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| countries without an official language: The Language Wars Henry Hitchings, 2011-10-25 The English language is a battlefield. Since the age of Shakespeare, arguments over correct usage have been bitter, and have always really been about contesting values-morality, politics, and class. The Language Wars examines the present state of the conflict, its history, and its future. Above all, it uses the past as a way of illuminating the present. Moving chronologically, the book explores the most persistent issues to do with English and unpacks the history of proper usage. Where did these ideas spring from? Who has been on the front lines in the language wars? The Language Wars examines grammar rules, regional accents, swearing, spelling, dictionaries, political correctness, and the role of electronic media in reshaping language. It also takes a look at such details as the split infinitive, elocution, and text messaging. Peopled with intriguing characters such as Jonathan Swift, Lewis Carroll, and Lenny Bruce, The Language Wars is an essential volume for anyone interested in the state of the English language today or its future. |
| countries without an official language: Do You Speak American? Robert Macneil, William Cran, 2007-12-18 Is American English in decline? Are regional dialects dying out? Is there a difference between men and women in how they adapt to linguistic variations? These questions, and more, about our language catapulted Robert MacNeil and William Cran—the authors (with Robert McCrum) of the language classic The Story of English—across the country in search of the answers. Do You Speak American? is the tale of their discoveries, which provocatively show how the standard for American English—if a standard exists—is changing quickly and dramatically. On a journey that takes them from the Northeast, through Appalachia and the Deep South, and west to California, the authors observe everyday verbal interactions and in a host of interviews with native speakers glean the linguistic quirks and traditions characteristic of each area. While examining the histories and controversies surrounding both written and spoken American English, they address anxieties and assumptions that, when explored, are highly emotional, such as the growing influence of Spanish as a threat to American English and the special treatment of African-American vernacular English. And, challenging the purists who think grammatical standards are in serious deterioration and that media saturation of our culture is homogenizing our speech, they surprise us with unpredictable responses. With insight and wit, MacNeil and Cran bring us a compelling book that is at once a celebration and a potent study of our singular language. Each wave of immigration has brought new words to enrich the American language. Do you recognize the origin of 1. blunderbuss, sleigh, stoop, coleslaw, boss, waffle? Or 2. dumb, ouch, shyster, check, kaput, scram, bummer? Or 3. phooey, pastrami, glitch, kibbitz, schnozzle? Or 4. broccoli, espresso, pizza, pasta, macaroni, radio? Or 5. smithereens, lollapalooza, speakeasy, hooligan? Or 6. vamoose, chaps, stampede, mustang, ranch, corral? 1. Dutch 2. German 3. Yiddish 4. Italian 5. Irish 6. Spanish |
| countries without an official language: Official Language Designation Sujit Choudhry and Erin C. Houlihan, 2021-04-29 Modern constitutions typically contain a variety of provisions on language. They may designate one or more official languages, each with a different kind of legal status. Constitutions may also create language rights, usually held by minority-language speakers, granting groups and individuals the right to communicate with, and receive services from, the government in their native tongue. In systems of multi-level governance, constitutions may vest the authority to designate official language(s) for each order of government. This Primer addresses the role of language in constitutional design, and the key considerations, implications and potential challenges that arise in multilingual states. It discusses the range of claims around language as a constitutional issue, and the potential consequences of successfully addressing these claims—or failing to do so. |
| countries without an official language: English as a Global Language David Crystal, 2012-03-29 Written in a detailed and fascinating manner, this book is ideal for general readers interested in the English language. |
| countries without an official language: Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language Thomas Burns McArthur, Roshan McArthur, 2005 From Sanskrit to Scouse, this book provides a single-volume source of information about the English language. The guide is intended both for reference and and for browsing. The international perspective takes in language from Cockney to Creole, Aboriginal English to Zummerzet, Estuary English to Caribbean English and a historical range from Beowulf to Ebonics, Chaucer to Chomsky, Latin to the World Wide Web. There is coverage of a wide range of topics from abbreviation to Zeugma, Shakespeare to split infinitive and substantial entries on key subjects such as African English, etymology, imperialism, pidgin, poetry, psycholinguistics and slang. Box features include pieces on place-names, the evolution of the alphabet, the story of OK, borrowings into English, and the Internet. Invaluable reference for English Language students, and fascinating reading for the general reader with an interest in language. |
| countries without an official language: Languages at War H. Footitt, M. Kelly, 2015-12-26 Emphasising the significance of foreign languages at the centre of war and conflict, this book argues that 'foreignness' and foreign languages are key to our understanding of what happens in war. Through case studies the book traces the role of languages in intelligence, military deployment, soldier/civilian meetings, occupation and peace building. |
| countries without an official language: Language Conflict and Language Rights William D. Davies, Stanley Dubinsky, 2018-08-09 As the colonial hegemony of empire fades around the world, the role of language in ethnic conflict has become increasingly topical, as have issues concerning the right of speakers to choose and use their preferred language(s). Such rights are often asserted and defended in response to their being violated. The importance of understanding these events and issues, and their relationship to individual, ethnic, and national identity, is central to research and debate in a range of fields outside of, as well as within, linguistics. This book provides a clearly written introduction for linguists and non-specialists alike, presenting basic facts about the role of language in the formation of identity and the preservation of culture. It articulates and explores categories of conflict and language rights abuses through detailed presentation of illustrative case studies, and distills from these key cross-linguistic and cross-cultural generalizations. |
| countries without an official language: The Legal Recognition of Sign Languages Maartje De Meulder, Joseph J. Murray, Rachel L. McKee, 2019-06-17 This book presents the first ever comprehensive overview of national laws recognising sign languages, the impacts they have and the advocacy campaigns which led to their creation. It comprises 18 studies from communities across Europe, the US, South America, Asia and New Zealand. They set sign language legislation within the national context of language policies in each country and show patterns of intersection between language ideologies, public policy and deaf communities’ discourses. The chapters are grounded in a collaborative writing approach between deaf and hearing scholars and activists involved in legislative campaigns. Each one describes a deaf community’s expectations and hopes for legal recognition and the type of sign language legislation achieved. The chapters also discuss the strategies used in achieving the passage of the legislation, as well as an account of barriers confronted and surmounted (or not) in the legislative process. The book will be of interest to language activists in the fields of sign language and other minority languages, policymakers and researchers in deaf studies, sign linguistics, sociolinguistics, human rights law and applied linguistics. |
| countries without an official language: The Complete Guide to Article Writing Naveed Saleh, 2013-12-17 Master the art of article writing! The world of journalism is changing rapidly, and the modern journalist needs more than a basic knowledge of article writing to navigate it. The Complete Guide to Article Writing provides a compass for freelancers and students of journalism looking to write successfully on a wide variety of topics and for many different markets--both in print and online. From researching and interviewing to writing features, reviews, news articles, opinion pieces, and even blog posts, this one-stop guide will illuminate the intricacies of article writing so you can produce entertaining, informative, and salable articles. • Learn how to write coherently, cohesively, and concisely. • Choose the proper structure for the article you want to write. • Weave narrative and fact seamlessly into your pieces. • Develop your freelance platform with the latest in social media outlets. • Pitch your ideas like a pro. • Develop a professional relationship with editors. • And much more! Modern journalism can be a treacherous terrain, but with The Complete Guide to Article Writing as your companion, you'll not only survive the journey--you'll be able to write pieces that inform, entertain, inspire, delight--and sell! |
| countries without an official language: The World Factbook 2003 United States. Central Intelligence Agency, 2003 By intelligence officials for intelligent people |
| countries without an official language: The Position of the German Language in the World Ulrich Ammon, 2019-08-08 The Position of the German Language in the World focuses on the global position of German and the factors which work towards sustaining its use and utility for international communication. From the perspective of the global language constellation, the detailed data analysis of this substantial research project depicts German as an example of a second-rank language. The book also provides a model for analysis and description of international languages other than English. It offers a framework for strengthening the position of languages such as Arabic, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Spanish and others and for countering exaggerated claims about the global monopoly position of English. This comprehensive handbook of the state of the German language in the world was originally published in 2015 by Walter de Gruyter in German and has been critically acclaimed. Suitable for scholars and researchers of the German language, the handbook shows in detail how intricately and thoroughly German and other second-rank languages are tied up with a great number of societies and how these statistics support or weaken the languages’ functions and maintenance. |
| countries without an official language: Diglossia and Language Contact Lotfi Sayahi, 2014-04-24 This volume provides a detailed analysis of language contact in North Africa and explores the historical presence of the languages used in the region, including the different varieties of Arabic and Berber as well as European languages. Using a wide range of data sets, it provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of language contact under classical diglossia and societal bilingualism, examining multiple cases of oral and written code-switching. It also describes contact-induced lexical and structural change in such situations and discusses the possible appearance of new varieties within the context of diglossia. Examples from past diglossic situations are examined, including the situation in Muslim Spain and the Maltese Islands. An analysis of the current situation of Arabic vernaculars, not only in the Maghreb but also in other Arabic-speaking areas, is also presented. This book will appeal to anyone interested in language contact, the Arabic language, and North Africa. |
| countries without an official language: The Rise of English Rosemary C. Salomone, 2022 A sweeping account of the global rise of English and the high-stakes politics of languageSpoken by a quarter of the world's population, English is today's lingua franca- - its common tongue. The language of business, popular media, and international politics, English has become commodified for its economic value and increasingly detached from any particular nation. This meteoric riseof English has many obvious benefits to communication. Tourists can travel abroad with greater ease. Political leaders can directly engage their counterparts. Researchers can collaborate with foreign colleagues. Business interests can flourish in the global economy.But the rise of English has very real downsides as well. In Europe, imperatives of political integration and job mobility compete with pride in national language and heritage. In the United States and England, English isolates us from the cultural and economic benefits of speaking other languages.And in countries like India, South Africa, Morocco, and Rwanda, it has stratified society along lines of English proficiency.In The Rise of English, Rosemary Salomone offers a commanding view of the unprecedented spread of English and the far-reaching effects it has on global and local politics, economics, media, education, and business. From the inner workings of the European Union to linguistic battles over influence inAfrica, Salomone draws on a wealth of research to tell the complex story of English - and, ultimately, to argue for English not as a force for domination but as a core component of multilingualism and the transcendence of linguistic and cultural borders. |
| countries without an official language: Scotland Magnus Magnusson, 2003 Chronicles the social, economic, and political history of Scotland, starting with its earliest peoples in 7000 B.C. and wrapping up with a discussion of eighteenth-century author Sir Walter Scott. |
| countries without an official language: The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy Bernard Spolsky, 2012-03 This is the first Handbook to deal with language policy as a whole and is a complete 'state-of-the-field' survey, covering language practices, beliefs about language varieties, and methods and agencies for language management. It will be welcomed by students, researchers and language professionals in linguistics, education and politics. |
| countries without an official language: Language Policy and National Unity in South Africa/Azania Neville Alexander, 1989 |
| countries without an official language: National Policy on Languages Joseph Lo Bianco, Australia. Department of Education, 1987 Identifies factors provoking shift from implicit language policies such as denigration of Aboriginal languages to the development of an explicit language policy where bilingualism replaces English monolingualism. |
| countries without an official language: The Power of Babel John McWhorter, 2003-01-07 There are approximately six thousand languages on Earth today, each a descendant of the tongue first spoken by Homo sapiens some 150,000 years ago. While laying out how languages mix and mutate over time, linguistics professor John McWhorter reminds us of the variety within the species that speaks them, and argues that, contrary to popular perception, language is not immutable and hidebound, but a living, dynamic entity that adapts itself to an ever-changing human environment. Full of humor and imaginative insight, The Power of Babel draws its illustrative examples from languages around the world, including pidgins, Creoles, and nonstandard dialects. |
| countries without an official language: Language Daniel L. Everett, 2012-03-13 A bold and provocative study that presents language not as an innate component of the brain—as most linguists do—but as an essential tool unique to each culture worldwide. For years, the prevailing opinion among academics has been that language is embedded in our genes, existing as an innate and instinctual part of us. But linguist Daniel Everett argues that, like other tools, language was invented by humans and can be reinvented or lost. He shows how the evolution of different language forms—that is, different grammar—reflects how language is influenced by human societies and experiences, and how it expresses their great variety. For example, the Amazonian Pirahã put words together in ways that violate our long-held under-standing of how language works, and Pirahã grammar expresses complex ideas very differently than English grammar does. Drawing on the Wari’ language of Brazil, Everett explains that speakers of all languages, in constructing their stories, omit things that all members of the culture understand. In addition, Everett discusses how some cultures can get by without words for numbers or counting, without verbs for “to say” or “to give,” illustrating how the very nature of what’s important in a language is culturally determined. Combining anthropology, primatology, computer science, philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and his own pioneering—and adventurous—research with the Amazonian Pirahã, and using insights from many different languages and cultures, Everett gives us an unprecedented elucidation of this society-defined nature of language. In doing so, he also gives us a new understanding of how we think and who we are. |
| countries without an official language: The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language V. Ginsburgh, S. Weber, 2016-04-08 Do the languages people speak influence their economic decisions and social behavior in multilingual societies? This Handbook brings together scholars from various disciplines to examine the links and tensions between economics and language to find the delicate balance between monetary benefits and psychological costs of linguistic dynamics. |
| countries without an official language: Language Interrupted John McWhorter, 2007-06-18 Foreigners often say that English language is easy. A language like Spanish is challenging in its variety of verb endings (the verb speak is conjugated hablo, hablas, hablamos), and gender for nouns, whereas English is more straight forward (I speak, you speak, we speak). But linguists generally swat down claims that certain languages are easier than others, since it is assumed all languages are complex to the same degree. For example, they will point to English's use of the word do -- Do you know French? This usage is counter-intuitive and difficult for non-native speakers. Linguist John McWhorter agrees that all languages are complex, but questions whether or not they are all equally complex. The topic of complexity has become a hot issue in recent years, particularly in creole studies, historical linguistics, and language contact. As McWhorter describes, when languages came into contact over the years (when French speakers ruled the English for a few centuries, or the vikings invaded England), a large number of speakers are forced to learn a new language quickly, and this came up with a simplified version, a pidgin. When this ultimately turns into a real language, a creole, the result is still simpler and less complex than a non-interrupted language that has been around for a long time. McWhorter makes the case that this kind of simplification happens in degrees, and criticizes linguists who are reluctant to say that, for example, English is simply simpler than Spanish for socio-historical reasons. He analyzes how various languages that seem simple but are not creoles, actually are simpler than they would be if they had not been broken down by large numbers of adult learners. In addition to English, he looks at Mandarin Chinese, Persian, Malay, and some Arabic varieties. His work will interest not just experts in creole studies and historical linguistics, but the wider community interested in language complexity. |
| countries without an official language: Language Rights in Canada Michel Bastarache, 1987 |
| countries without an official language: Namibia World Bank, 2009 A concise introduction to the most important aspects of Namibia's economic and social development over the past 5-10 years, including tracking progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals. |
| countries without an official language: Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones, 1998 This encyclopedia is divided into three sections: individual bilingualism; bilingualism in society and bilingual education. It includes many pictures, graphs, maps and diagrams. The book concludes with a comprehensive bibliography on bilingualism. |
| countries without an official language: The Republic of India Alan Gledhill, 2013 |
| countries without an official language: Congressional Record United States. Congress, 1947 The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873) |
| countries without an official language: "Why Don't They Learn English" Separating Fact From Fallacy In the U.S. Language Debate Lucy Tse, 2001-09-21 Challenges the notion that immigrants do not learn the English language while living in this country, arguing that while English is being learned more and more, individual native languages are being left behind. |
| countries without an official language: Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Christopher Moseley, 2010-01-01 Languages are not only tools of communication, they also reflect a view of the world. Languages are vehicles of value systems and cultural expressions and are an essential component of the living heritage of humanity. Yet, many of them are in danger of disappearing. UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger tries to raise awareness on language endangerment. This third edition has been completely revised and expanded to include new series of maps and new points of view. |
| countries without an official language: Language Management Bernard Spolsky, 2009-04-02 This book was the first book to present a specific theory of language management. |
| countries without an official language: The Language Hoax John H. McWhorter, 2014-04-01 Japanese has a term that covers both green and blue. Russian has separate terms for dark and light blue. Does this mean that Russians perceive these colors differently from Japanese people? Does language control and limit the way we think? This short, opinionated book addresses the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which argues that the language we speak shapes the way we perceive the world. Linguist John McWhorter argues that while this idea is mesmerizing, it is plainly wrong. It is language that reflects culture and worldview, not the other way around. The fact that a language has only one word for eat, drink, and smoke doesn't mean its speakers don't process the difference between food and beverage, and those who use the same word for blue and green perceive those two colors just as vividly as others do. McWhorter shows not only how the idea of language as a lens fails but also why we want so badly to believe it: we're eager to celebrate diversity by acknowledging the intelligence of peoples who may not think like we do. Though well-intentioned, our belief in this idea poses an obstacle to a better understanding of human nature and even trivializes the people we seek to celebrate. The reality -- that all humans think alike -- provides another, better way for us to acknowledge the intelligence of all peoples. |
| countries without an official language: Creoles in Education Bettina Migge, Isabelle Léglise, Angela Bartens, 2010 This volume offers a first survey of projects from around the world that seek to implement Creole languages in education. In contrast to previous works, this volume takes a holistic approach. Chapters discuss the sociolinguistic, educational and ideological context of projects, policy developments and project implementation, development and evaluation. It compares different kinds of educational activities focusing on Creoles and discusses a list of procedures that are necessary for successfully developing, evaluating and reforming educational activities that aim to integrate Creole languages in a viable and sustainable manner into formal education. The chapters are written by practitioners and academics involved in educational projects. They serve as a resource for practitioners, academics and persons wishing to devise or adapt educational initiatives. It is suitable for use in upper level undergraduate and post-graduate modules dealing with language and education with a focus on lesser used languages. |
| countries without an official language: Speaking Culturally Fern L. Johnson, 2000 Speaking Culturally examines the changing cultural demographics of the United States from a linguistic perspective. The author highlights the discourses associated with gender and with African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Asian Americans. |
| countries without an official language: The Report: Algeria 2008 , 2008 |
| countries without an official language: The Promise of Adolescence National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on the Neurobiological and Socio-behavioral Science of Adolescent Development and Its Applications, 2019-07-26 Adolescenceâ€beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€is a critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop. These changes in brain structure, function, and connectivity mark adolescence as a period of opportunity to discover new vistas, to form relationships with peers and adults, and to explore one's developing identity. It is also a period of resilience that can ameliorate childhood setbacks and set the stage for a thriving trajectory over the life course. Because adolescents comprise nearly one-fourth of the entire U.S. population, the nation needs policies and practices that will better leverage these developmental opportunities to harness the promise of adolescenceâ€rather than focusing myopically on containing its risks. This report examines the neurobiological and socio-behavioral science of adolescent development and outlines how this knowledge can be applied, both to promote adolescent well-being, resilience, and development, and to rectify structural barriers and inequalities in opportunity, enabling all adolescents to flourish. |
| countries without an official language: On the Official Language of the Republic of North Macedonia Ana Kocheva, 2020 |
| countries without an official language: The Story of English in India N. Krishnaswamy, Lalitha Krishnaswamy, 2006 With globalization, English has become an economic necessity and Indians have realized that they have the 'English advantage' over many other countries like China and Japan. India has shed its colonial complexes towards English and has come to terms with the language; Indians have separated the English language from the English. The Story of English in India presents historical facts in a socio-cultural framework. The book is a must for all teachers and students of English; it will be useful for all those interested in the politics of language and education in India. Key issues discussed: - Are we indebted to the British for introducing English in India? - What was the role of English during India's struggle for freedom? - Has English united India? - Has English divided India into two - the English knowing classes who govern and the non-English knowing masses who are governed? - Will English ever become an Indian tongue spoken in the great Indian language bazaar? - What will be the future of major Indian languages in the wake of the English onslaught? Will it end in linguistic imperialism and cultural colonialism? |
| countries without an official language: Atlas of the World's Languages R.E. Asher, Christopher Moseley, 2018-04-19 Before the first appearance of the Atlas of the World's Languages in 1993, all the world's languages had never been accurately and completely mapped. The Atlas depicts the location of every known living language, including languages on the point of extinction. This fully revised edition of the Atlas offers: up-to-date research, some from fieldwork in early 2006 a general linguistic history of each section an overview of the genetic relations of the languages in each section statistical and sociolinguistic information a large number of new or completely updated maps further reading and a bibliography for each section a cross-referenced language index of over 6,000 languages. Presenting contributions from international scholars, covering over 6,000 languages and containing over 150 full-colour maps, the Atlas of the World's Languages is the definitive reference resource for every linguistic and reference library. |
| countries without an official language: Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education Josue M. Gonzalez, 2008-06-05 With articles on Spanglish and Spanish loan words in English as well as Southeast Asian refugees and World Englishes, this encyclopedia has a broad scope that will make it useful in academic and large public libraries serving those involved in teaching and learning in multiple languages. Also available as an ebook. — Booklist The simplest definition of bilingual education is the use of two languages in the teaching of curriculum content in K–12 schools. There is an important difference to keep in mind between bilingual education and the study of foreign languages as school subjects: In bilingual education, two languages are used for instruction, and the goal is academic success in and through the two languages. The traditional model of foreign-language study places the emphasis on the acquisition of the languages themselves. The field of bilingual education is dynamic and even controversial. The two volumes of this comprehensive, first-stop reference work collect and synthesize the knowledge base that has been well researched and accepted in the United States and abroad while also taking note of how this topic affects schools, research centers, legislative bodies, advocacy organizations, and families. The Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education is embedded in several disciplines, including applied linguistics, politics, civil rights, historical events, and of course, classroom instruction. This work is a compendium of information on bilingual education and related topics in the United States with select international contributors providing global insight onto the field. Key Features Explores in a comprehensive, non-technical way the intricacies of this subject from multiple perspectives: its history, policy, classroom practice, instructional design, and research bases Shows connections between bilingual education and related subjects, such as linguistics, education equity issues, socio-cultural diversity, and the nature of demographic change in the United States Documents the history of bilingual education in the last half of the 20th century and summarizes its roots in earlier periods Discusses important legislation and litigation documents Key Themes · Family, Community, and Society · History · Instructional Design · Languages and Linguistics · People and Organizations · Policy Evolution · Social Science Perspectives · Teaching and Learning The Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education is a valuable resource for those who wish to understand the polemics associated with this field as well as its technical details. This will be an excellent addition to any academic library. |
| countries without an official language: English in Wales Nikolas Coupland, Alan Richard Thomas, 1990 This sociolinguistic perspective on Wales takes account of both principal languages, in contemporary life and in history. It traces the conflicts and mutual influences of the two languages in shaping the sociolinguistic character of Wales and traces the way in which it has simultaneously come to function, for many Welsh people, as a vehicle for cultural continuity, the means to an Anglo-Welsh identity. |
| countries without an official language: The Bilingual Advantage Rebecca M. Callahan, Patricia C. Gándara, 2014-09-01 Using novel methodological approaches and new data, The Bilingual Advantage draws together researchers from education, economics, sociology, anthropology and linguistics to examine the economic and employment benefits of bilingualism in the US labor market, countering past research that shows no such benefits exist. |
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Countries where English is ONE of the official languages . In these countries, English is one of the official languages, and may be the primary . language of many inhabitants and/or the language …
Britain and the United States: Two Nations Divided by the …
beliefthat there is oneand only correct form of the language. It is this belief which Lippi-Green (1997), following Milroy and Milroy (1998), has described as "the standard language ideology," …
LearnEnglish - britishcouncil.com.sn
In the whole world, a total of 29 independent countries speak French. In these countries, French is the official language, but some people speak other languages too. We call these ‘Francophone’ …
A Study of the Reasons Why African Nations are Choosing to …
Today, 26 countries in sub-Saharan Africa use English either as an official language exclusively (like Nigeria and Ghana) or as an official language alongside another African language (like in …
Languages in Aotearoa New Zealand - Royal Society Te …
Zealand English is not currently declared to be official, but is the main language of communication in Aotearoa New Zealand and as such acts as a de facto official language. It is important for full …
THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY - Local
The vision of the National Language Policy is to promote, protect and preserve the over one hundred (100) languages that the country has, without neglecting any of them, whether official …
Countries and Continents of the World - hrwstf.org
countries operate science stations there, but no nation owns the land Antarctica is a desert due to its cold climate Coldest, windiest, and driest continent . ... Official Language(s): English and …
English for Young Learners (EYL) in ASEAN: Policy and …
The ASEAN member countries shared past histories of European imperialism, excluding Thailand, which shaped the language in education policy of the ASEAN countries today (Kirkpatrick, …
Russian-Speakers in the Baltic Countries: Language Use and …
Martin Ehala Russian-Speakers in the Baltic Countries: Language Use and Identity 1. Introduction All Baltic countries have Russian-speaking communities. 1 The term Russian speaker refers …
UNGEGN list of country names - UNSD
1 Explanation of entries 1. Title section contains: 1.a: two-letter country code from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 3166). 1.b: country name, as found in the English “Short …
NAVMC 2658 YOU AND THE LAW OVERSEAS - Marines.mil
the performance of official duty; Crimes solely against the person or property of another U.S. service member, a civilian employee or a dependent. In all other crimes, the host country …
Language, ethnicity and religion: a complex and …
one may be bilingual. Yet many more people have replaced one language by another than have converted to another religion, and diglossia, functional differentiation in language use, and …
Influences on Declaring English - JSTOR
Official-English and the States: Influences on Declaring English the Official Language in the United States DEBORAH J. SCHILDKRAUT, OBERLIN COLLEGE In this study, I seek to …
English as a global language - Cultural Diplomacy
language (1995),Language death (2000),Language and the Internet (2001)and Shakespeare’swords (2002,withBenCrystal).Aninterna- tionally renowned writer, journal editor, …
StatGPT - UNECE
Official statistics are published using statistical language (which is not necessarily ‘natural language’). ... datasets without developing semantic layer from scratch. ... • Added following …
TOPONYMIC FACT FILE ALBANIA - GOV.UK
The official language of Albania is Albanian (Albanian: shqip)2. Albanian is an Indo-European language, Albanian is an Indo-European language, so is distantly related to e.g. English, …
The Hegemony of English in South African Education
nation-state as the legitimate language (45). Many people assume that language is “official language.” Yet it is important to note that official language is not a preexisting form that …
Emerging Challenges of Teaching English in Non-native …
English Language Teaching Educational Journal (ELTEJ) Vol. 2, No. 3, 2019, pp. 112-120 E-ISSN: 2621-6485 Emerging Challenges of Teaching English in Non-native English-Speaking …
Countries by Official Languages - worldpeace-jp.org
Countries by Official Languages Russian English-2 Russia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Chinese China Taiwan Korean North Korea South Korea French English is …
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Language-in-Education Policies …
implementation in selected Asian and African countries. The countries were selected based on their similar status as developing countries and how these countries implement language-in …
UNGEGN List of Country Names - UNSD
Explanation of entries 1. Title section contains: 1.a: two-letter country code from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 3166). 1.b: country name, as found in the English “Short …
Language Policy and Multilingual Identity in Sweden Through …
dealing with language went into effect on July 1, 2009 (Språklag 2009), in accordance with the language policy that was adopted in 2005. The overall aim of the law is stated as being …
List of English Speaking Countries and Territories Waived …
List of English Speaking Countries and Territories Waived from Proof of English Proficiency Requirement The following is a list of countries and territories that are listed in the CIA World …
Does colonialism have an impact on the current language …
difficult to draw conclusions about the outcomes of language use without the effect of ethnicity. Section 3 shows that ethnic and language groups do overlap, but that this is not necessarily ...
Language Unification, Labor and Ideology - Scholars at …
Mar 27, 2018 · Italy and was ultimately approved as the official language by the Italian Parliament in 2007. Some recent trends also contribute to the growing importance of understanding …
Crossing Borders Without Crossing Boundaries Crossing …
countries that employ enGB grammatical rules in written language, should not be served model responses with text that uses enUS grammatical rules. This is particularly true in the case of …
