of virus-induced chronic hepatitis, viral and host genetic factors affecting disease progression, and the mechanism of virus-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, as well as their potential applications in daily clinical practice. The clinical aspects of chronic HBV infection are examined in chapters on the global epidemiology, efficacy of HBV vaccination, natural history, co-infections with HCV, HDV or HIV, and management of special populations including children, pregnant women and patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. Further, it describes the advances and perspectives in the development of novel antiviral treatments as possible cures for HBV infection. The book is a valuable resource for medical students, physicians, and researchers who are interested in managem ent of patients with chronic HBV infection and investigation of HBV infection. |
| case study on hepatitis b: The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer William B. Coleman, Gregory J. Tsongalis, 2016-11-11 This book covers the concepts of molecular medicine and personalized medicine. Subsequent chapters cover the topics of genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, as the tools of molecular pathology and foundations of molecular medicine. These chapters are followed by a series of chapters that provide overviews of molecular medicine as applied broadly to neoplastic, genetic, and infectious diseases, as well as a chapter on molecular diagnostics. The volume concludes with a chapter that delves into the promise of molecular medicine in the personalized treatment of patients with complex diseases, along with a discussion of the challenges and obstacles to personalized patient care. The Molecular Basis of Human Cancer, Second Edition, is a valuable resource for oncologists, researchers, and all medical professionals who work with cancer. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Case Studies in Adult Intensive Care Medicine Daniele Bryden, Andrew Temple, 2017-04-20 This case-based approach to the intensive care medicine curriculum provides 48 case studies linking core knowledge to clinical context. Topics chosen have been mapped to eight key areas of study, making this ideal for both FFICM and EDIC exam candidates. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Australia Antigen and Hepatitis Baruch S. Blumberg, 1972 |
| case study on hepatitis b: Therapeutic Immunosuppression Angus W. Thomson, 2001 This work has broad applications in clinical medicine, ranging from prevention and treatment of organ and bone marrow transplant rejection, management of various autoimmune disorders (for example, rheumatoid arthritis), skin disease and asthma. Whereas traditionally only a small repertoire of immunosuppressive agents was available for clinical use, recent discoveries have significantly increased the number of approved agents, resulting in numerous trials to further evaluate their potential. There is also considerable interest in the potential of cell-based therapies (particularly hematopoietic stem and dendritic cell therapy) of allo- and autoimmunity. Important recent advances in the immunotherapy of allergic diseases are also covered in this book. This volume is intended both for practising physicians and surgeons and for biomedical scientists at the graduate/postdoctoral levels, and is designed to provide the theory behind these various approaches to immunosuppression, and to provide state-of-the-art reviews of current developments in each area. |
| case study on hepatitis b: The Hepatitis B and Delta Viruses Christoph Seeger, Stephen Locarnini, 2015 Despite the availability of an effective vaccine for hepatitis B, hundreds of millions of people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). This virus can cause serious liver damage and cancer in chronically infected patients. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a satellite of HBV, can exacerbate the disease. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine examines all aspects of HBV and HDV infections and their management. Contributors discuss the HBV and HDV life cycles, their unique characteristics (e.g., the formation of HBV cccDNA), the immune responses they elicit, and the challenges they present to the development of antiviral treatments. The molecular mechanisms that lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma are reviewed, as are factors that influence the severity of the disease. Conventional treatments (e.g., interferons), emerging therapeutic strategies, and ongoing efforts to find a cure for chronic infections are also described. This volume includes perspectives on the origins and evolution of these viruses, historical milestones in HBV and HDV research, and insights from animal models (e.g., woodchucks). It is an essential reference for all virologists, clinical and laboratory investigators, and physicians interested in reducing the burden of liver disease caused by HBV and HDV. |
| case study on hepatitis b: The Belmont Report United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1978 |
| case study on hepatitis b: Health Information for International Travel 2005-2006 Paul Arguin, 2005 |
| case study on hepatitis b: Liver Pathophysiology Pablo Muriel, 2017-03-02 Liver Pathophysiology: Therapies and Antioxidants is a complete volume on morphology, physiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and treatment of liver diseases. It uses an integral approach towards the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of hepatic injury, and how their deleterious effects may be abrogated by the use of antioxidants. Written by the most prominent authors in the field, this book will be of use to basic and clinical scientists and clinicians working in the biological sciences, especially those dedicated to the study and treatment of liver pathologies. - Presents the most recent advances in hepatology, with a special focus on the role of oxidative stress in liver injury. - Provides in vivo and in vitro models to study human liver pathology. - Explains the beneficial effects of antioxidants on liver diseases. - Contains the most recent and modern treatments of hepatic pathologies, including, but not limited to, stem cells repopulation, gene therapy and liver transplantation. |
| case study on hepatitis b: HIV/AIDS Surveillance , 2003 |
| case study on hepatitis b: Canadian Immunization Guide Canada. Comité consultatif national de l'immunisation, Canada. National Advisory Committee on Immunization, 2006 The seventh edition of the Canadian Immunization Guide was developed by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), with the support ofthe Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, to provide updated information and recommendations on the use of vaccines in Canada. The Public Health Agency of Canada conducted a survey in 2004, which confi rmed that the Canadian Immunization Guide is a very useful and reliable resource of information on immunization. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Inactivated Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine , 1982 |
| case study on hepatitis b: Clinical Hepatology Nora V. Bergasa, 2016-06-08 The aim of this book is to expand the knowledge of physicians in training, experienced clinicians, in the field of hepatology. The expansion of liver transplantation within hepatology, and the demanding care that patients in liver transplant hospital services require, have changed the focus of clinical hepatology to a surgical subspecialty, laced with immunology. There is a vacuum in the knowledge of classical hepatology in the developing physicians, and medical students that this book aims to fill. In this context, the experience in hospital and outpatient medicine in the care of patients with liver disease in public hospitals represents a source of information that will be made available to the readers. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Vaccines: A Biography Andrew W. Artenstein, 2009-12-11 Why another book about vaccines? There are already a few extremely well-written medical textbooks that provide comprehensive, state-of-the-art technical reviews regarding vaccine science. Additionally, in the past decade alone, a number of engrossing, provocative books have been published on various related issues ra- ing from vaccines against specific diseases to vaccine safety and policy. Yet there remains a significant gap in the literature – the history of vaccines. Vaccines: A Biography seeks to fill a void in the extant literature by focusing on the history of vaccines and in so doing, recounts the social, cultural, and scientific history of vaccines; it places them within their natural, historical context. The book traces the lineage – the “biography” – of individual vaccines, originating with deeply rooted medical problems and evolving to an eventual conclusion. Nonetheless, these are not “biographies” in the traditional sense; they do not trace an individual’s growth and development. Instead, they follow an idea as it is conceived and dev- oped, through the contributions of many. These are epic stories of discovery, of risk-takers, of individuals advancing medical science, in the words of the famous physical scientist Isaac Newton, “by standing on the shoulders of giants. ” One grant reviewer described the book’s concept as “triumphalist”; although meant as an indictment, this is only partially inaccurate. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Glomerulonephritis Howard Trachtman, Leal C. Herlitz, Edgar V. Lerma, Jonathan J. Hogan, 2019-04-08 This Handbook serves as a convenient, state-of-the-art and comprehensive resource on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of glomerular diseases. Clinical approaches, modalities and challenges are provided, along with new developments since the publication of Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO): Glomerulonephritis. Chapters dedicated to glomerular diseases mirror the current classification schemes used by Nephrologists and Pathologists and will include definition and natural history, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, pathology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment (algorithms when appropriate), prognosis and future prospects and current direction of research. Contributing authors consist of internationally renowned glomerulonephritis experts, renal pathologists and clinical nephrologists who are engaged in the management of glomerular diseases in clinical pediatric and internal medicine practices. Glomerulonephritis fills a considerable knowledge gap for general nephrologists, providers involved with the care of patients with glomerular diseases, and researchers. It should also be of value to medical students, interns, residents and fellows, as well as all clinicians engaged in medical education. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Environmental Medicine Committee on Curriculum Development in Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, 1995-05-12 People are increasingly concerned about potential environmental health hazards and often ask their physicians questions such as: Is the tap water safe to drink? Is it safe to live near power lines? Unfortunately, physicians often lack the information and training related to environmental health risks needed to answer such questions. This book discusses six competency based learning objectives for all medical school students, discusses the relevance of environmental health to specific courses and clerkships, and demonstrates how to integrate environmental health into the curriculum through published case studies, some of which are included in one of the book's three appendices. Also included is a guide on where to obtain additional information for treatment, referral, and follow-up for diseases with possible environmental and/or occupational origins. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Microbiology Nina Parker, OpenStax, Mark Schneegurt, AnhHue Thi Tu, Brian M. Forster, Philip Lister, 2016-05-30 Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology's art program enhances students' understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs. Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.--BC Campus website. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, 2013 Sandra W. Roush, Sandra W Roush Mph, Lynne McIntyre, Lynne McIntyre Mals, Linda M. Baldy, Linda M Baldy Mph, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013-11 The Manual for the Surveillance of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, updated through 2013, provides current guidelines for those directly involved in surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases, especially personnel at the local health departments. For each of the vaccine-preventable diseases, this manual includes a chapter describing the importance of rapid case identification; the importance of surveillance; disease reduction goals; case definitions (including clinical description and case classifications); epidemiologically important data to be collected during case investigation; activities for enhancing surveillance; activities for case investigation; and activities for outbreak control. Other chapters include information on surveillance indicators; surveillance data analyses; reporting adverse events following vaccination; and enhancing surveillance. In addition, the manual includes a section reserved for insertion of state-specific guidance for VPD surveillance and extensive appendices. This manual was first developed in 1996 to provide general guidance to state and local health department personnel who are involved in surveillance activities for vaccine-preventable diseases. This manual answers commonly asked questions regarding the surveillance and reporting of vaccine-preventable diseases and provides information on enhancing existing surveillance systems. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Prevention and control of hepatitis B in the community Pia Grosheide, Pierre van Damme, 1996 |
| case study on hepatitis b: Hepatitis B Irving Millman, Toby K. Eisenstein, Baruch S. Blumberg, 2013-11-11 Toby K. Eisenstein Symposium Committee Chairperson Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140 This symposium is the thirteenth biennial clinical microbiology program sponsored by the Eastern Pennsylvania Branch of the American Society for Microbiology in cooperation with the Philadelphia area medical schools and the Bureau of Laboratories of the Pennsylvania Department of Health. This year a generous contribution from Merck, Sharp and Dohme has helped to make the program a reality. The subject matter for this symposium represents an attractive spectrum of medical, biological and molecular approaches to the practical solution of a public health prob1em--name1y, prevention of infection with the hepatitis B virus. The symposium may be unique in that it focuses on a product which was first marketed less than three months ago, but included in the program are presen tations on two new approaches to hepatitis B vaccine production which may replace the one which is newly unveiled. The rapidity of progress in our present era of biological research is indeed astonishing. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Hepatitis B Virus: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition , 2013-07-22 Hepatitis B Virus: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Diagnosis and Screening. The editors have built Hepatitis B Virus: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Diagnosis and Screening in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Hepatitis B Virus: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Case Studies in Forensic Epidemiology Sana Loue, 2002-07-31 The discipline of epidemiology provides a methodology for perceiving the world and relating to the communities whose health and disease patterns need to be understood. Forensic epidemiology extends our understanding to community's injuries and those alleged to be responsible. This much needed resource focuses on the use of the epidemiology in the legal context, using case studies to illustrate the issues raised. This work includes discussion of: - epidemiology in the courtroom; - epidemiology, legislation and rulemaking; - law, epidemiology and community organization and advocacy; - epidemiology, law and social context. This text challenges the boundaries about what epidemiology is and how it is to be used to make a contribution to the groups it studies. In turn, a more complete understanding of the populations, diseases and the systems that underlie and shape the research is reached. This book will be of value to the student studying in public health, environmental health and medical programs, law students as well as professional researchers. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Eliminating the Public Health Problem of Hepatitis B and C in the United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on a National Strategy for the Elimination of Hepatitis B and C, 2016-07-01 Hepatitis B and C cause most cases of hepatitis in the United States and the world. The two diseases account for about a million deaths a year and 78 percent of world's hepatocellular carcinoma and more than half of all fatal cirrhosis. In 2013 viral hepatitis, of which hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most common types, surpassed HIV and AIDS to become the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The world now has the tools to prevent hepatitis B and cure hepatitis C. Perfect vaccination could eradicate HBV, but it would take two generations at least. In the meantime, there is no cure for the millions of people already infected. Conversely, there is no vaccine for HCV, but new direct-acting antivirals can cure 95 percent of chronic infections, though these drugs are unlikely to reach all chronically-infected people anytime soon. This report, the first of two, examines the feasibility of hepatitis B and C elimination in the United States and identifies critical success factors. The phase two report will outline a strategy for meeting the elimination goals discussed in this report. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Hepatitis B Research Advances Alicia P. Willis, 2007 Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), a member of the Hepadnavirus family and one of several unrelated viral species which cause viral hepatitis. It was originally known as serum hepatitis and has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa. This book presents the advances in the field. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Phlebotomy Best Practices: A Case Study Design Carol Itatani, 2020-11-30 Enhance your students' learning in phlebotomy! Navigate eBook for Phlebotomy Best Practices: A Case Study Design is suitable for use with any phlebotomy text, this new workbook includes 40 case studies to help apply concepts, methods and techniques, and information to actual situations. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Case Studies in Infectious Disease Peter Lydyard, Michael Cole, John Holton, Will Irving, Nino Porakishvili, Pradhib Venkatesan, Kate Ward, 2010-01-01 Case Studies in Infectious Disease presents forty case studies featuring the most important human infectious diseases worldwide. Written for students of microbiology and medicine this book describes the natural history of infection from point of entry of the pathogen through pathogenesis, followed by clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Five core sets of questions are posed in each case. What is the nature of the infectious agent, how does it gain access to the body, what cells are infected, and how does the organism spread? What are the host defense mechanisms against the agent and how is the disease caused? What are the typical manifestations of the infection and the complications that can occur? How is the infection diagnosed and what is the differential diagnosis? How is the infection managed, and what preventative measures can be taken to avoid infection? This standardized approach provides the reader with a logical basis for understanding these diverse and medically important organisms, fully integrating microbiology and immunology throughout. |
| case study on hepatitis b: Hepatitis B Virus, An Issue of Clinics in Liver Disease Tarek I. Hassanein, 2019-07-06 In collaboration with Consulting Editor, Dr. Norman Gitlin, Dr. Tarek Hassanein has assembled top experts in hepatology to bring current information on the topic of Hepatitis B Virus. The issue provides the most current information on the prevention and care of infected patients. Specific articles are devoted to the following topics: Global perspective on HBV infections in the era of effective vaccines; Understanding the natural history of HBV infection and the new definitions of cure and the endpoints of clinical trials; HBV/HCV coinfection in the era of HCV-DAAs; Antiretroviral effects on HBV/HIV coinfection and the natural history of liver disease; Impact of HBV infection on HCC and liver transplantation; HBV in pregnant women and their infants; WHO guidelines for prevention, care and treatment of individuals infected with HBV: A US perspective; Reconciling the difference between the major HBV treatment guidelines: AASLD, EASL, APASL; HBV/HDV coinfection: A challenge for therapeutics; and The effects of hepatic steatosis on the natural history of HBV infection. Readers will come away with the current information they need to manage patient outcomes. |
Hepatitis B Case Studies - UW Departments Web Server
Case 1 –Extensive Treatment Experience 44 yo man with longstanding HIV infection, stage 2 with nadir CD4 220 and chronic hepatitis B infection, e-Ag positive with high baseline HBV viral …
TB Case study - Utah
• Hepatitis B Rationale:The patient’s complaints of fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, low grade fever, jaundice, dark urine, clay-colored stool and joint pain are also …
Training workshop on Hepatitis B and hepatitis C screening, …
Persons with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) need follow up and monitoring before, during and after discontinuation of antiviral therapy. Before starting treatment, the person should be evaluated …
ACUTE PAIN NURSING CARE IN PATIENT WITH HEPATITIS B: …
Introduction: Severe pain in the upper right abdomen was commonly found in hepatitis B patients. Hepatitis B patients who experience pain take longer in the process of healing the disease …
An Evidence Based Case Study Of Hepatitis B Infection
A pilot case study was conducted in Motiwala homoeopathic medical college OPD, with the objective to reduce the viral load with homoeopathic medicine and also to study cost …
Case study: Interpretation of Hepatitis B Serological Test …
During imunnogenesis of HBV following clinically significant markers can be found: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), Total hepatitis B core …
Hepatitis B & C Diagnosis & Treatment Case Studies - Cabinet …
Evaluation by a practitioner who is prepared to provide comprehensive management, including consideration of antiviral therapy, is recommended for all persons with current (active) HCV …
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC - Springer
Hepatitis B (HB) is endemic in many parts of the world. In highly endemic areas such as West Africa, almost everyone is infected with the HB virus during childhood.
EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of …
hepatitis B virus infectionq European Association for the Study of the Liver* Summary The updated EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) …
Case Report A case of Hepatitis B Virus - associated …
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a cosmopolitan problem and it can cause acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells [1] . In total, about 2 billion …
Navigating a dynamic study design in hepatitis B research
The successful execution of this platform study in hepatitis B research demonstrates the power of collaboration, expertise and adaptability in advancing complex clinical trials.
Chronic Hepatitis B and Management with Unani Medicine: A …
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) describes a spectrum of disease usually characterized by the presence of detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg) in the blood or serum for longer than 6...
AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF HEPATITIS B (HBsAg Positive) …
A 39 year young male patient K/C/O of HBsAg Positive (Hepatitis B +ve) came for the treatment to OPD No.4 (P.G. Kayachikitsa department) at Govt. Akhandanand Ayurveda Hospital, …
Case Study: Hepatitis B Management and Herbal Medicine …
Hepatitis B is a significant global health challenge, particularly in regions with limited access to advanced medical care. This case study explores the experience of a 35-year-old nurse who …
Hepatitis B reactivation with hepatic decompensation after …
In this study, we present a rare case of HBVr leading to a decompensated state and jaundice in a 72-year-old man during DAA treatment. His decompensated state subsequent to HBVr, …
Case Study in the Management of Patients with HBV-Related …
In this study, lamivudine therapy (median treatment exposure 32 months) was shown to significantly reduce disease progression and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, …
Risk factors of hepatitis B transmission in northern Palestine: a …
The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors of Hepatitis B (HB) transmission in the northern areas of the West Bank in an effort to obtain appropriate rec-ommendations to limit its …
Case Report Acute fulminant Hepatitis B treated with entecavir
We present here a case of 25 year old lady affected by severe acute hepatitis B with progressive worsening of clinical Condition. The patient was treated with Entecavir.
Acute hepatitis B in a healthcare worker: A case report of …
Here we report an acute HBV infection in a 50-year-old healthcare worker who received five HB-vaccinations in the last 22 years and, based on his post-vaccination anti-HBs titres, was con …
Ayurvedic management of Hepatitis-B - A Case
discussion about a case of Hepatitis which was successfully treated by Ayurvedic line of treatment. The signs and symptoms, causes, patho-physiology of Hepatitis, along with its co …
Oral manifestations of hepatitis B and C: A case series with
lesions in hepatitis patients. The association of oral lichen planus and HCV is well documented in literature. In a study, patients with periodontal disease showed a higher detectability rate of …
Appendix 1: Case Definitions and Disease- Specific …
Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) and vaccination for exposed newborns. 6 • The Blood-Borne Diseases Surveillance Protocol for Ontario Hospitalstails de preventive measures to reduce …
Human Experimentation at Willowbrook - National Institutes …
jaundice) case of natural hepatitis, Krugman's subjects were exposed to doses of virus carefully titrated to produce jaundice in more than 90% of cases. (1,2) It is also now common medical …
Case Study in the Management of Chronic Hepatitis C in …
Management of Patients with Viral Hepatitis, Paris, 2004 103 Case Study in the Management of Chronic Hepatitis C in Non-responders to Antiviral Therapy Jenny Heathcote CASE A 39 year …
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC - Springer
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC 577 in neighbouring Senegal concluded that for all infants antI-. HB' s tItre
An the Coinfections of Hepatitis B, C, and - ResearchGate
This study investigated the co-occurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections in Iranian patients with HIV.
Factors affecting quality of life in hepatitis B patients in Herat ...
The study found that hepatitis B cases had significantly lower mean scores across all SF- 36 components, indicating an overall reduced quality of life (p < .05). These differences were …
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC - Springer
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC 577 in neighbouring Senegal concluded that for all infants antI-. HB' s tItre
CASE STUDY Bell’s Palsy as a Possible Complication of …
Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is important to reduce the incidence of HBV-asso-ciated infection. Although HBV vaccine is among the safest of all vaccines, it has been …
Hepatitis B reactivation with hepatic decompensation after …
Case Study Hepatitis B reactivation with hepatic decompensation after the use of direct-acting antiviral agents in a patient with chronic Hepatitis B and C coinfection Received 12 August, …
Mathematical analysis and simulation of a Hepatitis B model …
we study the Hepatitis B transmission case in Xinjiang, China. Using the Hepatitis B data from Xin-jiang, the basic reproductive number is estimated as 1.47 (95% CI: 1.34–1.50). By the end …
Case Report Acute fulminant Hepatitis B treated with entecavir
We present here a case of 25 year old lady affected by severe acute hepatitis B with progressive worsening of clinical Condition. The patient was treated with Entecavir. We observed rapid …
1013 Assignment #1 Case Study
Vaccine Case Study JW, age 29 years, presents in late October to the immunization clinic, accompanied ... first hepatitis B vaccine while in the newborn nursery. Against what vaccine …
Hesi Case Study Hepatitis (2024) - offsite.creighton.edu
Hesi Case Study Hepatitis HESI Case Studies HESI,HESI Staff,2011-09-01 Case Studies in Infectious Disease: Hepatitis B Virus Peter Lydyard,Michael Cole,John Holton,Will Irving,Nino …
EXAMINING THE RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS B …
EXAMINING THE RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS B INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CARE IN KUNENE REGION, ... The researcher …
Association Between Hepatitis B and Hearing Status
to investigate the relation between positive HBS-Ag (hepatitis B disease) and hearing loss. Methods: This case-study research was done on 95 hepatitis-B patients as the case group and …
David A. Geier 1,2, Janet K. Kern 1,2,3, 1,2 - ResearchGate
Hepatitis B Vaccination: A Case-Control Study in the Vaccine Safety Datalink David A. Geier 1,2, Janet K. Kern 1,2,3,* and Mark R. Geier 1,2 1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., 14 Redgate ...
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC - Springer
HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY IN MCMC 577 in neighbouring Senegal concluded that for all infants antI-. HB' s tItre
CASL/AMMI 2018 GUIDELINES - Hepatitis B Foundation
Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: 2018 Guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada …
False occult hepatitis B virus infection with negative HBsAg …
False occult hepatitis B virus infection with negative ... Case report and literature review. J Clin Images Med Case Rep. 2022; 3(10): 2121. Introduction A European Association for the Study …
GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF HEPATITIS B IN …
should also receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) ideally within 24 hours of birth to reduce HBV infectivity status Section 10.2: Infant follow-up 10.21 All infants born to HBV positive …
WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2002.2:Hepatitis B - World Health …
Hepatitis B has also been called type B hepatitis, serum hepatitis, homologous serum jaundice.23, 31 What causes the disease? Hepatitis B is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), an …
Cirrhosis Case Discussion - University of Michigan
Cirrhosis Case Discussion Pratima Sharma, MD, MS ... •Vaccination for hepatitis A and B if not immune •Treatment of underlying disease and •Life-style modification and weight loss (7-10%) …
review - Annals of Oncology
Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients with solid ... study (626 patients) showed that HBV reactivation mayoccur in 19% (15/78) of HBsAg-positive patients undergoing different ... other …
Case Report Medical Journal of Viral Hepatitis (MJVH)
Acute on chronic hepatic failure due to hepatitis B infection: A case report Busayo Adetunji 1, Kehinde Alare 1, Samson Afolabi 1, ... Pacific Association for the Study of Liver (APASL) …
Tackling Hepatitis C in Wisconsin: State Strategies Case …
Wisconsin Case Study from the HHS Hepatitis C Medicaid Affinity Group, May 2020 5 References 1. Wisconsin Hepatitis C Virus Surveillance Annual Review, 2018: Trends, Newly Reported …
Hepatitis B Virus Infected Patients: A Case Control Study In …
Hepatitis B Virus Infected Patients: A Case Control Study In Ghana. Article in International Journal Of Medic al Science And Clinical Inv ention · August 2016 DOI: 10.18535/ ijmsci/v3i9.04 ... A …
Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B virus)
Hepatitis B – Laboratory case definition Page . 3 of 8. 3 Tests 3.1 Detection of HBsAg 3.1.1Qualitative HBsAg detection HBsAg is the most commonly used marker of infection for …
Hepatitis B, Acute - 2012 Case Definition - epi.dph.ncdhhs.gov
*A documented negative hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) laboratory test result within 6 months prior to a positive test (either HBsAg, hepatitis B “e” antigen (HBeAg), or hepatitis B …
CASE STUDY Bell’s Palsy as a Possible Complication of …
Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is important to reduce the incidence of HBV-asso-ciated infection. Although HBV vaccine is among the safest of all vaccines, it has been …
Hepatitis B – Annual Epidemiological Report 2022
Hepatitis B is a major public health threat worldwide [3]. In 2022, the global prevalence was estimated at ... EU/EEA countries reported data on newly diagnosed cases of hepatitis B to …
Acute hepatitis B in a healthcare worker: A case report of …
Case report Acute hepatitis B in a healthcare worker: A case report of genuine vaccination failureq Hein J. Boot1,*, Laurens A. van der Waaij2, Jurjen Schirm3, Cees G.M. Kallenberg4, Jim van …
Mathematical analysis of a new nonlinear stochastic hepatitis …
The hepatitis B virus may persist for at least 7 days outside the body. During this period, if the virus enters into a body that is not vaccinated, it might still cause illness. The hepatitis B virus …
A PARAMETRIC MODEL FOR ESTIMATING FORCE OF …
HEPATITIS B-CASE STUDY KOMFO ANOKYE TEACHING HOSPITAL By Emmanuel Kwame Opoku-Addo A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, KWAME …
Case Report A case of Hepatitis B Virus - associated …
13. Lok AS, Mcmahon BJ. AASLD guidelines, Chronic hepatitis B Update 2009. Hepatology, 2009; 50:661-662. 14. EASL. European Association for the Study of the Liver. clinical practice …
Mathematical analysis and simulation of a Hepatitis B model …
we study the Hepatitis B transmission case in Xinjiang, China. Using the Hepatitis B data from Xin-jiang, the basic reproductive number is estimated as 1.47 (95% CI: 1.34–1.50). By the end …
Review Article Hepatitis B Vaccination and Associated Oral ...
one retrospective cohort study and case-control study. Hepatitis B vaccine Development of hepatitis B vaccine in 1982 has been a landmark progress in the prevention of this dreadful …
Hesi Case Study Hepatitis (Download Only)
Hesi Case Study Hepatitis HESI Case Studies HESI,HESI Staff,2011-09-01 Case Studies in Infectious Disease: Hepatitis B Virus Peter Lydyard,Michael Cole,John Holton,Will Irving,Nino …
Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection in Surgical Practice
both hepatitis B and C virus. This study was carried out to find the frequency of hepatitis B and C and its ABSTRACT Objective Study design Case series. Place & Duration of study …
Perinatal Hepatitis B Case Management 2023
AASLD (American Association for the Study of Liver Disease) suggests maternal antiviral therapy when HBV DNA is >200,000 IU/mL ... Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program Case …
Screening and Testing for Hepatitis B Virus Infection: CDC ...
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) defines chronic infection as the presence of HBsAg for at least 6 months ... test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), …
Investigating Acute Viral Hepatitis with Healthcare Exposures
Case Study: Investigation of Acute HCV - IV Insulin Infusion Clinic, 2015 • In 2015, a local health department was contacted about a newly diagnosed patient with HCV • Healthcare provider …
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis B Virus: Family …
tocellularcarcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program. Hep-atology 2011;54:801–807. 11. Wichajarn K, Kosalaraksa …
Screening for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Pregnant Women: …
3. One study reported outcomes of case management for infants with data reported to the national Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program (PHBPP), administered by the Centers for Disease …
Hepatitis B - Annual Epidemiological Report 2019 - European …
The 2008 EU case definition only allows for the reporting of acute hepatitis B cases, while the 2012 and 2018 case definitions include both acute and chronic cases. All reported cases were …
A Case Report of a Pregnant Woman with Chronic Hepatit B: …
Chronic Hepatitis B infection is a serious public health problem, ... In this case report, the duration of TDF treatment is only six-day ... Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, et al. A study of …
Table 1. Template case report form for acute viral hepatitis*
Template case report form for acute viral hepatitis* Identification [not to be entered in the computer] Full name: Present address: Village / Town / City: State / Province / District: ...
Willowbrook Hepatitis Experiments - Research and Innovation
titis, A and B. Hepatitis B is more diffi cult to pass on to others because it is spread through blood and sexual contact. Hepatitis B can lead to long-term ... could participate in the study. he …
Evaluation of hepatitis B vaccination strategy based on age ...
Collecting data on hepatitis B from 2002 to 2021 from the website of the Public Health Science Data Center [32], analyzing the data from different perspectives and the results are shown in …
Risk factors of hepatitis B transmission in northern Palestine: …
Keywords: Hepatitis B, Risk factors, Dental visits, Case–control study, Northern Palestine Background The Hepatitis B (HB) virus infects people across the world; approximately one …
International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research
Case Study AYURVEDA SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF HEPATITIS B – A CASE STUDY Shantala Priyadarshini T. R1*, Pannaga N Teragundi2, Pooja S2, Harshitha D Iyengar2, Roja …
