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creative writing class ideas: Writing Genres Amy J Devitt, 2004-01-29 In Writing Genres, Amy J. Devitt examines genre from rhetorical, social, linguistic, professional, and historical perspectives and explores genre's educational uses, making this volume the most comprehensive view of genre theory today. Writing Genres does not limit itself to literary genres or to ideas of genres as formal conventions but additionally provides a theoretical definition of genre as rhetorical, dynamic, and flexible, which allows scholars to examine the role of genres in academic, professional, and social communities. Writing Genres demonstrates how genres function within their communities rhetorically and socially, how they develop out of their contexts historically, how genres relate to other types of norms and standards in language, and how genres nonetheless enable creativity. Devitt also advocates a critical genre pedagogy based on these ideas and provides a rationale for first-year writing classes grounded in teaching antecedent genres. |
creative writing class ideas: Journey Aaron Becker, 2020-12-01 The winner of the prestigious Caldecott Honor, and described by the New York Times as 'a masterwork', Aaron Becker's stunning, wordless picture book debut about self-determination and unexpected friendship follows a little girl who draws a magic door on her bedroom wall. Through it she escapes into a world where wonder, adventure and danger abound. Red marker pen in hand, she creates a boat, a balloon and a flying carpet which carry her on a spectacular journey ... who knows where? When she is captured by a sinister emperor, only an act of tremendous courage and kindness can set her free. Can it also guide her home and to happiness? In this exquisitely illustrated book, an ordinary child is launched on an extraordinary, magical journey towards her greatest and most rewarding adventure of all... |
creative writing class ideas: Whole Novels for the Whole Class Ariel Sacks, 2013-10-21 Work with students at all levels to help them read novels Whole Novels is a practical, field-tested guide to implementing a student-centered literature program that promotes critical thinking and literary understanding through the study of novels with middle school students. Rather than using novels simply to teach basic literacy skills and comprehension strategies, Whole Novels approaches literature as art. The book is fully aligned with the Common Core ELA Standards and offers tips for implementing whole novels in various contexts, including suggestions for teachers interested in trying out small steps in their classrooms first. Includes a powerful method for teaching literature, writing, and critical thinking to middle school students Shows how to use the Whole Novels approach in conjunction with other programs Includes video clips of the author using the techniques in her own classroom This resource will help teachers work with students of varying abilities in reading whole novels. |
creative writing class ideas: Previously Allan Ahlberg, Bruce Ingman, 2011-04-12 The adventures of various nursery rhyme and fairy tale characters are retold in backward sequence with each tale interrelated to the other. Includes Goldilocks, Jack and the Beanstalk, Jack and Jill, The Frog Prince, Cinderella, and The Gingerbread Man. |
creative writing class ideas: A Psalm for Lost Girls Katie Bayerl, 2017 Determined to protect her sister Tess's memory, Callie da Costa sets out to prove Tess wasn't really a saint and finds herself pulled into a kidnapping investigation-- |
creative writing class ideas: Surrealist Games Alastair Brotchie, Mel Gooding, 1993 The Surrealist movement that arose in Europe in the early 1900s used playful procedures and systematic stratagems to create provocative works and challenge the conventions of art, literature, and society. They conducted their experiments through art and polemic, manifesto and demonstration, love and politics. But it was above all through game-playing that they sought to subvert academic modes of inquiry and undermine the complacent certainties of the bourgeoisie. Surrealist games is a delightful compendium that allows the reader to enjoy firsthand the methodologies of the Surreal, with their amazing swings between the verbal and the visual, the beautiful and the grotesque. It is also a box of games to play for fun: poetic, imaginative, revelatory, full of possibilities for unlocking the door to the unconscious and releasing the poetry of collective creativity. The boxed set contains: * A 168-page sewn, illustrated hardcover book packed with outrageous language games, alternative card games, Dream Lotto, and automatic techniques for making poems, stories, collages, photomontages, and candle-smoke drawings. The illustrations are by such artists as Max Ernst, Hans Arp, and Tristan Tzara * A fold-out game board for the Goose Game, designed by Andr� Breton, Yves Tanguy, and others * A Little Surrealist Dictionary |
creative writing class ideas: The Anti-Racist Writing Workshop Felicia Rose Chavez, 2021-01-05 The Antiracist Writing Workshop is a call to create healthy, sustainable, and empowering artistic communities for a new millennium of writers. Inspired by June Jordan 's 1995 Poetry for the People, here is a blueprint for a 21st-century workshop model that protects and platforms writers of color. Instead of earmarking dusty anthologies, imagine workshop participants Skyping with contemporary writers of difference. Instead of tolerating bigoted criticism, imagine workshop participants moderating their own feedback sessions. Instead of yielding to the red-penned judgement of instructors, imagine workshop participants citing their own text in dialogue. The Antiracist Writing Workshop is essential reading for anyone looking to revolutionize the old workshop model into an enlightened, democratic counterculture. |
creative writing class ideas: Creative Writing in Science Katie Coppens, 2016-03-01 |
creative writing class ideas: Writing for Pleasure Ross Young, Felicity Ferguson, 2020-12-29 This book explores what writing for pleasure means, and how it can be realised as a much-needed pedagogy whose aim is to develop children, young people, and their teachers as extraordinary and life-long writers. The approach described is grounded in what global research has long been telling us are the most effective ways of teaching writing and contains a description of the authors’ own research project into what exceptional teachers of writing do that makes the difference. The authors describe ways of building communities of committed and successful writers who write with purpose, power, and pleasure, and they underline the importance of the affective aspects of writing teaching, including promoting in apprentice writers a sense of self-efficacy, agency, self-regulation, volition, motivation, and writer-identity. They define and discuss 14 research-informed principles which constitute a Writing for Pleasure pedagogy and show how they are applied by teachers in classroom practice. Case studies of outstanding teachers across the globe further illustrate what world-class writing teaching is. This ground-breaking text is essential reading for anyone who is concerned about the current status and nature of writing teaching in schools. The rich Writing for Pleasure pedagogy presented here is a radical new conception of what it means to teach young writers effectively today. |
creative writing class ideas: The English Grammar Workbook for Grades 6, 7, and 8 Lauralee Moss, 2018-09-18 Ace your grammar, improve your grades―125 simple exercises for grades 6, 7, and 8 Grammar is an essential part of the sixth, seventh, and eighth grade curriculum. With The English Grammar Workbook for Grades 6, 7, and 8, students will build a strong foundation for understanding the concepts of grammar and using them effectively when reading, writing, or speaking. This grammar workbook offers students the flexibility to learn at their own pace while providing the structure they need to successfully retain essential grammar rules, such as parts of speech, sentence structure, phrases and clauses, active and passive voice, mood, punctuation, writing style, and more. Inside the pages of this grammar workbook, you’ll find: Basics and building blocks—Students can progress at their own pace and build their knowledge as they go. Engaging lessons and reviews—Strengthen students’ learning and skill retention with simple reviews after every three lessons. Practical quizzes and answers—Prepare students for real-world grammar usage with helpful quizzes and an easy-to-navigate answer key. Make learning the fundamental concepts of grammar easy and organized. |
creative writing class ideas: Steering the Craft Ursula K. Le Guin, 2015 A revised and updated guide to the essentials of a writer's craft, presented by a brilliant practitioner of the art |
creative writing class ideas: Writing Better Lyrics Pat Pattison, 2009-12-11 The Must-Have Guide for Songwriters Writing Better Lyrics has been a staple for songwriters for nearly two decades. Now this revised and updated 2nd Edition provides effective tools for everything from generating ideas, to understanding the form and function of a song, to fine-tuning lyrics. Perfect for new and experienced songwriters alike, this time-tested classic covers the basics in addition to more advanced techniques.Songwriters will discover: • How to use sense-bound imagery to enhance a song's emotional impact on listeners • Techniques for avoiding clichés and creating imaginative metaphors and similes • Ways to use repetition as an asset • How to successfully manipulate meter • Instruction for matching lyrics with music • Ways to build on ideas and generate effective titles • Advice for working with a co-writer • And much more Featuring updated and expanded chapters, 50 fun songwriting exercises, and examples from more than 20 chart-toppings songs, Writing Better Lyrics gives you all of the professional and creative insight you need to write powerful lyrics and put your songs in the spotlight where they belong. |
creative writing class ideas: Teaching Creative Writing Helen Stockton, 2014-04-03 If you teach creative writing or facilitate a writing group, you will want to inspire, inform and encourage would-be writers. This book is a unique, practical resource offering guidance, ideas and exercises to help you do just that. It moves from planning and structuring courses to giving ideas and exercises on all the key aspects of creative writing, providing a wealth of really useful advice and tips. It will enable you to pass on your particular expertise and enthusiasm imaginatively and professionally to all your students. · Guidance on teaching all the skills of creative writing · Ideas on lesson content, example exercises and setting homework · Support on dealing with problems and adapting for different abilities · Tips on group management and feedback · A – Z of specific genres with examples of learning activities. This book will ensure that your teaching will be effective, fun and immensely rewarding. |
creative writing class ideas: Help! We Need a Title! Herve Tullet, 2014-05-13 The best-selling creator of Press Here presents a not-quite-finished story featuring sketched characters who are surprised by the reader and who attempt to track down their author in the hope of finding a happy ending. |
creative writing class ideas: The Pencil Allan Ahlberg, 2013-02 A Lonely pencil timidly draws a boy, a dog and other items, but soon faces a problem as his creations begin demanding changes, and when he draws an eraser to make them happy, the real trouble begins. |
creative writing class ideas: The Creative Writing Coursebook Julia Bell, Paul Magrs, 2016-01-28 A fully updated comprehensive guide for improving and practicing your creative writing, including contributions from Ali Smith and Kit de Waal The Creative Writing Coursebook, edited by Julia Bell and Paul Magrs, takes aspiring writers through three stages of essential practice: Gathering – getting started, learning how to keep notes, making observations and using memory; Shaping – looking at structure, point of view, character and setting; and Finishing – being your own critic, joining workshops and finding publishers. Fully updated and including a foreword by Marina Warner and contributions from forty-four authors such as Kit de Waal and Amy Liptrot, this is the perfect book for people who are just starting to write as well as for those who want some help honing work already completed. Filled with a wealth of exercises and activities, it will inspire budding writers to develop and hone their skills. Whether writing for publication, in a group or just for pleasure this comprehensive guide is for anyone who is ready to put pen to paper. |
creative writing class ideas: 101 Creative Writing Exercises Melissa Donovan, 2012-02-03 101 Creative Writing Exercises takes you on an adventure through the world of creative writing. Explore different forms and genres by experimenting with fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction. Discover effective writing concepts, tools, and techniques. Create projects you can publish. Ideal for new and experienced writers alike, this book will enlighten and inspire you with exciting new ideas. Freewriting Journaling and Memoir Fiction and Storytelling Form Poetry and Free Verse Article and Blog Writing By Melissa Donovan, Founder and Editor of Writing Forward, a critically acclaimed blog packed with creative writing tips and ideas |
creative writing class ideas: 365 Creative Writing Prompts Writing Prompts, Thomas Media, Things to Write, 2017-11-11 BEST GIFT IDEA 2018 - SPECIAL PRICE- Normally $16.95 (WHILE STOCKS LAST ) Creative Writing Prompts Are you ready for new challenges guaranteed to help you improve your creativity, writing and conceptual skills in just a few short hours? With 365 creative writing prompts, you can. Remove yourself from your comfort zone, and start to explore the unchartered paths to finding new and improved writing styles to benefit you. 365 creative writing prompts is guaranteed to be the perfect writing companion. New Creative Writing Prompts |
creative writing class ideas: Let's Write a Short Story! Joe Bunting, 2012-11-30 |
creative writing class ideas: Old Friend from Far Away Natalie Goldberg, 2009-03-10 In her first book to focus solely on writing since her classic work Writing Down the Bones, Goldberg reaffirms her status as one of the foremost teachers by redefining the practice of writing memoir. |
creative writing class ideas: Writing Down the Bones Natalie Goldberg, 2016-02-02 For more than thirty years Natalie Goldberg has been challenging and cheering on writers with her books and workshops. In her groundbreaking first book, she brings together Zen meditation and writing in a new way. Writing practice, as she calls it, is no different from other forms of Zen practice—it is backed by two thousand years of studying the mind. This thirtieth-anniversary edition includes new forewords by Julia Cameron and Bill Addison. It also includes a new preface in which Goldberg reflects on the enduring quality of the teachings here. She writes, What have I learned about writing over these thirty years? I’ve written fourteen books, and it’s the practice here in Bones that is the foundation, sustaining and building my writing voice, that keeps me honest, teaches me how to endure the hard times and how to drop below discursive thinking, to taste the real meat of our minds and the life around us. |
creative writing class ideas: Building a Second Brain Tiago Forte, 2022-06-14 Building a second brain is getting things done for the digital age. It's a ... productivity method for consuming, synthesizing, and remembering the vast amount of information we take in, allowing us to become more effective and creative and harness the unprecedented amount of technology we have at our disposal-- |
creative writing class ideas: Sidewalk Circus Paul Fleischman, 2004 A young girl watches as the activities across the street from her bus stop become a circus. |
creative writing class ideas: The Best Part of Me , 2002 An award-winning photographer captures children's thoughts about their bodies in striking b&w photos and disarmingly honest words. |
creative writing class ideas: Interactive Writing Andrea McCarrier, Irene Fountas, Gay Su Pinnell, 2018-08-22 Interactive Writing is specifically focused on the early phases of writing, and has special relevance to prekindergarten, kindergarten, grade 1 and 2 teachers. |
creative writing class ideas: Power and Identity in the Creative Writing Classroom Anna Leahy, 2005-11-11 Power and Identity In the Creative Writing Classroom remaps theories and practices for teaching creative writing at university and college level. This collection critiques well-established approaches for teaching creative writing in all genres and builds a comprehensive and adaptable pedagogy based on issues of authority, power, and identity. A long-needed reflection, this book shapes creative writing pedagogy for the 21st century. |
creative writing class ideas: Bleaker House Nell Stevens, 2017-03-14 When she was twenty-seven, Nell Stevens—a lifelong aspiring novelist—won an all-expenses-paid fellowship to go anywhere in the world to write. Would she choose a glittering metropolis, a romantic village, an exotic paradise? Not exactly. Nell picked Bleaker Island, a snowy, windswept pile of rock in the Falklands. Other than sheep, penguins, paranoia, and the weather, there aren’t many distractions, but as Nell soon discovers, total isolation and 1,085 calories a day are far from ideal conditions for literary production. With deft humor, this memoir traces her island days and slowly reveals the life and people she has left behind in pursuit of her writing. It seems that there is nowhere she can run—an island or the pages of her notebook—to escape the big questions of love, art, and, ambition. |
creative writing class ideas: 1,000 Creative Writing Prompts Bryan Cohen, 2011-04-12 Provides one thousand ideas to write about. |
creative writing class ideas: Eats, Shoots & Leaves Lynne Truss, 2004-04-12 We all know the basics of punctuation. Or do we? A look at most neighborhood signage tells a different story. Through sloppy usage and low standards on the internet, in email, and now text messages, we have made proper punctuation an endangered species. In Eats, Shoots & Leaves, former editor Lynne Truss dares to say, in her delightfully urbane, witty, and very English way, that it is time to look at our commas and semicolons and see them as the wonderful and necessary things they are. This is a book for people who love punctuation and get upset when it is mishandled. From the invention of the question mark in the time of Charlemagne to George Orwell shunning the semicolon, this lively history makes a powerful case for the preservation of a system of printing conventions that is much too subtle to be mucked about with. |
creative writing class ideas: Writing the Natural Way Gabriele L. Rico, 1983 Shows all writers how effective writing can beas natural as telling a story to a friend, and as easy as daydreaming. |
creative writing class ideas: A Writer's Notebook Ralph Fletcher, 2010-08-24 Tap into your inner writer with this book of practical advice by the bestselling author of How Writers Work and the ALA Notable Book Fig Pudding. Writers are just like everyone else—except for one big difference. Most people go through life experiencing daily thoughts and feelings, noticing and observing the world around them. But writers record these thoughts and observations. They react. And they need a special place to record those reactions. Perfect for classrooms, A Writer’s Notebook gives budding writers a place to keep track of all the little things they notice every day. Young writers will love these useful tips for how to use notes and jottings to create stories and poems of their own. |
creative writing class ideas: The Five-Minute Writer Margret Geraghty, 2009-01-30 Suitable for writers, this title includes chapters that offers a writing-related discussion, followed by a five-minute exercise. Five minutes a day spent on an exercise is one of the most effective methods there is to expand your potential and develop self-discipline. |
creative writing class ideas: Project-Based Writing Liz Prather, 2017 The idea that students should be college and career ready when they leave high school has become a major focus in education, but much of this conversation has been on reading readiness. What about writing readiness? Liz Prather argues that we can set students up for future success when we help them learn to care about what they're writing, and help them manage their time to write. I needed a framework for teaching writing that would keep my students accountable and engaged, Liz explains, but would allow them to write from their own passions, and instill in them an understanding of time management, goal setting, and production. By adding the tenets and practices of project-based learning, I could simultaneously protect the creative processes of my students while helping them learn to manage long term writing projects, the kind of projects they would be doing in college or in a career. Project-Based Writing provides a 7 step structure to conceive, manage, and deliver writing projects built upon student voice and student choice. Liz includes classroom-tested strategies for helping kids persevere through roadblocks, changes in direction, failed attempts, and most importantly, anticipate the tricks of that wily saboteur, Time. Both practical and inspirational, Project-Based Writing teaches kids the real-world lessons they need to become real-world writers. With this book, you will quite likely become the person students remember as the one who taught them how to write.-Cris Tovani |
creative writing class ideas: How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy Orson Scott Card, 1990-07-15 Defines both genres, tells how to write a successful story, and where to find markets to get published. |
creative writing class ideas: Teaching Creative Writing Helen Stockton, 2014 If you teach creative writing or facilitate a writing group, you will want to inspire, inform and encourage would-be writers. This book is a unique, practical resource offering guidance, ideas and exercises to help you do just that. It moves from planning and structuring courses to giving ideas and exercises on all the key aspects of creative writing, providing a wealth of really useful advice and tips. It will enable you to pass on your particular expertise and enthusiasm imaginatively and professionally to all your students. · Guidance on teaching all the skills of creative writing · Ideas on lesson content, example exercises and setting homework · Support on dealing with problems and adapting for different abilities · Tips on group management and feedback · A - Z of specific genres with examples of learning activities. This book will ensure that your teaching will be effective, fun and immensely rewarding. |
creative writing class ideas: 1200 Creative Writing Prompts Melissa Donovan, 2014-01-03 Perfect for writers who are feeling uninspired or who simply want to tackle a new writing challenge, 1200 Creative Writing Prompts has something for everyone. Whether you write fiction, poetry, or creative nonfiction, you'll find plenty of fresh ideas inside this book -- |
creative writing class ideas: 1001 Brilliant Writing Ideas Ron Shaw, 2007-11-28 How often do you hear your pupils cry 'what can I write about?' 1001 Brilliant Writing Ideas offers teachers endless ideas and inventive suggestions, opening up new opportunities for creative writing lessons. With over 1000 different ‘story-starters’ across a vast range of genres and narrative styles, this versatile book provides food for thought for pupils of a wide range of ages and abilities. This highly practical and richly illustrated photocopiable resource Addresses the ‘blank mind’ dilemma, offering pupils a plethora of story-writing ideas and suggestions Enables teachers to inspire pupils who struggle with creative writing Provides prompts to set ideas into motion, whilst leaving plenty of scope for original and creative thought Challenges pupils, encouraging them to use higher level thinking skills Offers mix and match stimulus pieces which can be used independently or put together to give pupils more or less support as required Any teacher whose inventiveness is flagging, and whose pupils are running out of ideas, will find this an essential classroom resource. |
creative writing class ideas: Teaching Creative Writing Helen Stockton, 2014-04-03 If you teach creative writing or facilitate a writing group, you will want to inspire, inform and encourage would-be writers. This book is a unique, practical resource offering guidance, ideas and exercises to help you do just that. It moves from planning and structuring courses to giving ideas and exercises on all the key aspects of creative writing, providing a wealth of really useful advice and tips. It will enable you to pass on your particular expertise and enthusiasm imaginatively and professionally to all your students. · Guidance on teaching all the skills of creative writing · Ideas on lesson content, example exercises and setting homework · Support on dealing with problems and adapting for different abilities · Tips on group management and feedback · A – Z of specific genres with examples of learning activities. This book will ensure that your teaching will be effective, fun and immensely rewarding. |
creative writing class ideas: 50 Writing Lessons That Work! Carol Rawlings Miller, 1999 Provides lessons and models to help teach writing to elementary school students. |
creative writing class ideas: The Complete Idiot's Guide to Creative Writing Laurie Rozakis, 2004 A fifty percent revision of a popular Complete Idiot's Guide that now, more than ever, offers readers a thorough, creative writing class in a book, with Dr. Laurie Rozakis as their teacher. The book is refocused to more of an academic approach. Readers can begin to unlock their creativity from the first page, with fabulous exercises that help them explore their talents and experiment with different genres and forms of writing, including: • •Short stories •Narrative nonfiction •Memoirs •Magazine articles •Poetry •Drama •Blogging and freewriting |
Creative Labs (United States) | Sound Blaster Sound Cards, Super …
Shop online at creative.com for wireless speakers and computer soundbars, Bluetooth headphones, Sound Blaster sound cards, gaming headsets. Free shipping on orders over $35.
CREATIVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of CREATIVE is marked by the ability or power to create : given to creating. How to use creative in a sentence.
CREATIVE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
CREATIVE meaning: 1. producing or using original and unusual ideas: 2. describing or explaining things in unusual…. Learn more.
CREATIVE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
A creative person has the ability to invent and develop original ideas, especially in the arts.
Creative - definition of creative by The Free Dictionary
Define creative. creative synonyms, creative pronunciation, creative translation, English dictionary definition of creative. adj. 1. Having the ability or power to create: Human beings are creative …
Creativity | Definition, Types, Skills, & Facts | Britannica
May 27, 2025 · Creativity, the ability to make or otherwise bring into existence something new, whether a new solution to a problem, a new method or device, or a new artistic object or form. …
creative | meaning of creative in Longman Dictionary of …
creative meaning, definition, what is creative: involving the use of imagination to prod...: Learn more.
Creative Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
He was not a great original thinker; he lacked the creative faculty and the creative impulse. Polycarp had no creative genius. The creative thought of the middle ages is clerical thought.
How to Be More Creative: 13 Proven Methods – Mendi.io
4 days ago · So, if this is your goal, we have the answer! In this article, we'll share 13 proven tips on how to be more creative (with real-life examples to inspire you!). Key Takeaways. Creativity …
CREATIVE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
having the power to bring something new into being, as a creature, or to evolve something original from one’s own thought or imagination, as a work of art or invention: In the mythologies of the …
Creative Labs (United States) | Sound Blaster Sound Cards, …
Shop online at creative.com for wireless speakers and computer soundbars, Bluetooth headphones, Sound Blaster sound cards, gaming headsets. Free shipping on orders over $35.
CREATIVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of CREATIVE is marked by the ability or power to create : given to creating. How to use creative in a sentence.
CREATIVE | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
CREATIVE meaning: 1. producing or using original and unusual ideas: 2. describing or explaining things in unusual…. Learn more.
CREATIVE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
A creative person has the ability to invent and develop original ideas, especially in the arts.
Creative - definition of creative by The Free Dictionary
Define creative. creative synonyms, creative pronunciation, creative translation, English dictionary definition of creative. adj. 1. Having the ability or power to create: Human beings are creative …
Creativity | Definition, Types, Skills, & Facts | Britannica
May 27, 2025 · Creativity, the ability to make or otherwise bring into existence something new, whether a new solution to a problem, a new method or device, or a new artistic object or form. …
creative | meaning of creative in Longman Dictionary of …
creative meaning, definition, what is creative: involving the use of imagination to prod...: Learn more.
Creative Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
He was not a great original thinker; he lacked the creative faculty and the creative impulse. Polycarp had no creative genius. The creative thought of the middle ages is clerical thought.
How to Be More Creative: 13 Proven Methods – Mendi.io
4 days ago · So, if this is your goal, we have the answer! In this article, we'll share 13 proven tips on how to be more creative (with real-life examples to inspire you!). Key Takeaways. Creativity …
CREATIVE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
having the power to bring something new into being, as a creature, or to evolve something original from one’s own thought or imagination, as a work of art or invention: In the mythologies of the …