| cote d ivoire language: Language Planning and Policy in Africa Richard B. Baldauf, Robert B. Kaplan, 2007-01-01 A longer-range purpose is to collect comparable information on as many polities as possible in order to facilitate the development of a richer theory to guide language policy and planning in other polities that undertake the development of a national policy on languages. This volume is part of an areal series which is committed to providing descriptions of language planning and policy in countries around the world.--BOOK JACKET. |
| cote d ivoire language: Côte D'Ivoire Patricia Sheehan, 2000 Surveys the geography, history, government, economy, and culture of Cote d'Ivoire, formerly known as the Ivory Coast. |
| cote d ivoire language: Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast) Cyril K. Daddieh, 2016-02-09 Côte d’Ivoire remains one of the most intriguing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It appeared well on its way to becoming a model of development under its single political party and charismatic founding father, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, when it fell on hard economic times in the 1980s. Poor management of the socio-economic challenges by Houphouët-Boigny’s successors produced disastrous political consequences, including unprecedented political violence, the first-ever successful military coup, and two civil wars, culminating in former President Laurent Gbagbo being sent to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague to stand trial for war crimes. This third edition of Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast) contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 700 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the Cote d'Ivoire. |
| cote d ivoire language: Côte d'Ivoire Kaitlyn Duling, Patricia Sheehan, Jacqueline Ong, 2019-04-15 The Ivory Coast is a West African country with deep agricultural roots, a strong religious base, and a French-colonial history. Each of these characteristics impacts the daily lives of Ivorian citizens. Through engaging sidebars, interesting quotes, and vibrant photographs, this book provides insight into the people and culture of the Ivory Coast, including their traditions, lifestyle, celebrations, and economy, while exploring what makes this country a unique place today. |
| cote d ivoire language: Language Planning and Policy in Africa Richard B. Baldauf, Robert B. Kaplan, 2004 A longer-range purpose is to collect comparable information on as many polities as possible in order to facilitate the development of a richer theory to guide language policy and planning in other polities that undertake the development of a national policy on languages. This volume is part of an areal series which is committed to providing descriptions of language planning and policy in countries around the world.--BOOK JACKET. |
| cote d ivoire language: Linguistic Culture and Language Policy Harold Schiffman, 2012-11-12 By looking closely at the multilingual democracies of India, France and the USA, Harold F. Schiffman examines how language policy is primarily a social construct based on belief systems, attitudes and myths. Linguistic Culture and Language Policy exposes language policy as culture-specific, helping us to understand why language policies evolve the way they do; why they work, or not; and how people's lives are affected by them. These issues will be of specific interest to linguists specialising in multilingual/multicultural societies, bilingual educationalists, curriculum planners and teachers. |
| cote d ivoire language: The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals Koen Bogers, Harry van der Hulst, Marten Mous, 2016-09-26 |
| cote d ivoire language: Language and Development in Africa Ekkehard Wolff, 2016-05-26 This volume explores the central role of language across all aspects of public and private life in Africa. |
| cote d ivoire language: The Languages of Urban Africa Fiona Mc Laughlin, 2009-06-06 The Languages of Urban Africa consists of a series of case studies that address four main themes. The first is the history of African urban languages. The second set focus on theoretical issues in the study of African urban languages, exploring the outcomes of intense multilingualism and also the ways in which urban dwellers form their speech communities. The volume then moves on to explore the relationship between language and identity in the urban setting. The final two case studies in the volume address the evolution of urban languages in Africa. This rich set of chapters examine languages and speech communities in ten geographically diverse African urban centres, covering almost all regions of the continent. Half involve Francophone cities, the other half, Anglophone. This exciting volume shows us what the study of urban African languages can tell us about language and about African societies in general. It is essential reading for upper level undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in sociolinguistics, especially those interested in the language of Africa. |
| cote d ivoire language: Sociolinguistics in African Contexts Augustin Emmanuel Ebongue, Ellen Hurst, 2017-05-11 This volume offers a new perspective on sociolinguistics in Africa. Eschewing the traditional approach which looks at the interaction between European and African languages in the wake of colonialism, this book turns its focus to the social dynamics of African languages and African societies. Divided into two sections, the book offers insight into the crucial topics such as: language vitality and endangerment, the birth of ‘new languages’, a sociolinguistics of the city, language contact and language politics. It spans the continent from Algeria to South Africa, Guinea-Bissau to Kenya and addresses the following broad themes: Language variation, contact and changeThe dynamics of urban, rural and youth languagesPolicy and practice This book provides an alternative to the Eurocentric view of sociolinguistic dynamics in Africa, and will make an ideal read or supplemental textbook for scholars and students in the field/disciplines of African languages and linguistics, and those interested in southern theory or ‘sociolinguistics in the margins’. |
| cote d ivoire language: World Report 2017 Human Rights Watch, 2017-01-13 The human rights records of more than ninety countries and territories are put into perspective in Human Rights Watch's signature yearly report. Reflecting extensive investigative work undertaken in 2016 by Human Rights Watch staff, in close partnership with domestic human rights activists, the annual World Report is an invaluable resource for journalists, diplomats, and citizens, and is a must-read for anyone interested in the fight to protect human rights in every corner of the globe. |
| cote d ivoire language: The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Africa John F. McCauley, 2017-05-03 The book is aimed at students and scholars of conflict, Africa, ethnic politics, and religion. It may also appeal to religious and political leaders. It proposes a new perspective on how ethnicity and religion shape political outcomes and violence in Africa, adding psychological elements to standard political science arguments. |
| cote d ivoire language: Theory and description in African Linguistics Emily Clem , Peter Jenks , Hannah Sande , 2019 The papers in this volume were presented at the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics at UC Berkeley in 2016. The papers offer new descriptions of African languages and propose novel theoretical analyses of them. The contributions span topics in phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics and reflect the typological and genetic diversity of languages in Africa. Four papers in the volume examine Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction in Africa, and were presented at a special workshop on this topic held alongside the general session of ACAL. |
| cote d ivoire language: Manual of Romance Languages in Africa Ursula Reutner, 2023-12-18 With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa. |
| cote d ivoire language: Côte D’Ivoire Ley G. Ikpo, 2015-09-16 The end of the twentieth century, which was marked by multiparty democracy in Eastern European entities and Third World countries, moved Cte dIvoire to adhere to the new democratization system in 1990. Nine years later, the territory registered its first bloodless state coup. On September 19, 2002, the country was shared into two parts with human losses and damages when President Gbagbo was on official visit to Italy. After different attempts in negotiations (Linas-Marcoussis (2003), Pretoria agreement (2005), and the Political Agreement of Ouagadougou (2007)), for some protagonists, international organizations and NGOs, the perfect conflict resolution was about running elections so that the former peaceful land could regain its image of a prosperous and stable country. The elections that were delayed six times came to pass, and two presidents came out of the scrutiny. Gbagbo was proclaimed victorious by the Ivorian Constitutional Council, while Ouattara was acknowledged by the Independent Electoral Commission. Once more, the country fell into a postelection crisis. Meanwhile, the African Union, the European Union, the USA, the French Licorne, and the United Nations urged President Gbagbo to step down since Ouattara was considered the happy winner of the scrutiny. The refusal of Gbagbo cost human losses and led to his arrest on April 11, 2011. Nowadays, the country is not unified and reconciled, but it will have the 2015 elections. |
| cote d ivoire language: Linguistics Student's Handbook Professor Laurie Bauer, 2007 The book that tells you all the things you felt you were expected to know about linguistics, but were afraid to ask about.*What do you know about Burushaski and Miwok?*What's the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic?*What is E-language?*What is a language?*Do parenthetical and non-restrictive mean the same thing?*How do you write a bibiliographic entry for a work you have not seen?Every student who has asked these questions needs this book. A compendium of useful things for linguistics students to know, from the IPA chart to the Saussurean dichotomies, this book will be the constant companion of anyone undertaking studies of linguistics. Part reference work, part revision guide, and with tables providing summary information on some 280 languages, the book provides a new learning tool as a supplement to the usual textbooks and glossaries. |
| cote d ivoire language: Languages in Africa Elizabeth C. Zsiga, One Tlale Boyer, Ruth Kramer, 2015-03-03 People in many African communities live within a series of concentric circles when it comes to language. In a small group, a speaker uses an often unwritten and endangered mother tongue that is rarely used in school. A national indigenous language—written, widespread, sometimes used in school—surrounds it. An international language like French or English, a vestige of colonialism, carries prestige, is used in higher education, and promises mobility—and yet it will not be well known by its users. The essays in Languages in Africa explore the layers of African multilingualism as they affect language policy and education. Through case studies ranging across the continent, the contributors consider multilingualism in the classroom as well as in domains ranging from music and film to politics and figurative language. The contributors report on the widespread devaluing and even death of indigenous languages. They also investigate how poor teacher training leads to language-related failures in education. At the same time, they demonstrate that education in a mother tongue can work, linguists can use their expertise to provoke changes in language policies, and linguistic creativity thrives in these multilingual communities. |
| cote d ivoire language: Africa Yearbook Volume 16 , 2020-09-25 The Africa Yearbook covers major domestic political developments, the foreign policy and socio-economic trends in sub-Sahara Africa – all related to developments in one calendar year. The Yearbook contains articles on all sub-Saharan states, each of the four sub-regions (West, Central, Eastern, Southern Africa) focusing on major cross-border developments and sub-regional organizations as well as one article on continental developments and one on African-European relations. While the articles have thorough academic quality, the Yearbook is mainly oriented to the requirements of a large range of target groups: students, politicians, diplomats, administrators, journalists, teachers, practitioners in the field of development aid as well as business people. |
| cote d ivoire language: The Romance Languages Rebecca Posner, 1996-09-05 What is a Romance language? How is one Romance language related to others? How did they all evolve? And what can they tell us about language in general? In this comprehensive survey Rebecca Posner, a distinguished Romance specialist, examines this group of languages from a wide variety of perspectives. Her analysis combines philological expertise with insights drawn from modern theoretical linguistics, both synchronic and diachronic. She relates linguistic features to historical and sociological factors, and teases out those elements which can be attributed to divergence from a common source and those which indicate convergence towards a common aim. Her discussion is extensively illustrated with new and original data, and an up-to-date and comprehensive bibliography is included. This volume will be an invaluable and authoritative guide for students and specialists alike. |
| cote d ivoire language: Conceptual Decolonization in African Philosophy Kwasi Wiredu, 1995 |
| cote d ivoire language: Ivory Coast in Pictures Janice Hamilton, 2004-01-01 Discusses the geography, history and government, people, cultural life, and economy of the Ivory Coast, West Africa's second richest nation. |
| cote d ivoire language: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress, 2003 |
| cote d ivoire language: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress. Cataloging Policy and Support Office, 2006 |
| cote d ivoire language: Library of Congress Subject Headings , 2009 |
| cote d ivoire language: Political Independence with Linguistic Servitude Samuel Gyasi Obeng, Beverly Hartford, 2002 This book addresses important issues to the democratisation and development initiatives of developing countries. In many former colonies, the government remains centralised, and many in the population are unable to fully participate in its functioning. A critical difference between being a subject and a citizen is the ability to partake in governance. Such involvement requires knowledge, literacy, and the availability of literature in local and national languages. This book challenges policy makers and scholars to find creative ways of fostering political empowerment through developing language programmes. |
| cote d ivoire language: How We Made It in Africa Jaco Maritz, 2018-11 From the founder of the award-winning website (www.howwemadeitinafrica.com) comes the stories of 25 entrepreneurs who''ve built thriving businesses. * Be inspired by the experiences of Africa''s most dynamic entrepreneurs * Gain insight into the continent''s business opportunities * Find the courage to make your own dreams and ambitions become a reality Discover why Ken Njoroge is building a billion-dollar pan-African digital payments company (it is not because he wants to drive a Ferrari); Find out how Jean de Dieu Kagabo grew a Rwanda-based industrial group from a simple product: toilet paper; And be inspired by the extraordinary tale of Hassan Bashir who created a booming insurance company from nothing but grit and persistence. Each entrepreneur''s story is told in an honest manner, not shying away from the mistakes made and the considerable hurdles they had to overcome. And there were many tough times: from being betrayed by long-time senior managers to losing vast sums of money because of poor market research. Pursuing their business ambitions also had a toll on their personal lives: one entrepreneur was too broke to afford diapers for his baby, while another had to sell her house to keep the company alive. MEET THE ENTREPRENEURS 1. Ken Njoroge (Kenya): The long, hard journey to build a billion-dollar company 2. Tseday Asrat (Ethiopia): A modern twist on Ethiopia''s coffee culture 3. Tumi Phake (South Africa): Flexing his entrepreneurial muscles to exploit a gap in the fitness industry 4. Monica Musonda (Zambia): Instant noodle pioneer 5. Hassan Bashir (Kenya): An insurance firm created from nothing but grit and persistence 6. Ebele Enunwa (Nigeria): A $50-million food and retail empire 7. Tayo Oviosu (Nigeria): The entrepreneur who traded in his Silicon Valley life to bring mobile money to Nigerians 8. Navalayo Osembo (Kenya): How to make a Kenyan running shoe 9. Jean de Dieu Kagabo (Rwanda): Rwandan industrialist always hunting for the next big business idea 10. Addis Alemayehou (Ethiopia): Serial entrepreneur bringing the world to Ethiopia 11. Kasope Ladipo-Ajai (Nigeria): Nigerian cooking made convenient 12. Chijioke Dozie (Nigeria): Leveraging past experiences to disrupt the banking industry 13. Sylvester Chauke (South Africa): Marketer with a passion to take African brands global 14. Yoadan Tilahun (Ethiopia): Showing Ethiopia how to throw an event 15. Mossadeck Bally (Mali): West African hotel group built on an appetite for risk 16. Jennifer Bash (Tanzania): Adding value to everyday staples 17. Jesse Moore (Kenya): Thinking out of the box to power over 600 000 homes with solar energy 18. Twapewa Kadhikwa (Namibia): How one hair salon became a group of companies 19. Jacques de Vos (South Africa): Growing a high-impact tech business one problem statement at a time 20. Nana Akua Birmeh (Ghana): Architect breaking glass ceilings 21. Nelly Tuikong (Kenya): Kenyan beauty brand taking on global giants 22. Dr Hend El Sherbini (Egypt): From a small Egyptian family business to a London-listed healthcare giant 23. NJ Ayuk (Cameroon): A lawyer on the road less travelled 24. Polo Leteka (South Africa): The investor who spots opportunity where others see risk 25. Ashley Uys (South Africa): Diagnostic hustler ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jaco Maritz is CEO of Maritz Africa, publisher of the award-winning pan-African online business publication How we made it in Africa. Jaco holds a BA in Information Science from USB. He started his career at South African media company Media24, working on the websites of some of the country''s most well-known newspapers. He went on to become editor of TradeInvestNigeria, after which he founded Maritz Africa. When not building Maritz Africa, Jaco enjoys investing in other businesses. He is a regular speaker on business in Africa. |
| cote d ivoire language: The World in Your Hands. Vol 03. Marcelo Gameiro, 2024-07-25 Introducing the ultimate guide to exploring the world, All Countries of the World. This comprehensive book provides a wealth of information on every country on the planet, covering all aspects of their history, language, food, sports, nature, arts, religion, economy, education, people, culture, music, interesting facts, and geography. Each chapter dives deep into the unique features and characteristics of each country, providing insights into what makes them special and how they contribute to the diversity of our world. Whether you're an avid traveler, a curious learner, or simply someone who wants to expand their knowledge of the world, All Countries of the World is the perfect resource for you. With detailed information, this book will take you on a journey across the globe, discovering new and exciting places along the way. To test your comprehension and enhance your learning, multiple choice questions are provided at the end of each country's description, with answers included. Get ready to embark on an adventure like no other with All Countries of the World - the ultimate guide to exploring the world's rich and diverse cultures. |
| cote d ivoire language: Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa Adams Bodomo, Hasiyatu Abubakari, Samuel Alhassan Issah, 2020 |
| cote d ivoire language: UNESCO science report UNESCO, 2015-11-09 There are fewer grounds today than in the past to deplore a North‑South divide in research and innovation. This is one of the key findings of the UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030. A large number of countries are now incorporating science, technology and innovation in their national development agenda, in order to make their economies less reliant on raw materials and more rooted in knowledge. Most research and development (R&D) is taking place in high-income countries, but innovation of some kind is now occurring across the full spectrum of income levels according to the first survey of manufacturing companies in 65 countries conducted by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and summarized in this report. For many lower-income countries, sustainable development has become an integral part of their national development plans for the next 10–20 years. Among higher-income countries, a firm commitment to sustainable development is often coupled with the desire to maintain competitiveness in global markets that are increasingly leaning towards ‘green’ technologies. The quest for clean energy and greater energy efficiency now figures among the research priorities of numerous countries. Written by more than 50 experts who are each covering the country or region from which they hail, the UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 provides more country-level information than ever before. The trends and developments in science, technology and innovation policy and governance between 2009 and mid-2015 described here provide essential baseline information on the concerns and priorities of countries that could orient the implementation and drive the assessment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in the years to come. |
| cote d ivoire language: Cote D'Ivoire Constitution and Citizenship Laws Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws IBP, Inc, 2013-08 Cte-d'Ivoire Constitution and Citizenship Laws Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws |
| cote d ivoire language: The Routledge Handbook of Language and the Global South/s Sinfree Makoni, Anna Kaiper-Marquez, Lorato Mokwena, 2022-08-29 This Handbook centers on language(s) in the Global South/s and the many ways in which both language and the Global South are conceptualized, theorized, practiced, and reshaped. Drawing on 31 chapters situated in diverse geographical contexts, and four additional interviews with leading scholars, this text showcases: Issues of decolonization Promotion of Southern epistemologies and theories of the Global South/s A focus on social/applied linguistics An added focus on the academy A nuanced understanding of global language scholarship. It is written for emerging and established scholars across the globe as it positions Southern epistemologies, language scholarship, and decolonial theories into scholarship surrounding multiple themes and global perspectives. |
| cote d ivoire language: Paradigm Shift in Language Planning and Policy Ettien Koffi, 2012-01-27 The book proposes a paradigm shift in language planning and language policy in Africa. For the past fifty years, the dominant model has been the hegemonic model whereby a language of wider communication (LWC) is imposed on minority languages. It is now time for a paradigm shift in favor of a more egalitarian model in which all the languages spoken in the same country, irrespective of their size, are planned. The paradigm shift concerns four critical areas: status planning, cost-benefit planning, acquisition planning, and corpus planning. Such a shift is justified for the following reasons: First, the hegemonic model has a dismal track record of success in Africa and elsewhere. Second, the hegemonic model exacerbates linguistic conflicts in many countries. Consequently, policy makers shun it for fear of jeopardizing the fragile social fabric in their respective countries. Last, a shift away from the hegemonic model is recommended because it is too costly to implement. The democratic model is undergirded by the Strategic Game Theory proposed by David Laitin. It forecasts a 3±1 language outcome for most African countries. This outcome supports the three language formula now called for by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). |
| cote d ivoire language: Côte D'ivoire Morna Daniels, 1996 Protected from slavers by the heavy surf and lack of harbours, the Cote d'Ivoire became a French colony in 1893. The cultivation of cocoa and coffee was introduced and today the country is one of the world's largest producers. In recent years the Cote d'Ivoire has become one of the most stable, and until the 1980s, one of the most prosperous countries in sub-Saharan Africa. President Houphouet-Boigny took power on independence in 1960 and retained it until his death in 1993, in spite of challenges to his authority. After independence, the President retained close links with France and the economy grew rapidly until the fall in cocoa and coffee prices. Since 1982, drought and rising government expenditure have resulted in debt crisis and austerity measures. |
| cote d ivoire language: State-Building and Multilingual Education in Africa Ericka A. Albaugh, 2014-04-24 How do governments in Africa make decisions about language? What does language have to do with state-building, and what impact might it have on democracy? This manuscript provides a longue durée explanation for policies toward language in Africa, taking the reader through colonial, independence, and contemporary periods. It explains the growing trend toward the use of multiple languages in education as a result of new opportunities and incentives. The opportunities incorporate ideational relationships with former colonizers as well as the work of language NGOs on the ground. The incentives relate to the current requirements of democratic institutions, and the strategies leaders devise to win elections within these constraints. By contrasting the environment faced by African leaders with that faced by European state-builders, it explains the weakness of education and limited spread of standard languages on the continent. The work combines constructivist understanding about changing preferences with realist insights about the strategies leaders employ to maintain power. |
| cote d ivoire language: Handbook of Literacy in Africa R. Malatesha Joshi, 2023 This volume highlights the shortcomings concerning literacy development in Africa and collates the current available literature based on empirical research in various countries in a coherent manner. Further emphasized is how the current research can guide practical information to improve the literacy situation in Africa. The research studies will encompass various fields such as linguistics, neurosciences, and education and will provide future research directions and instructional recommendations to improve the literacy situation in Africa. |
| cote d ivoire language: Tense/aspect and the Development of Auxiliaries in Kru Languages Lynell Marchese, Lynell Zogbo, 1986 |
| cote d ivoire language: Advances in language planning Joshua A. Fishman, 2011-10-10 The Contributions to the Sociology of Language series features publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It addresses the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches – theoretical and empirical – supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of scholars interested in language in society from a broad range of disciplines – anthropology, education, history, linguistics, political science, and sociology. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Natalie Fecher. |
| cote d ivoire language: The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa Esther Mukewa Lisanza, |
| cote d ivoire language: Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages Sinfree Makoni, Alastair Pennycook, 2007 This book questions assumptions about the nature of language. Looking at diverse contexts from sign languages in Indonesia to literacy practices in Brazil, the authors argue that unless we change and reconstitute the ways in which languages are taught and conceptualized, language studies will not be able to improve the social welfare of language users. |
| cote d ivoire language: A Political Chronology of Africa David Lea, Annamarie Rowe, 2001 Provides an impartial record of the political events that have helped to shape social, cultural, geographical and economic history in the countries of Africa. Key features include: * Individual country profiles * The major political events that have shaped each country * Charts each country's political progress * Covers major events and developments from the early history of each nation to recent events * Greater emphasis is given to more comtemporary events, particularly in nations that have undergone major political upheaval in recent years * Details the elections, wars, disputes, diplomatic activities and changes to national borders by invasion, annexation and treaty that have had a major influence on history |
| cote d'ivoire language: Language Planning and Policy in Africa Richard B. Baldauf, Robert B. Kaplan, 2007-01-01 A longer-range purpose is to collect comparable information on as many polities as possible in order to facilitate the development of a richer theory to guide language policy and planning in other polities that undertake the development of a national policy on languages. This volume is part of an areal series which is committed to providing descriptions of language planning and policy in countries around the world.--BOOK JACKET. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Côte D'Ivoire Patricia Sheehan, 2000 Surveys the geography, history, government, economy, and culture of Cote d'Ivoire, formerly known as the Ivory Coast. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Côte d'Ivoire Kaitlyn Duling, Patricia Sheehan, Jacqueline Ong, 2019-04-15 The Ivory Coast is a West African country with deep agricultural roots, a strong religious base, and a French-colonial history. Each of these characteristics impacts the daily lives of Ivorian citizens. Through engaging sidebars, interesting quotes, and vibrant photographs, this book provides insight into the people and culture of the Ivory Coast, including their traditions, lifestyle, celebrations, and economy, while exploring what makes this country a unique place today. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast) Cyril K. Daddieh, 2016-02-09 Côte d’Ivoire remains one of the most intriguing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It appeared well on its way to becoming a model of development under its single political party and charismatic founding father, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, when it fell on hard economic times in the 1980s. Poor management of the socio-economic challenges by Houphouët-Boigny’s successors produced disastrous political consequences, including unprecedented political violence, the first-ever successful military coup, and two civil wars, culminating in former President Laurent Gbagbo being sent to the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague to stand trial for war crimes. This third edition of Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast) contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 700 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the Cote d'Ivoire. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Language and National Identity in Africa Andrew Simpson, 2008-02-07 This book focuses on language, culture, and identity in nineteen countries in Africa. Leading specialists, mainly from Africa, describe national linguistic and political histories, assess the status of majority and minority languages, and consider the role of language in ethnic conflict. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Language and Development in Africa Ekkehard Wolff, 2016-05-26 This volume explores the central role of language across all aspects of public and private life in Africa. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Linguistic Culture and Language Policy Harold Schiffman, 2012-11-12 By looking closely at the multilingual democracies of India, France and the USA, Harold F. Schiffman examines how language policy is primarily a social construct based on belief systems, attitudes and myths. Linguistic Culture and Language Policy exposes language policy as culture-specific, helping us to understand why language policies evolve the way they do; why they work, or not; and how people's lives are affected by them. These issues will be of specific interest to linguists specialising in multilingual/multicultural societies, bilingual educationalists, curriculum planners and teachers. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Colonizing Language Christina Yi, 2018-03-06 With the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Japan embarked on a policy of territorial expansion that would claim Taiwan and Korea, among others. Assimilation policies led to a significant body of literature written in Japanese by colonial writers by the 1930s. After its unconditional surrender in 1945, Japan abruptly receded to a nation-state, establishing its present-day borders. Following Korea’s liberation, Korean was labeled the national language of the Korean people, and Japanese-language texts were purged from the Korean literary canon. At the same time, these texts were also excluded from the Japanese literary canon, which was reconfigured along national, rather than imperial, borders. In Colonizing Language, Christina Yi investigates how linguistic nationalism and national identity intersect in the formation of modern literary canons through an examination of Japanese-language cultural production by Korean and Japanese writers from the 1930s through the 1950s, analyzing how key texts were produced, received, and circulated during the rise and fall of the Japanese empire. She considers a range of Japanese-language writings by Korean colonial subjects published in the 1930s and early 1940s and then traces how postwar reconstructions of ethnolinguistic nationality contributed to the creation of new literary canons in Japan and Korea, with a particular focus on writers from the Korean diasporic community in Japan. Drawing upon fiction, essays, film, literary criticism, and more, Yi challenges conventional understandings of national literature by showing how Japanese language ideology shaped colonial histories and the postcolonial present in East Asia. A Center for Korean Research Book |
| cote d'ivoire language: Theory and description in African Linguistics Emily Clem , Peter Jenks , Hannah Sande , 2019 The papers in this volume were presented at the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics at UC Berkeley in 2016. The papers offer new descriptions of African languages and propose novel theoretical analyses of them. The contributions span topics in phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics and reflect the typological and genetic diversity of languages in Africa. Four papers in the volume examine Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction in Africa, and were presented at a special workshop on this topic held alongside the general session of ACAL. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals Koen Bogers, Harry van der Hulst, Marten Mous, 2016-09-26 |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Story of French Jean-Benoît Nadeau, Julie Barlow, 2008-01-08 Why does everything sound better if it's said in French? That fascination is at the heart of The Story of French, the first history of one of the most beautiful languages in the world that was, at one time, the pre-eminent language of literature, science and diplomacy. In a captivating narrative that spans the ages, from Charlemagne to Cirque du Soleil, Jean-Benoît Nadeau and Julie Barlow unravel the mysteries of a language that has maintained its global influence despite the rise of English. As in any good story, The Story of French has spectacular failures, unexpected successes and bears traces of some of history's greatest figures: the tenacity of William the Conqueror, the staunchness of Cardinal Richelieu, and the endurance of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Through this colorful history, Nadeau and Barlow illustrate how French acquired its own peculiar culture, revealing how the culture of the language spread among francophones the world over and yet remains curiously centered in Paris. In fact, French is not only thriving—it still has a surprisingly strong influence on other languages. As lively as it is fascinating, The Story of French challenges long held assumptions about French and shows why it is still the world's other global language. |
| cote d'ivoire language: World Report 2017 Human Rights Watch, 2017-01-13 The human rights records of more than ninety countries and territories are put into perspective in Human Rights Watch's signature yearly report. Reflecting extensive investigative work undertaken in 2016 by Human Rights Watch staff, in close partnership with domestic human rights activists, the annual World Report is an invaluable resource for journalists, diplomats, and citizens, and is a must-read for anyone interested in the fight to protect human rights in every corner of the globe. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Logic of Ethnic and Religious Conflict in Africa John F. McCauley, 2017-05-03 The book is aimed at students and scholars of conflict, Africa, ethnic politics, and religion. It may also appeal to religious and political leaders. It proposes a new perspective on how ethnicity and religion shape political outcomes and violence in Africa, adding psychological elements to standard political science arguments. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Manual of Romance Languages in Africa Ursula Reutner, 2023-12-18 With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Linguistics Student's Handbook Professor Laurie Bauer, 2007 The book that tells you all the things you felt you were expected to know about linguistics, but were afraid to ask about.*What do you know about Burushaski and Miwok?*What's the difference between paradigmatic and syntagmatic?*What is E-language?*What is a language?*Do parenthetical and non-restrictive mean the same thing?*How do you write a bibiliographic entry for a work you have not seen?Every student who has asked these questions needs this book. A compendium of useful things for linguistics students to know, from the IPA chart to the Saussurean dichotomies, this book will be the constant companion of anyone undertaking studies of linguistics. Part reference work, part revision guide, and with tables providing summary information on some 280 languages, the book provides a new learning tool as a supplement to the usual textbooks and glossaries. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Languages of Urban Africa Fiona Mc Laughlin, 2009-06-06 The Languages of Urban Africa consists of a series of case studies that address four main themes. The first is the history of African urban languages. The second set focus on theoretical issues in the study of African urban languages, exploring the outcomes of intense multilingualism and also the ways in which urban dwellers form their speech communities. The volume then moves on to explore the relationship between language and identity in the urban setting. The final two case studies in the volume address the evolution of urban languages in Africa. This rich set of chapters examine languages and speech communities in ten geographically diverse African urban centres, covering almost all regions of the continent. Half involve Francophone cities, the other half, Anglophone. This exciting volume shows us what the study of urban African languages can tell us about language and about African societies in general. It is essential reading for upper level undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in sociolinguistics, especially those interested in the language of Africa. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Romance Languages Rebecca Posner, 1996-09-05 What is a Romance language? How is one Romance language related to others? How did they all evolve? And what can they tell us about language in general? In this comprehensive survey Rebecca Posner, a distinguished Romance specialist, examines this group of languages from a wide variety of perspectives. Her analysis combines philological expertise with insights drawn from modern theoretical linguistics, both synchronic and diachronic. She relates linguistic features to historical and sociological factors, and teases out those elements which can be attributed to divergence from a common source and those which indicate convergence towards a common aim. Her discussion is extensively illustrated with new and original data, and an up-to-date and comprehensive bibliography is included. This volume will be an invaluable and authoritative guide for students and specialists alike. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Fall of Language in the Age of English Minae Mizumura, 2015-01-06 Winner of the Kobayashi Hideo Award, The Fall of Language in the Age of English lays bare the struggle to retain the brilliance of one's own language in this period of English-language dominance. Born in Tokyo but raised and educated in the United States, Minae Mizumura acknowledges the value of a universal language in the pursuit of knowledge yet also embraces the different ways of understanding offered by multiple tongues. She warns against losing this precious diversity. Universal languages have always played a pivotal role in advancing human societies, Mizumura shows, but in the globalized world of the Internet, English is fast becoming the sole common language of humanity. The process is unstoppable, and striving for total language equality is delusional—and yet, particular kinds of knowledge can be gained only through writings in specific languages. Mizumura calls these writings texts and their ultimate form literature. Only through literature and, more fundamentally, through the diverse languages that give birth to a variety of literatures, can we nurture and enrich humanity. Incorporating her own experiences as a writer and a lover of language and embedding a parallel history of Japanese, Mizumura offers an intimate look at the phenomena of individual and national expression. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Côte D’Ivoire Ley G. Ikpo, 2015-09-16 The end of the twentieth century, which was marked by multiparty democracy in Eastern European entities and Third World countries, moved Cte dIvoire to adhere to the new democratization system in 1990. Nine years later, the territory registered its first bloodless state coup. On September 19, 2002, the country was shared into two parts with human losses and damages when President Gbagbo was on official visit to Italy. After different attempts in negotiations (Linas-Marcoussis (2003), Pretoria agreement (2005), and the Political Agreement of Ouagadougou (2007)), for some protagonists, international organizations and NGOs, the perfect conflict resolution was about running elections so that the former peaceful land could regain its image of a prosperous and stable country. The elections that were delayed six times came to pass, and two presidents came out of the scrutiny. Gbagbo was proclaimed victorious by the Ivorian Constitutional Council, while Ouattara was acknowledged by the Independent Electoral Commission. Once more, the country fell into a postelection crisis. Meanwhile, the African Union, the European Union, the USA, the French Licorne, and the United Nations urged President Gbagbo to step down since Ouattara was considered the happy winner of the scrutiny. The refusal of Gbagbo cost human losses and led to his arrest on April 11, 2011. Nowadays, the country is not unified and reconciled, but it will have the 2015 elections. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Ivory Coast in Pictures Janice Hamilton, 2004-01-01 Discusses the geography, history and government, people, cultural life, and economy of the Ivory Coast, West Africa's second richest nation. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Handbook of the Mabia Languages of West Africa Adams Bodomo, Hasiyatu Abubakari, Samuel Alhassan Issah, 2020 |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Modernity Bluff Sasha Newell, 2012-05-14 In Côte d’Ivoire, appearing modern is so important for success that many young men deplete their already meager resources to project an illusion of wealth in a fantastic display of Western imitation, spending far more than they can afford on brand name clothing, accessories, technology, and a robust nightlife. Such imitation, however, is not primarily meant to deceive—rather, as Sasha Newell argues in The Modernity Bluff, it is an explicit performance so valued in Côte d’Ivoire it has become a matter of national pride. Called bluffeurs, these young urban men operate in a system of cultural economy where reputation is essential for financial success. That reputation is measured by familiarity with and access to the fashionable and expensive, which leads to a paradoxical state of affairs in which the wasting of wealth is essential to its accumulation. Using the consumption of Western goods to express their cultural mastery over Western taste, Newell argues, bluffeurs engage a global hierarchy that is profoundly modern, one that values performance over authenticity—highlighting the counterfeit nature of modernity itself. |
| cote d'ivoire language: State-Building and Multilingual Education in Africa Ericka A. Albaugh, 2014-04-24 How do governments in Africa make decisions about language? What does language have to do with state-building, and what impact might it have on democracy? This manuscript provides a longue durée explanation for policies toward language in Africa, taking the reader through colonial, independence, and contemporary periods. It explains the growing trend toward the use of multiple languages in education as a result of new opportunities and incentives. The opportunities incorporate ideational relationships with former colonizers as well as the work of language NGOs on the ground. The incentives relate to the current requirements of democratic institutions, and the strategies leaders devise to win elections within these constraints. By contrasting the environment faced by African leaders with that faced by European state-builders, it explains the weakness of education and limited spread of standard languages on the continent. The work combines constructivist understanding about changing preferences with realist insights about the strategies leaders employ to maintain power. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Language of Letting Go Melody Beattie, 2009-12-12 Written for those of us who struggle with codependency, these daily meditations offer growth and renewal, and remind us that the best thing we can do is take responsibility for our own self-care. Melody Beattie integrates her own life experiences and fundamental recovery reflections in this unique daily meditation book written especially for those of us who struggle with the issue of codependency.Problems are made to be solved, Melody reminds us, and the best thing we can do is take responsibility for our own pain and self-care. In this daily inspirational book, Melody provides us with a thought to guide us through the day and she encourages us to remember that each day is an opportunity for growth and renewal. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Domestication of Language Daniel Cloud, 2014-11-25 Language did not evolve only in the distant past. Our shared understanding of the meanings of words is ever-changing, and we make conscious, rational decisions about which words to use and what to mean by them every day. Applying DarwinÕs theory of Òunconscious artificial selectionÓ to the evolution of linguistic conventions, Daniel Cloud suggests a new, evolutionary explanation for the rich, complex, and continually reinvented meanings of our words. The choice of which words to use and in which sense to use them is both a Òselection eventÓ and an intentional decision, making DarwinÕs account of artificial selection a particularly compelling model of the evolution of words. After drawing an analogy between the theory of domestication offered by Darwin and the evolution of human languages and cultures, Cloud applies his analytical framework to the question of what makes humans unique, and how they became that way. He incorporates insights from David LewisÕs Convention, Brian SkyrmsÕs Signals, and Kim SterelnyÕs Evolved Apprentice, all while emphasizing the role of deliberate human choice in the crafting of language over time. His clever and intuitive model casts humansÕ cultural and linguistic evolution as an integrated, dynamic process, with results that reach into all corners of our private lives and public character. |
| cote d'ivoire language: A grammar of the Mandingo language Robert Maxwell Macbrair, 1839 |
| cote d'ivoire language: How We Made It in Africa Jaco Maritz, 2018-11 From the founder of the award-winning website (www.howwemadeitinafrica.com) comes the stories of 25 entrepreneurs who''ve built thriving businesses. * Be inspired by the experiences of Africa''s most dynamic entrepreneurs * Gain insight into the continent''s business opportunities * Find the courage to make your own dreams and ambitions become a reality Discover why Ken Njoroge is building a billion-dollar pan-African digital payments company (it is not because he wants to drive a Ferrari); Find out how Jean de Dieu Kagabo grew a Rwanda-based industrial group from a simple product: toilet paper; And be inspired by the extraordinary tale of Hassan Bashir who created a booming insurance company from nothing but grit and persistence. Each entrepreneur''s story is told in an honest manner, not shying away from the mistakes made and the considerable hurdles they had to overcome. And there were many tough times: from being betrayed by long-time senior managers to losing vast sums of money because of poor market research. Pursuing their business ambitions also had a toll on their personal lives: one entrepreneur was too broke to afford diapers for his baby, while another had to sell her house to keep the company alive. MEET THE ENTREPRENEURS 1. Ken Njoroge (Kenya): The long, hard journey to build a billion-dollar company 2. Tseday Asrat (Ethiopia): A modern twist on Ethiopia''s coffee culture 3. Tumi Phake (South Africa): Flexing his entrepreneurial muscles to exploit a gap in the fitness industry 4. Monica Musonda (Zambia): Instant noodle pioneer 5. Hassan Bashir (Kenya): An insurance firm created from nothing but grit and persistence 6. Ebele Enunwa (Nigeria): A $50-million food and retail empire 7. Tayo Oviosu (Nigeria): The entrepreneur who traded in his Silicon Valley life to bring mobile money to Nigerians 8. Navalayo Osembo (Kenya): How to make a Kenyan running shoe 9. Jean de Dieu Kagabo (Rwanda): Rwandan industrialist always hunting for the next big business idea 10. Addis Alemayehou (Ethiopia): Serial entrepreneur bringing the world to Ethiopia 11. Kasope Ladipo-Ajai (Nigeria): Nigerian cooking made convenient 12. Chijioke Dozie (Nigeria): Leveraging past experiences to disrupt the banking industry 13. Sylvester Chauke (South Africa): Marketer with a passion to take African brands global 14. Yoadan Tilahun (Ethiopia): Showing Ethiopia how to throw an event 15. Mossadeck Bally (Mali): West African hotel group built on an appetite for risk 16. Jennifer Bash (Tanzania): Adding value to everyday staples 17. Jesse Moore (Kenya): Thinking out of the box to power over 600 000 homes with solar energy 18. Twapewa Kadhikwa (Namibia): How one hair salon became a group of companies 19. Jacques de Vos (South Africa): Growing a high-impact tech business one problem statement at a time 20. Nana Akua Birmeh (Ghana): Architect breaking glass ceilings 21. Nelly Tuikong (Kenya): Kenyan beauty brand taking on global giants 22. Dr Hend El Sherbini (Egypt): From a small Egyptian family business to a London-listed healthcare giant 23. NJ Ayuk (Cameroon): A lawyer on the road less travelled 24. Polo Leteka (South Africa): The investor who spots opportunity where others see risk 25. Ashley Uys (South Africa): Diagnostic hustler ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jaco Maritz is CEO of Maritz Africa, publisher of the award-winning pan-African online business publication How we made it in Africa. Jaco holds a BA in Information Science from USB. He started his career at South African media company Media24, working on the websites of some of the country''s most well-known newspapers. He went on to become editor of TradeInvestNigeria, after which he founded Maritz Africa. When not building Maritz Africa, Jaco enjoys investing in other businesses. He is a regular speaker on business in Africa. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Conceptual Decolonization in African Philosophy Kwasi Wiredu, 1995 |
| cote d'ivoire language: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress, 2003 |
| cote d'ivoire language: Political Independence with Linguistic Servitude Samuel Gyasi Obeng, Beverly Hartford, 2002 This book addresses important issues to the democratisation and development initiatives of developing countries. In many former colonies, the government remains centralised, and many in the population are unable to fully participate in its functioning. A critical difference between being a subject and a citizen is the ability to partake in governance. Such involvement requires knowledge, literacy, and the availability of literature in local and national languages. This book challenges policy makers and scholars to find creative ways of fostering political empowerment through developing language programmes. |
| cote d'ivoire language: UNESCO science report UNESCO, 2015-11-09 There are fewer grounds today than in the past to deplore a North‑South divide in research and innovation. This is one of the key findings of the UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030. A large number of countries are now incorporating science, technology and innovation in their national development agenda, in order to make their economies less reliant on raw materials and more rooted in knowledge. Most research and development (R&D) is taking place in high-income countries, but innovation of some kind is now occurring across the full spectrum of income levels according to the first survey of manufacturing companies in 65 countries conducted by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and summarized in this report. For many lower-income countries, sustainable development has become an integral part of their national development plans for the next 10–20 years. Among higher-income countries, a firm commitment to sustainable development is often coupled with the desire to maintain competitiveness in global markets that are increasingly leaning towards ‘green’ technologies. The quest for clean energy and greater energy efficiency now figures among the research priorities of numerous countries. Written by more than 50 experts who are each covering the country or region from which they hail, the UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 provides more country-level information than ever before. The trends and developments in science, technology and innovation policy and governance between 2009 and mid-2015 described here provide essential baseline information on the concerns and priorities of countries that could orient the implementation and drive the assessment of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in the years to come. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Signs of Language Edward S. Klima, Ursula Bellugi, 1979 In a book with far-reaching implications, Edward S. Klima and Ursula Bellugi present a full exploration of a language in another mode--a language of the hands and of the eyes. They discuss the origin and development of American Sign Language, the internal structure of its basic units, the grammatical processes it employs, and its heightened use in poetry and wit. The authors draw on research, much of it by and with deaf people, to answer the crucial question of what is fundamental to language as language and what is determined by the mode (vocal or gestural) in which a language is produced. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress. Cataloging Policy and Support Office, 2007 |
| cote d'ivoire language: The World in Your Hands. Vol 03. Marcelo Gameiro, 2024-07-25 Introducing the ultimate guide to exploring the world, All Countries of the World. This comprehensive book provides a wealth of information on every country on the planet, covering all aspects of their history, language, food, sports, nature, arts, religion, economy, education, people, culture, music, interesting facts, and geography. Each chapter dives deep into the unique features and characteristics of each country, providing insights into what makes them special and how they contribute to the diversity of our world. Whether you're an avid traveler, a curious learner, or simply someone who wants to expand their knowledge of the world, All Countries of the World is the perfect resource for you. With detailed information, this book will take you on a journey across the globe, discovering new and exciting places along the way. To test your comprehension and enhance your learning, multiple choice questions are provided at the end of each country's description, with answers included. Get ready to embark on an adventure like no other with All Countries of the World - the ultimate guide to exploring the world's rich and diverse cultures. |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa Esther Mukewa Lisanza, |
| cote d'ivoire language: Disinventing and Reconstituting Languages Sinfree Makoni, Alastair Pennycook, 2007 This book questions assumptions about the nature of language. Looking at diverse contexts from sign languages in Indonesia to literacy practices in Brazil, the authors argue that unless we change and reconstitute the ways in which languages are taught and conceptualized, language studies will not be able to improve the social welfare of language users. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Cote D'Ivoire Constitution and Citizenship Laws Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws IBP, Inc, 2013-08 Cte-d'Ivoire Constitution and Citizenship Laws Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws |
| cote d'ivoire language: The Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics H. Ekkehard Wolff, 2019-05-16 This book provides an in-depth and comprehensive state-of-the-art study of 'African languages' and 'language in Africa' since its beginnings as a 'colonial science' at the turn of the twentieth century in Europe. Compiled by 56 internationally renowned scholars, this ground breaking study looks at past and current research on 'African languages' and 'language in Africa' under the impact of paradigmatic changes from 'colonial' to 'postcolonial' perspectives. It addresses current trends in the study of the role and functions of language, African and other, in pre- and postcolonial African societies. Highlighting the central role that the 'language factor' plays in postcolonial transformation processes of sociocultural modernization and economic development, it also addresses more recent, particularly urban, patterns of communication, and outlines applied dimensions of digitalization and human language technology. |
| cote d'ivoire language: Paradigm Shift in Language Planning and Policy Ettien Koffi, 2012-01-27 The book proposes a paradigm shift in language planning and language policy in Africa. For the past fifty years, the dominant model has been the hegemonic model whereby a language of wider communication (LWC) is imposed on minority languages. It is now time for a paradigm shift in favor of a more egalitarian model in which all the languages spoken in the same country, irrespective of their size, are planned. The paradigm shift concerns four critical areas: status planning, cost-benefit planning, acquisition planning, and corpus planning. Such a shift is justified for the following reasons: First, the hegemonic model has a dismal track record of success in Africa and elsewhere. Second, the hegemonic model exacerbates linguistic conflicts in many countries. Consequently, policy makers shun it for fear of jeopardizing the fragile social fabric in their respective countries. Last, a shift away from the hegemonic model is recommended because it is too costly to implement. The democratic model is undergirded by the Strategic Game Theory proposed by David Laitin. It forecasts a 3±1 language outcome for most African countries. This outcome supports the three language formula now called for by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). |
| cote d'ivoire language: Côte D'ivoire Morna Daniels, 1996 Protected from slavers by the heavy surf and lack of harbours, the Cote d'Ivoire became a French colony in 1893. The cultivation of cocoa and coffee was introduced and today the country is one of the world's largest producers. In recent years the Cote d'Ivoire has become one of the most stable, and until the 1980s, one of the most prosperous countries in sub-Saharan Africa. President Houphouet-Boigny took power on independence in 1960 and retained it until his death in 1993, in spite of challenges to his authority. After independence, the President retained close links with France and the economy grew rapidly until the fall in cocoa and coffee prices. Since 1982, drought and rising government expenditure have resulted in debt crisis and austerity measures. |
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côté - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Apr 11, 2025 · Inherited from Middle French costé, from Old French costé, from Latin costātus. Compare Spanish costado, Catalan costat. côté m (plural côtés) Elle est parti de ce côté ! ― She …
COTE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of COTE is cot.
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English translation of 'la côte' - Collins Online Dictionary
Il s’est cassé une côte en tombant. He broke a rib when he fell. Collins Beginner’s French-English Dictionary © HarperCollins Publishers. All rights reserved. La route longe la côte. The road …
COTE | translation French to English: Cambridge Dictionary
COTE translations: reference number, value, dimension, hill, coast, rib, chop, rib, ridge, sought after, highly rated…. Learn more in the Cambridge French-English Dictionary.
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Cote – New York - a MICHELIN Guide Restaurant
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COTE is the only Michelin-starred Korean barbecue restaurant in the world. [2] COTE's second location opened in Miami Design District in February 2021. [3] COTE is a Korean word (꽃; ) that …
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