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| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles Thomas E. Hall, 1990-06-26 This is a concise and and up-to-date survey of business cycles, discussing not only early theories of the business cycle and Keynesian and monetarist models, but also the rational expectationist and new Keynesian models along with actual business cycles. Hall traces the history of business cycles from the panic of 1907 to the long cyclical expansion beginning in late 1982. ISBN 0-275-93085-8: $39.95. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles and Their Causes Wesley Clair Mitchell, 2023-04-28 This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1941. |
| causes of business cycle: The Best of Frederic Bastiat Frederic Bastiat, Brad DeVos , 2020-06-19 “The worst thing that can happen to a good cause is not to be skillfully attacked, but to be ineptly defended.” ~Frederic Bastiat Frederic Bastiat wrote with urgency and passion for the free society, even until his last breath. He knew that political systems were not enough to preserve freedom. We need public consensus that comes from practical and moral conviction. He left us with the perfect model for how to obtain this. This is why AIER has put together this collection consisting of five of Bastiat’s most lucid and compelling pieces. There are many others, so please just consider this the essence of his work, a beginning and not an end. If this is your first time encountering his great work, prepare yourself for a change of mind, and a lifetime of intellectual adventure. Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was a French economist who wrote with urgency and passion for the free society. His writings greatly influenced the Austrian School. Bastiat is regarded by some historians as “the most brilliant economic journalist who ever lived.” This collection contains an Introduction by Brad DeVos and the following 5 classic works by Bastiat: I. The Law II. That Which is Seen, and That Which is Not Seen III. The Candlemakers’ Petition IV. A Negative Railroad V. Government The American Institute for Economic Research in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, was founded in 1933 as the first independent voice for sound economics in the United States. Today it publishes ongoing research, hosts educational programs, publishes books, sponsors interns and scholars, and is home to the world-renowned Bastiat Society and the highly respected Sound Money Project. The American Institute for Economic Research is a 501c3 public charity. |
| causes of business cycle: Hysteresis and Business Cycles Ms.Valerie Cerra, A. Fatas, Ms.Sweta Chaman Saxena, 2020-05-29 Traditionally, economic growth and business cycles have been treated independently. However, the dependence of GDP levels on its history of shocks, what economists refer to as “hysteresis,” argues for unifying the analysis of growth and cycles. In this paper, we review the recent empirical and theoretical literature that motivate this paradigm shift. The renewed interest in hysteresis has been sparked by the persistence of the Global Financial Crisis and fears of a slow recovery from the Covid-19 crisis. The findings of the recent literature have far-reaching conceptual and policy implications. In recessions, monetary and fiscal policies need to be more active to avoid the permanent scars of a downturn. And in good times, running a high-pressure economy could have permanent positive effects. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles F.A. Hayek, 2020-06-29 In the years following its publication, F. A. Hayek's pioneering work on business cycles was regarded as an important challenge to what was later known as Keynesian macroeconomics. Today, as debates rage on over the monetary origins of the current economic and financial crisis, economists are once again paying heed to Hayek's thoughts on the repercussions of excessive central bank interventions. The latest editions in Routledge's ongoing series The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, these volumes bring together Hayek's work on what causes periods of boom and bust in the economy. Moving away from the classical emphasis on equilibrium, Hayek demonstrates that business cycles are generated by the adaptation of the structure of production to changes in relative demand. Thus, when central banks artificially lower interest rates, the result is a misallocation of capital and the creation of asset bubbles and additional instability. Business Cycles: Part I contains Hayek's two major monographs on the topic: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle and Prices and Production. Reproducing the text of the original 1933 translation of the former, this edition also draws on the original German, as well as more recent translations. For Prices and Production, a variorum edition is presented, incorporating the 1931 first edition and its 1935 revision. Business Cycles: Part II assembles a series of Hayek's shorter papers on the topic, ranging from the 1920s to 1981. In addition to bringing together Hayek's work on the evolution of business cycles, the two volumes of Business Cycles also include extensive introductions by Hansjoerg Klausinger, placing the writings in intellectual context, including their reception and the theoretical debates to which they contributed, and providing background on the evolution of Hayek's thought. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles Wesley Clair Mitchell, 1913 |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles Victor Zarnowitz, 2007-11-01 This volume presents the most complete collection available of the work of Victor Zarnowitz, a leader in the study of business cycles, growth, inflation, and forecasting.. With characteristic insight, Zarnowitz examines theories of the business cycle, including Keynesian and monetary theories and more recent rational expectation and real business cycle theories. He also measures trends and cycles in economic activity; evaluates the performance of leading indicators and their composite measures; surveys forecasting tools and performance of business and academic economists; discusses historical changes in the nature and sources of business cycles; and analyzes how successfully forecasting firms and economists predict such key economic variables as interest rates and inflation. |
| causes of business cycle: What Happens During Business Cycles Wesley Clair Mitchell, 1951 |
| causes of business cycle: The American Business Cycle Robert J. Gordon, 2007-11-01 In recent decades the American economy has experienced the worst peace-time inflation in its history and the highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression. These circumstances have prompted renewed interest in the concept of business cycles, which Joseph Schumpeter suggested are like the beat of the heart, of the essence of the organism that displays them. In The American Business Cycle, some of the most prominent macroeconomics in the United States focuses on the questions, To what extent are business cycles propelled by external shocks? How have post-1946 cycles differed from earlier cycles? And, what are the major factors that contribute to business cycles? They extend their investigation in some areas as far back as 1875 to afford a deeper understanding of both economic history and the most recent economic fluctuations. Seven papers address specific aspects of economic activity: consumption, investment, inventory change, fiscal policy, monetary behavior, open economy, and the labor market. Five papers focus on aggregate economic activity. In a number of cases, the papers present findings that challenge widely accepted models and assumptions. In addition to its substantive findings, The American Business Cycle includes an appendix containing both the first published history of the NBER business-cycle dating chronology and many previously unpublished historical data series. |
| causes of business cycle: Recessions and Depressions Todd A. Knoop, 2004 The economy of any nation is an intricate web of relationships among the factors determining supply and demand--and everything that affects them, from inflation to taxes to the stock market. The study of business cycles attempts to explain why economies grow and contract, experiencing periods of prosperity and pain. Consistent with the popular conception of economics as the dismal science, economists secretly long for recessions (periods of negative growth) and depressions (severe contractions), not because they enjoy their devastating impact on human welfare, but because these downturns serve as excellent laboratories for observing what happens when markets break down. Despite over two centuries of debate, no one has yet definitively unlocked the secrets of economic downturns and how they might be prevented. In Recessions and Depressions Todd Knoop traces the evolution of business cycle theory, from the classical model, which preceded the Great Depression, through the ground-breaking ideas of John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman, and their followers. He examines the strengths and limitations of each approach, in terms of explaining the impact of such factors as government policy, money supply, labor productivity, and wages. In the process, he presents an accessible introduction to what makes the economy tick, and offers new insights into understanding such historic events as the Great Depression, as well as more recent ones, such as the Asian meltdown in the 1990s, the financial crises in Latin America, and the U.S. recession of 2001, from which the United States is still recovering. Knoop reminds us that economists' track record in forecasting business cycles leaves much to be desired, and the quest to fully understand what causes economic downturns--and their effects on individuals and families--continues. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles Lars Tvede, 2006-05-26 During our lifetime we experience any number of business cycle crises which undermine our confidence and lead many to their ruin. We also experience the ‘happy days’ when our faith in the future becomes almost limitless, and when we forget that tides always turn again. So how can we better understand and predict these cycles? To answer these questions Lars Tvede takes us through a story that moves back in time to the Scottish gambler and financial genius, John Law, and then on to the distracted Adam Smith, the stockbroker Ricardo, the investment banker Thornton, the extrovert Schumpeter, the speculator Gould and many others to trace the theory and reality of business cycles, as it has evolved over 300 years. Gradually we reach the computer jugglers of the modern day who, with giant networks of equations, try to solve the same questions that have attracted the attention of classical economists throughout the centuries. Lars Tvede concludes this historical journey with a summary of what the core of the problem is and how modern understanding of business cycles can be used to forecast economic fluctuations. The final sections of the book provide detailed studies and explanations to of how stocks, bonds, hedge funds, private equity funds, gold, diamonds, exchange rates, real estate, commodities, art and collectibles, and numerous sub-sectors of some of these markets each behave over different categories of business cycles. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycle Economics Todd A. Knoop, 2015-02-17 Presents the empirical data of business cycles and the theories that economists have developed to explain and prevent them, and considers case studies of recessions and depressions in the United States and internationally. Despite more than two centuries of debate, a definitive explanation of the causes of economic cycles still does not exist. Economists, politicians, and policymakers have argued many well-known theories as to why these peaks and slumps occur, and cyclical recessions and depressions continue in spite of the enormous intellectual reserves working to prevent them. This timely analysis presents a comprehensive overview of global economics, assessing older theories alongside of new ways of thinking to reveal the empirical methods needed to evaluate, forecast, and prevent future crises. Educator and economist Todd Knoop provides explanations of influential macroeconomic theories that have shaped modern economics, such as Keynesian economics, Neoclassical economics, Austrian economics, and New Keynesian economics. In addition, he considers case studies of specific recessions and depressions, beginning with the Great Depression through the East Asian crisis and Great Recession in Japan and culminating with a detailed examination of the European debt crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis. The work concludes with a look at the insights gained from these fiscal events as well as the major questions that still remain unanswered as a result of these crises. |
| causes of business cycle: Principles Ray Dalio, 2018-08-07 #1 New York Times Bestseller “Significant...The book is both instructive and surprisingly moving.” —The New York Times Ray Dalio, one of the world’s most successful investors and entrepreneurs, shares the unconventional principles that he’s developed, refined, and used over the past forty years to create unique results in both life and business—and which any person or organization can adopt to help achieve their goals. In 1975, Ray Dalio founded an investment firm, Bridgewater Associates, out of his two-bedroom apartment in New York City. Forty years later, Bridgewater has made more money for its clients than any other hedge fund in history and grown into the fifth most important private company in the United States, according to Fortune magazine. Dalio himself has been named to Time magazine’s list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Along the way, Dalio discovered a set of unique principles that have led to Bridgewater’s exceptionally effective culture, which he describes as “an idea meritocracy that strives to achieve meaningful work and meaningful relationships through radical transparency.” It is these principles, and not anything special about Dalio—who grew up an ordinary kid in a middle-class Long Island neighborhood—that he believes are the reason behind his success. In Principles, Dalio shares what he’s learned over the course of his remarkable career. He argues that life, management, economics, and investing can all be systemized into rules and understood like machines. The book’s hundreds of practical lessons, which are built around his cornerstones of “radical truth” and “radical transparency,” include Dalio laying out the most effective ways for individuals and organizations to make decisions, approach challenges, and build strong teams. He also describes the innovative tools the firm uses to bring an idea meritocracy to life, such as creating “baseball cards” for all employees that distill their strengths and weaknesses, and employing computerized decision-making systems to make believability-weighted decisions. While the book brims with novel ideas for organizations and institutions, Principles also offers a clear, straightforward approach to decision-making that Dalio believes anyone can apply, no matter what they’re seeking to achieve. Here, from a man who has been called both “the Steve Jobs of investing” and “the philosopher king of the financial universe” (CIO magazine), is a rare opportunity to gain proven advice unlike anything you’ll find in the conventional business press. |
| causes of business cycle: Environmental and Energy Policy and the Economy Matthew J. Kotchen, Tatyana Deryugina, James H. Stock, 2022-01-24 This volume presents six new papers on environmental and energy economics and policy in the United States. Rebecca Davis, J. Scott Holladay, and Charles Sims analyze recent trends in and forecasts of coal-fired power plant retirements with and without new climate policy. Severin Borenstein and James Bushnell examine the efficiency of pricing for electricity, natural gas, and gasoline. James Archsmith, Erich Muehlegger, and David Rapson provide a prospective analysis of future pathways for electric vehicle adoption. Kenneth Gillingham considers the consequences of such pathways for the design of fuel vehicle economy standards. Frank Wolak investigates the long-term resource adequacy in wholesale electricity markets with significant intermittent renewables. Finally, Barbara Annicchiarico, Stefano Carattini, Carolyn Fischer, and Garth Heutel review the state of research on the interactions between business cycles and environmental policy. |
| causes of business cycle: The Business Cycle in a Changing World Arthur F. Burns, 1970 |
| causes of business cycle: Global Business Cycles Mr.Ayhan Kose, Mr.Christopher Otrok, Mr.Eswar Prasad, 2008-06-01 This paper analyzes the evolution of the degree of global cyclical interdependence over the period 1960-2005. We categorize the 106 countries in our sample into three groups-industrial countries, emerging markets, and other developing economies. Using a dynamic factor model, we then decompose macroeconomic fluctuations in key macroeconomic aggregates-output, consumption, and investment-into different factors. These are: (i) a global factor, which picks up fluctuations that are common across all variables and countries; (ii) three group-specific factors, which capture fluctuations that are common to all variables and all countries within each group of countries; (iii) country factors, which are common across all aggregates in a given country; and (iv) idiosyncratic factors specific to each time series. Our main result is that, during the period of globalization (1985-2005), there has been some convergence of business cycle fluctuations among the group of industrial economies and among the group of emerging market economies. Surprisingly, there has been a concomitant decline in the relative importance of the global factor. In other words, there is evidence of business cycle convergence within each of these two groups of countries but divergence (or decoupling) between them. |
| causes of business cycle: Frontiers of Business Cycle Research Thomas F. Cooley, 1995-02-26 This introduction to modern business cycle theory uses a neoclassical growth framework to study the economic fluctuations associated with the business cycle. Presenting advances in dynamic economic theory and computational methods, it applies concepts to t |
| causes of business cycle: Economic Depressions: Their Cause and Cure Murray Rothbard, |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles and Equilibrium Fischer Black, 2009-11-02 An updated look at what Fischer Black's ideas on business cycles and equilibrium mean today Throughout his career, Fischer Black described a view of business fluctuations based on the idea that a well-developed economy will be continually in equilibrium. In the essays that constitute this book, which is one of only two books Black ever wrote, he explores this idea thoroughly and reaches some surprising conclusions. With the newfound popularity of quantitative finance and risk management, the work of Fischer Black has garnered much attention. Business Cycles and Equilibrium-with its theory that economic and financial markets are in a continual equilibrium-is one of his books that still rings true today, given the current economic crisis. This Updated Edition clearly presents Black's classic theory on business cycles and the concept of equilibrium, and contains a new introduction by the person who knows Black best: Perry Mehrling, author of Fischer Black and the Revolutionary Idea of Finance (Wiley). Mehrling goes inside Black's life to uncover what was occurring during the time Black wrote Business Cycles and Equilibrium, while also shedding light on what Black would make of today's financial and economic meltdown and how he would best advise to move forward. The essays within this book reach some interesting conclusions concerning the role of equilibrium in a developed economy Warns about the use and abuse of modeling Explains the risky business of risk in a straightforward and accessible style Contains chapters dedicated to the effects of uncontrolled banking, the trouble with econometric models, and the effects of noise on investing Includes commentary on Black's life and work at the time Business Cycles and Equilibrium was written as well as insight as to what Black would make of the current financial meltdown Engaging and informative, the Updated Edition of Business Cycles and Equilibrium will give you a better understanding of what is really going on during these uncertain and volatile financial times. |
| causes of business cycle: Political Business Cycles Thomas D. Willett, 1988 A Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy book. Includes bibliographies and index. |
| causes of business cycle: Political Business Cycles Bruno S. Frey, 1997 A collection of articles on how the government influences the economy in order to secure re-election. This book surveys the empirical and major theoretical approaches, such as vote maximization, partisan and vote-cum-partisan models, and rational political business cycles. It provides extensions including the role of the central bank, of direct democracy, and the cycles in European communist countries, as well as discussing policy relevance. |
| causes of business cycle: Poverty in the Philippines Asian Development Bank, 2009-12-01 Against the backdrop of the global financial crisis and rising food, fuel, and commodity prices, addressing poverty and inequality in the Philippines remains a challenge. The proportion of households living below the official poverty line has declined slowly and unevenly in the past four decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries such as the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. Economic growth has gone through boom and bust cycles, and recent episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on the poor. Great inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors, as well as unmanaged population growth, are considered some of the key factors constraining poverty reduction efforts. This publication analyzes the causes of poverty and recommends ways to accelerate poverty reduction and achieve more inclusive growth. it also provides an overview of current government responses, strategies, and achievements in the fight against poverty and identifies and prioritizes future needs and interventions. The analysis is based on current literature and the latest available data, including the 2006 Family Income and Expenditure Survey. |
| causes of business cycle: Austrian School Business Cycle Theory Robert Wenzel, Murray Rothbard, 2014-06-24 An important analysis of business cycle theory, what causes economic booms and busts and what options are available to combat them. |
| causes of business cycle: Global Waves of Debt M. Ayhan Kose, Peter Nagle, Franziska Ohnsorge, Naotaka Sugawara, 2021-03-03 The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact. |
| causes of business cycle: Inventories and Business Cycles Moses Abramovitz, 1950 |
| causes of business cycle: Introduction to Business Lawrence J. Gitman, Carl McDaniel, Amit Shah, Monique Reece, Linda Koffel, Bethann Talsma, James C. Hyatt, 2024-09-16 Introduction to Business covers the scope and sequence of most introductory business courses. The book provides detailed explanations in the context of core themes such as customer satisfaction, ethics, entrepreneurship, global business, and managing change. Introduction to Business includes hundreds of current business examples from a range of industries and geographic locations, which feature a variety of individuals. The outcome is a balanced approach to the theory and application of business concepts, with attention to the knowledge and skills necessary for student success in this course and beyond. This is an adaptation of Introduction to Business by OpenStax. You can access the textbook as pdf for free at openstax.org. Minor editorial changes were made to ensure a better ebook reading experience. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. |
| causes of business cycle: The Fourth Industrial Revolution Klaus Schwab, 2017-01-03 World-renowned economist Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explains that we have an opportunity to shape the fourth industrial revolution, which will fundamentally alter how we live and work. Schwab argues that this revolution is different in scale, scope and complexity from any that have come before. Characterized by a range of new technologies that are fusing the physical, digital and biological worlds, the developments are affecting all disciplines, economies, industries and governments, and even challenging ideas about what it means to be human. Artificial intelligence is already all around us, from supercomputers, drones and virtual assistants to 3D printing, DNA sequencing, smart thermostats, wearable sensors and microchips smaller than a grain of sand. But this is just the beginning: nanomaterials 200 times stronger than steel and a million times thinner than a strand of hair and the first transplant of a 3D printed liver are already in development. Imagine “smart factories” in which global systems of manufacturing are coordinated virtually, or implantable mobile phones made of biosynthetic materials. The fourth industrial revolution, says Schwab, is more significant, and its ramifications more profound, than in any prior period of human history. He outlines the key technologies driving this revolution and discusses the major impacts expected on government, business, civil society and individuals. Schwab also offers bold ideas on how to harness these changes and shape a better future—one in which technology empowers people rather than replaces them; progress serves society rather than disrupts it; and in which innovators respect moral and ethical boundaries rather than cross them. We all have the opportunity to contribute to developing new frameworks that advance progress. |
| causes of business cycle: Real Business Cycles James Hartley, Kevin Hoover, Kevin D. Salyer, 2013-07-04 Real Business Cycle theory combines the remains of monetarism with the new classical macroeconomics, and has become one of the dominant approaches within contemporary macroeconomics today. This volume presents: * the authoritative anthology in RBC. The work contains the major articles introducing and extending the theory as well as critical literature * an extensive introduction which contains an expository summary and critical evaluation of RBC theory * comprehensive coverage and balance between seminal papers and extensions; proponents and critics; and theory and empirics. Macroeconomics is a compulsory element in most economics courses, and this book will be an essential guide to one of its major theories. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles and Depressions David Glasner, 2013-12-16 Experts define, review, and evaluate economic fluctuations Economic and business uncertainty dominate today's economic analyses. This new Encyclopedia illuminates the subject by offering 323 original articles on every major aspect of business cycles, fluctuations, financial crises, recessions, and depressions. The work of more than 200 experts, including many of the leading researchers in the field, the articles cover a broad range of subjects, including capsule biographies of leading economists born before 1920. Individual entries explore banking panics, the cobweb cycle, consumer durables, the depression of 1937-1938, Otto Eckstein, Friedrich Engels, experimental price bubbles, forced savings, lass-Steagall Act, Friedrich hagen, qualitative indicators, use of macro-econometric models, monetary neutrality, Phillips Curve, Paul Samuelson, Say's law, supply-side recessions, James Tokin, trend and random wages, Thorstein Veblen, worker-job turnover, and more. |
| causes of business cycle: The Executor's Roadmap Jennifer Keeney-Bleeg, Rollo Handy, Edward Crosby Harwood, 2015-01-01 |
| causes of business cycle: From Main Street to Wall Street Jesper Rangvid, 2021-01-26 This book examines the relation between the economy and the stock market. It discusses the academic theories and the empirical facts, and guides readers through the fascinating interaction between economic activity and financial markets. |
| causes of business cycle: The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects Richard E. Baldwin, 2009 |
| causes of business cycle: A Decade after the Global Recession M. Ayhan Kose, Franziska Ohnsorge, 2021-03-19 This year marks the tenth anniversary of the 2009 global recession. Most emerging market and developing economies weathered the global recession relatively well, in part by using the sizable fiscal and monetary policy ammunition accumulated during prior years of strong growth. However, their growth prospects have weakened since then, and many now have less policy space. This study provides the first comprehensive stocktaking of the past decade from the perspective of emerging market and developing economies. Many of these economies have now become more vulnerable to economic shocks. The study discusses lessons from the global recession and policy options for these economies to strengthen growth and prepare for the possibility of another global downturn. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles Lars Tvede, 2013-02-01 Why do we experience business cycles? What creates them? Is it mass psychology, or phenomena in the management of business? Are the banks to blame or should we be looking to the unions and the politicians? Lars Tvede's story moves back in time to the Scottish gambler and financial genius, John Law, and then on to the distracted Adam Smith, the stockbroker Ricardo, the investment banker Thornton, the extrovert Schumpeter, the speculator Jay Gould and many others. The computer jugglers of the modern day, with giant networks of equations, try to solve the same questions that have attracted the attention of classical economists throughout the centuries. Throughout this volume, business cycle theories are used to explain actual events. Theoretical thinking has reflected the economist's own experiences of hyper-inflations, depressions, speculation orgies and liquidity squeezes. The reader can follow the narrative to discover how economists often thought that problems had been solved until new data changed the economic picture once again. |
| causes of business cycle: High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working-Age Adults National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Committee on Population, Committee on Rising Midlife Mortality Rates and Socioeconomic Disparities, 2021-12-02 |
| causes of business cycle: The Great Inflation Michael D. Bordo, Athanasios Orphanides, 2013-06-28 Controlling inflation is among the most important objectives of economic policy. By maintaining price stability, policy makers are able to reduce uncertainty, improve price-monitoring mechanisms, and facilitate more efficient planning and allocation of resources, thereby raising productivity. This volume focuses on understanding the causes of the Great Inflation of the 1970s and ’80s, which saw rising inflation in many nations, and which propelled interest rates across the developing world into the double digits. In the decades since, the immediate cause of the period’s rise in inflation has been the subject of considerable debate. Among the areas of contention are the role of monetary policy in driving inflation and the implications this had both for policy design and for evaluating the performance of those who set the policy. Here, contributors map monetary policy from the 1960s to the present, shedding light on the ways in which the lessons of the Great Inflation were absorbed and applied to today’s global and increasingly complex economic environment. |
| causes of business cycle: Firefighting Ben S. Bernanke, Timothy F. Geithner, Henry M. Paulson, Jr., 2019-04-16 Should be required reading for all policy makers.” —Warren Buffett From the three primary architects of the American policy response to the worst economic catastrophe since the Great Depression, a magnificent big-picture synthesis--from why it happened to where we are now. In 2018, Ben Bernanke, Tim Geithner, and Hank Paulson came together to reflect on the lessons of the 2008 financial crisis ten years on. Recognizing that, as Ben put it, the enemy is forgetting, they examine the causes of the crisis, why it was so damaging, and what it ultimately took to prevent a second Great Depression. And they provide to their successors in the United States and the finance ministers and central bank governors of other countries a valuable playbook for reducing the damage from future financial crises. Firefighting provides a candid and powerful account of the choices they and their teams made during the crisis, working under two presidents and with the leaders of Congress. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles Thomas E. Hall, 1990-06-26 This is a concise and and up-to-date survey of business cycles, discussing not only early theories of the business cycle and Keynesian and monetarist models, but also the rational expectationist and new Keynesian models along with actual business cycles. Hall traces the history of business cycles from the panic of 1907 to the long cyclical expansion beginning in late 1982. ISBN 0-275-93085-8: $39.95. |
| causes of business cycle: Business Cycles and Their Causes Wesley Clair Mitchell, 1989 |
| causes of business cycle: Modern Business Cycle Theory Robert J. Barro, 1989 The new classical approach to macroeconomics, which assumes that people gather and use economic information efficiently, has been the most important theoretical advance since the Keynesian revolution of the 1930s. This book surveys the major contributions of the second generation of proponents of the new classical approach, emphasizing real business cycle theories and applying them to a variety of phenomena. The chapters include expositions of growth theory, real models of business fluctuations, the informational role of prices, consumption, fiscal policy, rules versus discretion in monetary policy, time consistency and policy, and monetary models. Although the chapters are aimed at advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students, they will also be of interest to researchers who are looking for a compact and original exposition of the new classical macroeconomics. |
grammar - When should I use "cause" and "causes"? - English …
Apr 3, 2020 · In both situations there is a lack of resources which causes people to die. This sentence should be read as follows: there's a lack of some resources, and it is this lack that's …
“cause” or “causes”? - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Is this the only factor that causes such tragedies? In that form, the singular factor matches with the verb causes. Your sentence mixes the plural rooms with the singular factor, making it hard …
"causes of" or "causes for" - English Language Learners Stack …
Jun 10, 2020 · I want to put a title in a work: causes of/ for this problem . Now, I know that I can put simply: "causes" and no more needed. But I'm asking also for the text itself where I can't …
When we use 'to cause to be'? - English Language Learners Stack …
"Chlorine causes my hair to be (or to become) dry." I can't think of a circumstance where "to cause to be" would be preferable to "make", but it's correct as long as you're consistent with …
prepositions - Difference between "As For" and "As To" - English ...
Jan 9, 2015 · There is disagreement as to the causes of the fire. I remained uncertain as to the value of his suggestions. (2. meaning) according to, by. Example - The eggs are graded as to …
A word that means unable to die AND unable to be killed?
Dec 7, 2018 · Also note, "invincible" does not mean "unable to die from natural causes". "Invincible" means "cannot be defeated". A chess grandmaster could be "invincible", but could …
How to explain when one event affects something else, and then ...
ripple effect: a situation in which one thing causes a series of other things to happen. So you could word your sentence like this: A mismatch has a ripple effect: the current edge should be …
What makes an Indian English accent hard to understand?
Nov 8, 2021 · Excellent answer! I'd add that it would probably be helpful to slightly slow everything down when speaking. The typical American parody of an Indian English accent usually …
determiners - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Oct 27, 2022 · The infection of a rodent causes the infection of all the other rodents in the world. The quantity of rodents is not the focus, but rather the fact that X is a rodent versus being …
the flu VS a flu - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Jun 18, 2018 · a common infectious illness that causes fever and headache: a flu virus to catch/get/have (the) flu. U - means uncountable. You can have more or less flu but you can't …
grammar - When should I use "cause" and "causes"? - English …
Apr 3, 2020 · In both situations there is a lack of resources which causes people to die. This sentence should be read as follows: there's a lack of some resources, and it is this lack that's …
“cause” or “causes”? - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Is this the only factor that causes such tragedies? In that form, the singular factor matches with the verb causes. Your sentence mixes the plural rooms with the singular factor, making it hard …
"causes of" or "causes for" - English Language Learners Stack …
Jun 10, 2020 · I want to put a title in a work: causes of/ for this problem . Now, I know that I can put simply: "causes" and no more needed. But I'm asking also for the text itself where I can't …
When we use 'to cause to be'? - English Language Learners Stack …
"Chlorine causes my hair to be (or to become) dry." I can't think of a circumstance where "to cause to be" would be preferable to "make", but it's correct as long as you're consistent with …
prepositions - Difference between "As For" and "As To" - English ...
Jan 9, 2015 · There is disagreement as to the causes of the fire. I remained uncertain as to the value of his suggestions. (2. meaning) according to, by. Example - The eggs are graded as to …
A word that means unable to die AND unable to be killed?
Dec 7, 2018 · Also note, "invincible" does not mean "unable to die from natural causes". "Invincible" means "cannot be defeated". A chess grandmaster could be "invincible", but could …
How to explain when one event affects something else, and then ...
ripple effect: a situation in which one thing causes a series of other things to happen. So you could word your sentence like this: A mismatch has a ripple effect: the current edge should be …
What makes an Indian English accent hard to understand?
Nov 8, 2021 · Excellent answer! I'd add that it would probably be helpful to slightly slow everything down when speaking. The typical American parody of an Indian English accent usually …
determiners - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Oct 27, 2022 · The infection of a rodent causes the infection of all the other rodents in the world. The quantity of rodents is not the focus, but rather the fact that X is a rodent versus being …
the flu VS a flu - English Language Learners Stack Exchange
Jun 18, 2018 · a common infectious illness that causes fever and headache: a flu virus to catch/get/have (the) flu. U - means uncountable. You can have more or less flu but you can't …
