| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Position of the German Language in the World Ulrich Ammon, 2019-08-08 The Position of the German Language in the World focuses on the global position of German and the factors which work towards sustaining its use and utility for international communication. From the perspective of the global language constellation, the detailed data analysis of this substantial research project depicts German as an example of a second-rank language. The book also provides a model for analysis and description of international languages other than English. It offers a framework for strengthening the position of languages such as Arabic, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Spanish and others and for countering exaggerated claims about the global monopoly position of English. This comprehensive handbook of the state of the German language in the world was originally published in 2015 by Walter de Gruyter in German and has been critically acclaimed. Suitable for scholars and researchers of the German language, the handbook shows in detail how intricately and thoroughly German and other second-rank languages are tied up with a great number of societies and how these statistics support or weaken the languages’ functions and maintenance. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: English in the German-speaking World Raymond Hickey, 2019-12-05 A collection of studies on the role of English in German-speaking countries, covering a broad range of topics. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Languages at War H. Footitt, M. Kelly, 2015-12-26 Emphasising the significance of foreign languages at the centre of war and conflict, this book argues that 'foreignness' and foreign languages are key to our understanding of what happens in war. Through case studies the book traces the role of languages in intelligence, military deployment, soldier/civilian meetings, occupation and peace building. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: A History of African Linguistics H. Ekkehard Wolff, 2019-06-13 The first global history of African linguistics as an emerging autonomous academic discipline, covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Europe. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Atlas of the World's Languages R.E. Asher, Christopher Moseley, 2018-04-19 Before the first appearance of the Atlas of the World's Languages in 1993, all the world's languages had never been accurately and completely mapped. The Atlas depicts the location of every known living language, including languages on the point of extinction. This fully revised edition of the Atlas offers: up-to-date research, some from fieldwork in early 2006 a general linguistic history of each section an overview of the genetic relations of the languages in each section statistical and sociolinguistic information a large number of new or completely updated maps further reading and a bibliography for each section a cross-referenced language index of over 6,000 languages. Presenting contributions from international scholars, covering over 6,000 languages and containing over 150 full-colour maps, the Atlas of the World's Languages is the definitive reference resource for every linguistic and reference library. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , 2005-11-24 The first edition of ELL (1993, Ron Asher, Editor) was hailed as the field's standard reference work for a generation. Now the all-new second edition matches ELL's comprehensiveness and high quality, expanded for a new generation, while being the first encyclopedia to really exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics. * The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field * An entirely new work, with new editors, new authors, new topics and newly commissioned articles with a handful of classic articles * The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics through the online edition * Ground-breaking and International in scope and approach * Alphabetically arranged with extensive cross-referencing * Available in print and online, priced separately. The online version will include updates as subjects develop ELL2 includes: * c. 7,500,000 words * c. 11,000 pages * c. 3,000 articles * c. 1,500 figures: 130 halftones and 150 colour * Supplementary audio, video and text files online * c. 3,500 glossary definitions * c. 39,000 references * Extensive list of commonly used abbreviations * List of languages of the world (including information on no. of speakers, language family, etc.) * Approximately 700 biographical entries (now includes contemporary linguists) * 200 language maps in print and online Also available online via ScienceDirect – featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. The first Encyclopedia to exploit the multimedia potential of linguistics Ground-breaking in scope - wider than any predecessor An invaluable resource for researchers, academics, students and professionals in the fields of: linguistics, anthropology, education, psychology, language acquisition, language pathology, cognitive science, sociology, the law, the media, medicine & computer science. The most authoritative, up-to-date, comprehensive, and international reference source in its field |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: English: The Prototypical World Language for the Twenty First Century Ph. D. John Fraser, 2009-08-17 ABSTRACT:Global language communication has always been a topic of great interest. How and why majority languages evolved is an intriguing topic that has evolved over the centuries. Evidence has been rapidly mounting that suggest that there are only a handful of spoken languages that receive more utility than that of the thousands available today. Indeed, there are a remarkable 6,912 world languages in existence today spoken in approximately 245 countries, including territories and disputed lands by over 6.7 billion people. However, for as many languages as there exist today, there are numerous languages that go unused or are only spoken by a few people and are headed for extinction. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Languages of the World Asya Pereltsvaig, 2012-02-09 What do all human languages have in common and in what ways are they different? How can language be used to trace different peoples and their past? Are certain languages similar because of common descent or language contact? Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, this textbook introduces readers to the rich diversity of human languages, familiarizing students with the variety and typology of languages around the world. Linguistic terms and concepts are explained, in the text and in the glossary, and illustrated with simple, accessible examples. Eighteen language maps and numerous language family charts enable students to place a language geographically or genealogically. A supporting website includes additional language maps and sound recordings that can be used to illustrate the peculiarities of the sound systems of various languages. 'Test yourself' questions throughout the book make it easier for students to analyze data from unfamiliar languages. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Atlas of European Values Loek Halman, Ruud Luijkx, Marga van Zundert, 2005-07-15 The Atlas presents European ideas and beliefs in the form graphs, charts and maps. Values such as democracy, freedom, equality, human dignity and solidarity are held by almost all Europeans, but the survey points to differing views about marriage, religion, work and such topics as euthanasia, happiness, sexuality and death. This unique Atlas covers all European nations from Iceland to Turkey, from Portugal to the Ukraine. It graphically illustrates the rich diversity that is Europe. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Minority Languages, National Languages, and Official Language Policies Gillian Lane-Mercier, Denise Merkle, Jane Koustas, 2018-12-30 In a context where linguistic and cultural diversity is characterized by ever-increasing complexity, adopting official multilingual policies to correct a country's ethno-linguistic, socio-economic, and symbolic imbalances presents many obstacles, but the greatest challenge is implementing them effectively. To what degree and in what ways have official multilingualism and multiculturalism policies actually succeeded in attaining their goals? Questioning and challenging foundational concepts, Minority Languages, National Languages, and Official Language Policies highlights the extent to which governments and international bodies are unable to manage complex linguistic and cultural diversity on an effective and sustained basis. This volume examines the principles, theory, intentions, and outcomes of official policies of multilingualism at the city, regional, and national levels through a series of international case studies. The eleven chapters – most focusing on lesser-known geopolitical contexts and languages – bring to the fore the many paradoxes that underlie the concept of diversity, lived experiences of and attitudes toward linguistic and cultural diversity, and the official multilingual policies designed to legally enhance, protect, or constrain otherness. An authoritative source of new and updated information, offering fresh interpretations and analyses of evolving sociolinguistic and political phenomena in today's global world, Minority Languages, National Languages, and Official Language Policies demonstrates how language policies often fail to deal appropriately or adequately with the issues they are designed to solve. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge The New York Times, 2011-10-25 A COMPLETE REVISION AND THOROUGH UPDATING OF THE ULTIMATE REFERENCE FROM THE NEWSPAPER OF RECORD. A comprehensive guide offering insight and clarity on a broad range of even more essential subjects. Whether you are researching the history of Western art, investigating an obscure medical test, following current environmental trends, studying Shakespeare, brushing up on your crossword and Sudoku skills, or simply looking for a deeper understanding of the world, this book is for you. An indispensable resource for every home, office, dorm room, and library, this new edition of The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge offers in-depth explorations of art, astronomy, biology, business, economics, the environment, film, geography, history, the Internet, literature, mathematics, music, mythology, philosophy, photography, sports, theater, film, and many other subjects. This one volume is designed to offer more information than any other book on the most important subjects, as well as provide easy-to-access data critical to everyday life. It is the only universal reference book to include authoritative and engaging essays from New York Times experts in almost every field of endeavor. The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge provides information with matchless accuracy and exceptional clarity. This new revised and expanded third edition covers major categories with an emphasis on depth and historical context, providing easy access to data vital for everyday living. Covering nearly 50 major categories, and providing an immediate grasp of complex topics with charts, sidebars, and maps, the third edition features 50 pages of new material, including new sections on * Atheism * Digital Media * Inventions and Discoveries * Endangered Species * Inflation * Musical Theater * Book Publishing *Wikileaks *The Financial Crisis *Nuclear Weapons *Energy *The Global Food Supply Every section has been thoroughly updated, making this third edition more useful and comprehensive than ever. It informs, educates, answers, illustrates and clarifies---it's the only one-volume reference book you need. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Wind Whistling in the Cranes: A Novel Margaret Jull Costa, Lidia Jorge, 2022-02-08 From the winner of the prestigious FIL Prize in Romance Languages comes this masterpiece saga, set in the twilight of the late twentieth century, of two clashing families in coastal Portugal. With the grand sweep of Elena Ferrante’s Neapolitan novels, this enduring tale transports us to a picturesque seaside town haunted by its colonial past. Considered one of Europe’s most influential contemporary writers, Portuguese novelist Lídia Jorge has captivated international audiences for decades. With the publication of The Wind Whistling in the Cranes, English-speaking readers can now experience the thrum of her signature poetic style and her delicately braided multicharacter plotlines, and witness the heroic journey of one of the most maddening, and endearing, characters in literary fiction. Exquisitely translated by Margaret Jull Costa and Annie McDermott, this breathtaking saga, set in the now-distant 1990s, tells the story of the landlords and tenants of a derelict canning factory in southern Portugal. The wealthy, always-scheming Leandros have owned the building since before the Carnation Revolution, a peaceful coup that toppled a four-decade-long dictatorship and led to Portugal’s withdrawal from its African colonies. It was Leandro matriarch Dona Regina who handed the keys to the Matas, the bustling family from Cape Verde who saw past the dusty machinery and converted the space into a warm—and welcoming—home. When Dona Regina is found dead outside the factory on a holiday weekend, her body covered in black ants, her granddaughter, Milene, investigates. Aware that her aunts and uncles, who are off on vacation, will berate her inability to articulate what has just happened, she approaches the factory riddled with anxiety. Hours later, the Matas return home to find this strange girl hiding behind their clotheslines, and with caution, they take her in . . . “Some said that Milene had been found wandering near the golf course. . . . Still others that she must have spent those five days at the beach, eating raw fish and sleeping out in the open . . .” Days later, the Leandros realize that Milene has become hopelessly entangled with their tenants, and their fear of political and financial ruin sets off a series of events that threatens to uproot the lives of everyone involved. Narrated with passionate, incandescent prose, The Wind Whistling in the Cranes establishes Lídia Jorge as a novelist of extraordinary international resonance. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Portuguese as an Additional Language Ana C. Neves, 2019-12-16 This book focuses on Portuguese as an additional language and its young learners in threecase studies within the Portuguese-speaking world: Portuguese as a second language inCape Verde, Portuguese as a heritage language in Switzerland and Portuguese as a foreignlanguage in Macao SAR. The term “additional language” is used as an umbrella term for allthree contexts. An analysis of these three case studies is presented, with a focus on the organization of explicit and implicit language policies with regards to population mobility and also motivational issues, language attitudes and language use by the sample population. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Bilingual Language Proficiency Joana Duarte, 2011 |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Acquisition of Heritage Languages Silvina Montrul, 2016 An authoritative overview of research into heritage language acquisition, covering key terminological and empirical issues, theoretical approaches, and research methodologies. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: 1808: The Flight of the Emperor Laurentino Gomes, 2013-08-29 In a time of terror for Europe’s monarchs—imprisoned, exiled, executed—Napoleon’s army marched toward Lisbon. Cornered, Prince Regent João had to make the most fraught decision of his life. Protected by the British Navy, he fled to Brazil with his entire family, including his deranged mother, most of the nobility, and the entire state apparatus. Until then, no European monarch had ever set foot in the Americas. Thousands made the voyage, but it was no luxury cruise. It took two months in cramped, decrepit ships. Lice infested some of the vessels, and noble women had to shave their hair and grease their bald heads with antiseptic sulfur. Vermin infested the food, and bacteria contaminated the drinking water. Sickness ran rampant. After landing in Brazil, Prince João liberated the colony from a trade monopoly with Portugal. As explorers mapped the burgeoning nation’s distant regions, the prince authorized the construction of roads, the founding of schools, and the creation of factories, raising Brazil to kingdom status in 1815. Meanwhile, Portugal was suffering the effects of abandonment, war, and famine. Never had the country lost so many people in so little time. Finally, after Napoleon’s fall and over a decade of misery, the Portuguese demanded the return of their king. João sailed back in tears in 1821, and the last chapter of colonial Brazil drew to a close, setting the stage for the strong, independent nation that we know today, changing the New World forever. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Language Conflict and Language Rights William D. Davies, Stanley Dubinsky, 2018-08-09 As the colonial hegemony of empire fades around the world, the role of language in ethnic conflict has become increasingly topical, as have issues concerning the right of speakers to choose and use their preferred language(s). Such rights are often asserted and defended in response to their being violated. The importance of understanding these events and issues, and their relationship to individual, ethnic, and national identity, is central to research and debate in a range of fields outside of, as well as within, linguistics. This book provides a clearly written introduction for linguists and non-specialists alike, presenting basic facts about the role of language in the formation of identity and the preservation of culture. It articulates and explores categories of conflict and language rights abuses through detailed presentation of illustrative case studies, and distills from these key cross-linguistic and cross-cultural generalizations. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The German Language and the Real World Patrick Stevenson, 1997 Annotation. This collection of specially commissioned essays focuses on the forms, functions, and uses of contemporary German in the period of dynamic change following reunification. Some contributors address broad issueslanguage and national identity, the status of German as an international language, language change and attempts to fix the form of the language, and sociolinguistic variationwhile others examine topics of particular significance in the current sociopolitical climate. These include social change and linguistic variation in Berlin after the Wall, the political language of the Rightand Left, the speech of youth subcultures, language and gender, language and television, and language in intercultural communication. Reviews of the hardback edition ̀This volume fills a void in up-to-date English-language information on German linguistics. Highly recommended for all college and university collections, as well as public libraries.' Choice, 33: 3, November 1995 ̀The appearance of this collection is timely. . .it updates us on important, immediate issues affecting German language and society' ̀. . .while this work will be appreciated most by those focusing on sociolinguistics in the German-speaking context, those searching for comparative sociolinguistic material will find it a valuable source as well.' ̀All in all, Stevenson has organized an interesting and useful volume for Germanophile sociolinguists and for those interested in a multidimensional real German.' Language Learning, 46:1, March 1996. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Almanac of African Peoples and Nations Mohamad Yakan, 2017-11-30 The peoples of Africa are neither ethnically, culturally, nor religiously homogeneous. European colonial powers took little note of this reality in carving up the continent, a fact reflected in the periodic outbreak of civil war since decolonialization. Likewise, Western European models of development, whether in their liberal or Marxist manifestations, have so far failed to meet African development needs. The path to stability in Africa is through its people's character and goals. Almanac of African Peoples and Nations provides an essential guide to the major ethnic groups of the African continent, highlighting the major contributions and basic features of each.The Almanac reviews Africa's language families and their respective national and geographic concentrations, explaining ethnic classification based on linguistic difference and including language groups that are not indigenous to Africa. The major African peoples are then listed by country with a statistical breakdown on their respective shares in the total population of each country and maps indicating their concentration. The major section of the volume includes a comprehensive listing and descriptive profile of each ethnic, national, and tribal group detailing their history, customs, economic systems, and political and social organizations. The Almanac points out as well which groups support revisionist political aspirations and shows the internal and external pressures they are subject to. Yakan notes that African societies are not highly integrated and must support multitudes of influential sub-cultures with conflicting agendas and loyalties. Arguing that tribalism reflects Africa's historical experience and cultural heritage, he sees the resolution of the continent's problems in consociational democracy, proportional representation, federalism, or some form of autonomous rule. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Modern World Sarolta Takacs, Mounir Farah, 2015-03-04 Designed to meet the curriculum needs for students from grades 7 to 12, this five-volume encyclopedia explores world history from approximately 5000 C.E. to the present. Organized alphabetically within geographical volumes on Africa, Europe, the Americas, the Middle East and Southwest Asia, and Asia and the Pacific, entries cover the social, political, scientific and technological, economic, and cultural events and developments that shaped the modern world.Each volume includes articles on history, government, and warfare; the development of ideas and the growth of art and architecture; religion and philosophy; music; science and technology; and daily life in the civilizations covered. Boxed features include Turning Point, Great Lives, Into the Twenty-First Century, and Modern Weapons. Maps, timelines, and illustrations illuminate the text, and a glossary, a selected bibliography, and an index in each volume round out the set. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones, 1998 This encyclopedia is divided into three sections: individual bilingualism; bilingualism in society and bilingual education. It includes many pictures, graphs, maps and diagrams. The book concludes with a comprehensive bibliography on bilingualism. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Africa (a-z). Godfrey Mugoti, 2009 |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Exploring the Possibilities for the Emergence of a Single and Global Native Language Fritz Dufour, Linguist, MBA, DESS, 2017-11-09 This book is a look into the possibilities for the emergence of a single and universal native language by taking into consideration the common denominator that characterizes all spoken languages: sounds. This book describes the acquisition of language in terms of speech, its use, and its development or evolution. The hypothesis of a monolingual world is supported by strong arguments, facts, and theories. This is both a descriptive and a prescriptive approach in the sens that not only Mr. Dufour portrays the current linguistic status quo as it is, but also, he prescribes a way to go about making our planet monolingual through a detailed awareness campaign plan and practical views likely to help us achieve that goal if followed properly. His approach is a novel one and is commendable. This is a reference book, definitely one to read, whether you're a linguist or not. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Minority Languages and Multilingual Education Durk Gorter, Victoria Zenotz, Jasone Cenoz, 2013-11-04 This book presents research on the situation minority language schoolchildren face when they need to learn languages of international communication, in particular English. The book takes minority languages as a starting point and it bridges local and global perspectives in the analysis of multilingual education contexts. It examines the interaction of minority languages and cultures, majority languages and lingua franca-s in a variety of settings across different regions and countries on all continents. Even though all chapters in this book involve minority languages, the issues discussed are relevant to any context in which more than language is used in education. The book reveals challenges and opportunities of multilingual education by discussing issues such as Northern and Southern concepts, language education policies, language diversity, interethnic understanding, multimodal language practices, power, conflict, identity and prestige, among many others. “This is the volume that finally accounts for multilingual education from a truly multilingual perspective by involving proposals and research from a variety of multilingual speech communities in the world. The (linguistically) rich Ethiopia and Mexico can teach the poor Europe and other Northern countries about multilingual education. CLIL promoters may learn from Finnish Sámi and Canadian Innu and Mi’gmaq indigenous communities as well as from Basque results. Speakers and teachers of minority and international languages will certainly be glad to hear the news. There is no need for a monolingual bias or tunnel vision in acquiring English in non-English speaking communities. This volume includes new challenging pedagogical perspectives while pointing to interesting conclusions for worldwide educational authorities”. Maria Pilar Safont Jordà, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The New York Times Almanac 2002 John Wright, 2006-05-23 The New York Times Almanac 2002 is the almanac of record. Drawing on the resources of the world's premier news organization. it provides readers with a wealth of data about the United States and the wort n a readable and more easily accessible form than other fad finders. Un-rivaled in scope and unsurpassed in comprehensiveness. The New York Times Almanac pays careful attention to significant issues. topics. and developments of the day and sets them in historical context. It gives the stories-and the stories behind the stories. The New York Times Almanac is the first choice for students. journalists, and researchers-for anyone who needs timely. accurate information about the United States and other nations around the globe. The New York Times Almanac 2002 includes: The first results of the 2000 Census; Comprehensive coverage of all the states and every nation in the world; World Series results and the most comprehensive sports section of any almanac; Notable obituaries from the worlds of politics. entertainment. and science; More information about the Internet. the worldwide AIDS epidemic. and world population than any other almanac; The most complete coverage of environmental issues. the economy, and the workings of the federal government; All major Academy Award winners since 1928 and the names of all Nobel Laureates and why they won and much, much more. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Teaching English to the World George Braine, 2014-04-08 This collection of accounts by non-native speaker English teachers presents localized perspectives on the history & curricula of English language teaching and personal narratives of authors from around the world. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Language Strategies for Trilingual Families Andreas Braun, Tony Cline, 2014-01-29 This book aims to enable parents in trilingual families to consider possible language strategies on the basis of analysing their individual circumstances. It includes a tool for diagnostic self-analysis that will help each reader to identify their situation and learn how parents in similar situations have approached the task of supporting their children’s use of languages. Based on a unique survey of parents in trilingual families in two European countries, the book highlights the challenges that trilingual families face when living in mainly monolingual societies. It takes into account the recent emergence of a 'New Trilingualism' among educated parents who find themselves in trilingual families because of global trends in migration and the recent expansion of the EU. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages Nicola McLelland, 2017-07-14 Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages provides a comprehensive history of language teaching and learning in the UK from its earliest beginnings to the year 2000. McLelland offers the first history of the social context of foreign language education in Britain, as well as an overview of changing approaches, methods and techniques in language teaching and learning. The important impact of classroom-external factors on developments in language teaching and learning is also taken into account, particularly regarding the policies and public examination requirements of the 20th century. Beginning with a chronological overview of language teaching and learning in Britain, McLelland explores which languages were learned when, why and by whom, before examining the social history of language teaching and learning in greater detail, addressing topics including the status that language learning and teaching have held in society. McLelland also provides a history of how languages have been taught, contrasting historical developments with current orthodoxies of language teaching. Experiences outside school are discussed with reference to examples from adult education, teach-yourself courses and military language learning. Providing an accessible, authoritative history of language education in Britain, Teaching and Learning Foreign Languages will appeal to academics and postgraduate students engaged in the history of education and language learning across the world. The book will also be of interest to teacher educators, trainee and practising teachers, policymakers and curriculum developers. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics Janet Holmes, Nick Wilson, 2017-02-10 In this best-selling introductory textbook, Janet Holmes and Nick Wilson examine the role of language in a variety of social contexts, considering both how language works and how it can be used to signal and interpret various aspects of social identity. Divided into three sections, this book explains basic sociolinguistic concepts in the light of classic approaches as well as introducing more recent research. This fifth edition has been revised and updated throughout using key concepts and examples to guide the reader through this fascinating area, including: a new chapter on identity that reflects the latest research; a brand new companion website which is fully cross-referenced within this book, and which includes and video and audio materials, interactive activities and links to useful websites; updated and revised examples and exercises which include new material from Tanzania, Wales, Paraguay and Timor-Leste; fully updated further reading and references sections. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics is the essential introductory text for all students of sociolinguistics and a splendid point of reference for students of English language studies, linguistics and applied linguistics. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Economic Globalisation Clement Allan Tisdell, Raj Kumar Sen, 2004-01-28 In this title, international contributors, from both developing and higher income countries, identify and discuss major social conflicts, labour and distributional concerns, environmental issues and impacts arising from the very rapid increase in globalization experienced since the early 1970s. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders Janny H.C. Leung, 2019-01-28 What challenges face jurisdictions that attempt to conduct law in two or more languages? How does choosing a legal language affect the way in which justice is delivered? Answers to these questions are vital for the 75 officially bilingual and multilingual states of the world, as well as for other states contemplating a move towards multilingualism. Arguably such questions have implications for all countries in a world characterized by the pressures of globalization, economic integration, population mobility, decolonization, and linguistic re-colonization. For lawyers, addressing such challenges is made essential by the increased frequency and scale of transnational legal dealings and proceedings, as well as by the lengthening reach of international law. But it is not only policy makers, legislators, and other legal practitioners who must think about such questions. The relationship between societal multilingualism and law also raises questions for the burgeoning field of language and law, which posits--among other tenets--the centrality of language in legal processes. In this book, Janny H.C. Leung examines key aspects of legal multilingualism. Drawing extensively on case studies, she describes the implications of the legal, practical, and ideological dilemmas encountered in a given country when it becomes bilingual or multilingual, discussing such issues as: how legal certainty and the linguistic ideology of authenticity may be challenged in a multilingual jurisdiction; how courts balance the language preferences of different courtroom participants; and what historical, socio-political and economic factors may influence the decision to cement a given language as a jurisdiction's official language. Throughout, Leung elaborates a theory of symbolic jurisprudence to explore common dilemmas found across countries, despite their varied political and cultural settings, and argues that linguistic equality as proclaimed and practiced today is a shallow kind of equality. Although officially multilingual jurisdictions appear to be more inclusive than their monolingual counterparts, they run the risk of disguising substantive inequalities and displacing real efforts for more progressive social change. This is the first book to offer overarching discussion of how such issues relate to each other, and the first systematic study of legal multilingualism as a global phenomenon. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: History of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Gabriele Balbi, Andreas Fickers, 2020-06-08 This book focuses on the history of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), from its origins in the mid-19th century to nowadays. ITU was the first international organization ever and still plays a crucial role in managing global telecommunications today. Putting together some of the most relevant scholars in the field of transnational communications, the book covers the history of ITU from 1865 to digital times in a truly global perspective, taking into account several technologies like the telegraph, the telephone, cables, wireless, radio, television, satellites, mobile phone, the internet and others. The main goal is to identify the long-term strategies of regulation and the techno-diplomatic manoeuvres taken inside ITU, from convincing the majority of the nations to establish the official seat of the Telegraph Union bureau in Switzerland in the 1860s, to contrasting the multi-stakeholder model of Internet governance (supported by US and ICANN). History of the International Telecommunication Union is a trans-disciplinary text and can be interesting for scholars and students in the fields of telecommunications, media, international organizations, transnational communication, diplomacy, political economy of communication, STS, and others. It has the ambition to become a reference point in the history of ITU and, at the same time, just the fi rst comprehensive step towards a longer, inter-technological, political and cultural history of transnational communications to be written in the future. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: James Stroman, 2008-04-04 Between coordinating meetings, making travel arrangements, and running the phone lines, being a professional administrative assistant requires an astonishing and varied range of skills involving interpersonal communication, written presentations, and organizational ability.Written in a down-to-earth style, Administrative Assistant’s and Secretary’s Handbook provides readers with information on subjects including record keeping, telephone usage, office machines, mail, business letters, and computer software skills. Now in its third edition, the book has been completely revised with expanded coverage of topics including electronic records management, interpersonal and communication skills, troubleshooting computer problems, time and stress management, customer service, event planning, web conferencing, math for office professionals, office management and supervision, transcription, and much more.Comprehensive and completely up-to-date, this is the book every administrative professional should own. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research Josephus Nelson Larned, 1922 |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Romance Languages Rebecca Posner, 1996-09-05 What is a Romance language? How is one Romance language related to others? How did they all evolve? And what can they tell us about language in general? In this comprehensive survey Rebecca Posner, a distinguished Romance specialist, examines this group of languages from a wide variety of perspectives. Her analysis combines philological expertise with insights drawn from modern theoretical linguistics, both synchronic and diachronic. She relates linguistic features to historical and sociological factors, and teases out those elements which can be attributed to divergence from a common source and those which indicate convergence towards a common aim. Her discussion is extensively illustrated with new and original data, and an up-to-date and comprehensive bibliography is included. This volume will be an invaluable and authoritative guide for students and specialists alike. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Handbook of Bilingualism Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie, 2008-04-15 The Handbook of Bilingualism provides state-of-the-art treatments of the central issues that arise in consideration of the phenomena of bilingualism ranging from the representation of the two languages in the bilingual individual's brain to the various forms of bilingual education, including the status of bilingualism in each area of the world. Provides state-of-the-art coverage of a wide variety of topics, ranging from neuro- and psycho-linguistic research to studies of media and psychological counseling. Includes latest assessment of the global linguistic situation with particular emphasis on those geographical areas which are centers of global conflict and commerce. Explores new topics such as global media and mobile and electronic language learning. Includes contributions by internationally renowned researchers from different disciplines, genders, and ethnicities. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: World Englishes Kingsley Bolton, Braj B. Kachru, 2006 |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: The Languages of the World Kenneth Katzner, Kirk Miller, 2002-09-11 This third edition of Kenneth Katzner's best-selling guide to languages is essential reading for language enthusiasts everywhere. Written with the non-specialist in mind, its user-friendly style and layout, delightful original passages, and exotic scripts, will continue to fascinate the reader. This new edition has been thoroughly revised to include more languages, more countries, and up-to-date data on populations. Features include: *information on nearly 600 languages *individual descriptions of 200 languages, with sample passages and English translations *concise notes on where each language is spoken, its history, alphabet and pronunciation *coverage of every country in the world, its main language and speaker numbers *an introduction to language families |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Multilingual Law Colin D Robertson, 2016-06-17 This book introduces and explores the concept of multilingual law. Providing an overview as to what is 'multilingual law', the study establishes a new discourse based on this concept, which has hitherto lacked recognition for reasons of complexity and multidisciplinarity. The need for such a discourse now exists and is becoming urgent in view of the progress being made towards European integration and the legal and factual foundation for it in multilingualism and multilingual legislation. Covering different types of multilingual legal orders and their distinguishing features, as well as the basic structure of legal systems, the author studies policy formation, drafting, translation, revision, terminology and computer tools in connection with the legislative and judicial processes. Bringing together a range of diverse legal and linguistic ideas under one roof, this book is of importance to legal-linguists, drafters and translators, as well as students and scholars of legal linguistics, legal translation and revision. |
| countries with german or portuguese as official language: Great Empires, Small Nations Josep M. Colomer, 2007-09-12 'Colomer's book is a stimulating read, certainly for anyone willing to entertain nonconventional observations that hold up well in what is happening in the world. His most important argument is that global public services, such as security, a trading system, an international monetary regime, and communication networks provided by large democratic entities such as the United States and the European Union provide opportunities for small countries and regions to prosper. The successful smaller units – like Ireland or Catalonia – trade more in proportion to their economies than large ones, are generally more democratic, and have more multilingual populations. I expect this book to be widely read and greatly admired.’–Sidney Weintraub, William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy, Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, USA |
LANGUAGES BY COUNTRIES - nvcourts
NAMIBIA English (official), Afrikaans is common language of most of the population and of about 60% of the white population, German 32%; indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero,
Countries by Official Languages - worldpeace-jp.org
Countries by Official Languages Spanish Other Languages Catalans Spain Chewa Malawi, Mozanbique, Zambia Shona Zimbabwe, Zambia Comorian Comoros Creole Haiti, Seychells …
Fact sheet 3: Language list by country and place - Department …
This list of languages spoken in countries around the world is adapted from improving the use of translation and interpreting services: Victorian Office of Multicultural Affairs, A guide to …
Portuguese - maine.gov
May 4, 2023 · Portuguese Language Profile Countries in which Portuguese is the official language: Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Principe, Angola, Mozambique, East …
Official Languages of EU Countries - Ministry for Primary …
Official Languages of EU Countries: EU Country Official Language Austria German Belgium French/German/Dutch Bulgaria Bulgarian Croatia Croatian Cyprus Greek/English Czech …
Countries which speak Portuguese - insl.com.br
Around 250 million people around the world speak Portuguese. It is either an official language, or is spoken by a significant portion of the population, in the following 9 countries/provinces: 10. …
Countries- Capital, Currency And Language - Panot Book
Countries- Capital, Currency And Language www.BankExamsToday.com Page 9 Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi San Marino San Marino Euro Italian Pasquale Valentini Sao Tome and …
Country Language List
Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note - less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English,
List of official languages per country
German Labelling and Package Leaflet must be provided for those medicinal products marketed in the Bolzano region (art. 80.1 D. Lvo 219/2006). Italy Italian, German Latvia Latvian …
German Speaking Countries Map - bluestamptravel.com
GERMAN IS ALSO A NATIONAL MINORITY LANGUAGE IN BRAZIL, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, HUNGARY, NAMIBIA, POLAND, ROMANIA, RUSSIA, AND SLOVAKIA. …
UNGEGN List of Country Names - UNSD
UN Official name section gives the names used officially within the United Nations in the six official UN languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Arabic. Other than a …
MAP OF GERMAN-SPEAKING COUNTRIES - nstgroup.co.uk
German is the official language (or one of) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. German is spoken in some areas of Northern Italy, and in Alsace & Lorraine in …
1 Portuguese Manual: Language and Culture - Language …
The main spoken language of Portugal is Portuguese, which also is the country's official language. The most distinct of the regional dialects are Barranquinhos and Mirandese. …
Countries, Nationalities, Languages. - bsu.by
With all these three groups you can use the words ‘people’, ‘men’, ‘women’ ‘girl’, ‘person’: (British people, German women, Japanese men).
UNGEGN List of Country Names - UNSD
The full report contains the names of 195 countries in the language or languages used in an official capacity within each country. The names are provided in two forms: the short names, …
German Speaking Countries Map and Table
GERMAN IS ALSO A NATIONAL MINORITY LANGUAGE IN BRAZIL, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, HUNGARY, NAMIBIA, POLAND, ROMANIA, RUSSIA, AND SLOVAKIA. …
NAME: DATE: COUNTRIES and LANGUAGES - All Things Topics
countries and languages Question: Can you say “ Hello ” in more than two languages? ⚫ Write the names of the 15 countries (on the left) in the correct spaces.
The-Community-of-Portuguese-Language-Countries-(CPLP) …
and The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), an international organisation that brings together countries whose official language is Portuguese. The CPLP is considered as …
List of official languages per country - European Medicines …
∗∗∗∗ German Labelling and Package Leaflet must be provided for those medicinal products marketed in the Bolzano region (art. 80.1 D. Lvo 219/2006). Italy Italian, German. ∗∗∗∗. Latvia. …
LANGUAGES BY COUNTRIES - nvcourts
NAMIBIA English (official), Afrikaans is common language of most of the population and of about 60% of the white population, German 32%; indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero,
Countries by Official Languages - worldpeace-jp.org
Countries by Official Languages Spanish Other Languages Catalans Spain Chewa Malawi, Mozanbique, Zambia Shona Zimbabwe, Zambia Comorian Comoros Creole Haiti, Seychells …
Fact sheet 3: Language list by country and place
This list of languages spoken in countries around the world is adapted from improving the use of translation and interpreting services: Victorian Office of Multicultural Affairs, A guide to …
Portuguese - maine.gov
May 4, 2023 · Portuguese Language Profile Countries in which Portuguese is the official language: Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Principe, Angola, Mozambique, East …
Official Languages of EU Countries - Ministry for Primary …
Official Languages of EU Countries: EU Country Official Language Austria German Belgium French/German/Dutch Bulgaria Bulgarian Croatia Croatian Cyprus Greek/English Czech …
Countries which speak Portuguese - insl.com.br
Around 250 million people around the world speak Portuguese. It is either an official language, or is spoken by a significant portion of the population, in the following 9 countries/provinces: 10. …
Countries- Capital, Currency And Language - Panot Book
Countries- Capital, Currency And Language www.BankExamsToday.com Page 9 Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi San Marino San Marino Euro Italian Pasquale Valentini Sao Tome and …
Country Language List
Portuguese (official and most widely spoken language); note - less common languages include Spanish (border areas and schools), German, Italian, Japanese, English,
List of official languages per country
German Labelling and Package Leaflet must be provided for those medicinal products marketed in the Bolzano region (art. 80.1 D. Lvo 219/2006). Italy Italian, German Latvia Latvian …
German Speaking Countries Map - bluestamptravel.com
GERMAN IS ALSO A NATIONAL MINORITY LANGUAGE IN BRAZIL, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, HUNGARY, NAMIBIA, POLAND, ROMANIA, RUSSIA, AND SLOVAKIA. …
UNGEGN List of Country Names - UNSD
UN Official name section gives the names used officially within the United Nations in the six official UN languages: English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Arabic. Other than a …
MAP OF GERMAN-SPEAKING COUNTRIES - nstgroup.co.uk
German is the official language (or one of) in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. German is spoken in some areas of Northern Italy, and in Alsace & Lorraine in …
1 Portuguese Manual: Language and Culture - Language …
The main spoken language of Portugal is Portuguese, which also is the country's official language. The most distinct of the regional dialects are Barranquinhos and Mirandese. …
Countries, Nationalities, Languages. - bsu.by
With all these three groups you can use the words ‘people’, ‘men’, ‘women’ ‘girl’, ‘person’: (British people, German women, Japanese men).
UNGEGN List of Country Names - UNSD
The full report contains the names of 195 countries in the language or languages used in an official capacity within each country. The names are provided in two forms: the short names, …
German Speaking Countries Map and Table
GERMAN IS ALSO A NATIONAL MINORITY LANGUAGE IN BRAZIL, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, DENMARK, HUNGARY, NAMIBIA, POLAND, ROMANIA, RUSSIA, AND SLOVAKIA. …
NAME: DATE: COUNTRIES and LANGUAGES - All Things …
countries and languages Question: Can you say “ Hello ” in more than two languages? ⚫ Write the names of the 15 countries (on the left) in the correct spaces.
The-Community-of-Portuguese-Language-Countries-(CPLP) …
and The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), an international organisation that brings together countries whose official language is Portuguese. The CPLP is considered as …
