Cross Cultural Studies Indicate That

  cross cultural studies indicate that: Cross-Cultural Analysis Michael Minkov, 2013 The first comprehensive and statistically significant analysis of the predictive powers of each cross-cultural model, based on nation-level variables from a range of large-scale database sources such as the World Values Survey, the Pew Research Center, the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the UN Statistics Division, UNDP, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, TIMSS, OECD PISA. Tables with scores for all culture-level dimensions in all major cross-cultural analyses (involving 20 countries or more) that have been published so far in academic journals or books. The book will be an invaluable resource to masters and PhD students taking advanced courses in cross-cultural research and analysis in Management, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and related programs. It will also be a must-have reference for academics studying cross-cultural dimensions and differences across the social and behavioral sciences.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research Alex C. Michalos, 2014-02-12 The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work on scientific and other scholarly research on the quality of life, including health-related quality of life research or also called patient-reported outcomes research. Since the 1960s two overlapping but fairly distinct research communities and traditions have developed concerning ideas about the quality of life, individually and collectively, one with a fairly narrow focus on health-related issues and one with a quite broad focus. In many ways, the central issues of these fields have roots extending to the observations and speculations of ancient philosophers, creating a continuous exploration by diverse explorers in diverse historic and cultural circumstances over several centuries of the qualities of human existence. What we have not had so far is a single, multidimensional reference work connecting the most salient and important contributions to the relevant fields. Entries are organized alphabetically and cover basic concepts, relatively well established facts, lawlike and causal relations, theories, methods, standardized tests, biographic entries on significant figures, organizational profiles, indicators and indexes of qualities of individuals and of communities of diverse sizes, including rural areas, towns, cities, counties, provinces, states, regions, countries and groups of countries.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Federal Probation , 1966
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Cross-Cultural Explorations Susan B. Goldstein, 2019-05-15 It is only in recent decades that psychology as an academic discipline has begun to recognize the importance of a cultural perspective. From cross-cultural psychology through to psychological anthropology, psychologists have taken a number of approaches to studying the role of culture in human behavior. This comprehensive workbook is designed to facilitate students’ understanding and application of major concepts and principles of culture and psychology. The fully updated new edition features over 100 case studies, self-administered scales, mini-experiments, and library research projects, addressing topics such as culture, race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, disability, and social class. Theoretical and guiding content is included in each chapter to embed the activities within key concepts and principles. Designed to contribute to the inclusion of cultural perspectives in the psychology curriculum, this wide-ranging book provides students with hands-on experiences that facilitate the understanding and application of major concepts and principles in the study of culture and psychology. The workbook is supported by a substantial Instructor’s Manual that includes discussion questions, video recommendations, variations by course level, and suggestions for expanded writing assignments. See Support Material below for access.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: A Natural History of Natural Theology Helen De Cruz, Johan De Smedt, 2014-12-19 An examination of the cognitive foundations of intuitions about the existence and attributes of God. Questions about the existence and attributes of God form the subject matter of natural theology, which seeks to gain knowledge of the divine by relying on reason and experience of the world. Arguments in natural theology rely largely on intuitions and inferences that seem natural to us, occurring spontaneously—at the sight of a beautiful landscape, perhaps, or in wonderment at the complexity of the cosmos—even to a nonphilosopher. In this book, Helen De Cruz and Johan De Smedt examine the cognitive origins of arguments in natural theology. They find that although natural theological arguments can be very sophisticated, they are rooted in everyday intuitions about purpose, causation, agency, and morality. Using evidence and theories from disciplines including the cognitive science of religion, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary aesthetics, and the cognitive science of testimony, they show that these intuitions emerge early in development and are a stable part of human cognition. De Cruz and De Smedt analyze the cognitive underpinnings of five well-known arguments for the existence of God: the argument from design, the cosmological argument, the moral argument, the argument from beauty, and the argument from miracles. Finally, they consider whether the cognitive origins of these natural theological arguments should affect their rationality.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Organization and Management in China, 1979-1990 Oded Shenkar, 1991 Over the last decade China has engaged in one of the most comprehensive management reforms ever undertaken. These reforms are expected to determine China's ability to modernize and become a major world economic power. At the same time, the reforms touch on major political and social issues within the PRC, thereby affecting the structure and control of Chinese society. The contributors to this volume analyze Chinese management and organizations in seven chapters that assess the impact of the reforms on domestic Chinese enterprises across such diverse issues as decision-making, work values and managerial behaviour, three chapters on foreign joint ventures and three chapters on trade and trade organizations.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Decoding the Cultural Stereotypes About Aging Evelyn M. O'Reilly, 2013-06-17 This collection will present works that offer illuminating perspectives on the remarkably diverse Asian American populations of the United States. As a population that is neither black nor white, the range of experiences of these groups, many of whom arrived as refugees, presents other perspectives on the cultural mosaic that constitutes the United States. Studies of Asian Americans sheds light on issues related to immigration, refugee policy, transnationalism, return migration, cultural citizenship, ethnic communities, community building, identity and group formation, panethnicity, race relations, gender and class, entrepreneurship, employment, representation, politics, adaptation, and acculturation. The writings in this collection are drawn from a wide variety of disciplines to provide a broad and informative array of insights on these fascinating and diverse populations.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Moral Development: New research in moral development Bill Puka, 1994 First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: The Arena of Masculinity Brian Pronger, 1992-05-15 Sports are perhaps the most visible expression of the ideals of masculinity in our society, and figure as a training ground on which young boys are taught what it means to be a man. Given the involvement of sports with masculinity, the homosexual athlete becomes a paradox, and the recent explosive growth of gay sporting leagues, a puzzle. Pronger explores the paradoxical position of the gay athlete in a straight sporting world, examines the homoerotic undercurrent subliminally present in the masculine struggle of sports, and explicates the growth of gay sports in the framework of the developing gay culture.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Handbook of Psychopathy Christopher J. Patrick, 2018-04-23 Widely considered the go-to reference--and now extensively revised with over 65% new material--this authoritative handbook surveys the landscape of current knowledge on psychopathy and addresses essential clinical and applied topics. Leading researchers explore major theoretical models; symptomatology and diagnostic subtypes; assessment methods; developmental pathways; and causal influences, from genes and neurobiology to environmental factors. The volume examines manifestations of psychopathy in specific populations as well as connections to antisocial behavior and recidivism. It presents contemporary perspectives on prevention and treatment and discusses special considerations in clinical and forensic practice. New to This Edition *Extensively revised with more than a decade's theoretical, empirical, and clinical advances. *Many new authors and topics. *Expanded coverage of phenotypic facets, with chapters on behavioral disinhibition, callous–unemotional traits, and boldness. *Chapters on DSM-5, clinical interviewing, cognitive and emotional processing, and serial murder. *Significantly updated coverage of etiology, assessment methods, neuroimaging research, and adult and juvenile treatment approaches.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: The Colors of Childhood Salman Akhtar, Selma Kramer, 1998-04-01 How does culture affect child-rearing practices? How do factors such as poverty, ethnic difference, racial minority status, and having immigrant parents alter the experience of a growing child? Are there culturally distinct sub-groups within the African-American population? How ubiquitous are psychoanalytically derived schedules of personality development? In what form and to what extent are transference and countertransference affected by such racial, ethnic, and economic issues? In this volume, eight distinguished psychoanalysts (including some belonging to ethnic and racial minorities) attempt to answer these questions. They provide illuminating details of child-rearing practices in African-American, Indian, and Japanese families. They interweave mythological legacies, historical background, ethnographic data, and clinical observations into a rich tapestry of knowledge, empathy, and understanding. They try to tease out the variables of socioeconomic class from the issue of race and the ambiguities consequent upon raising children in a new and unfamiliar land from the ordinary and inevitable conflicts between generations.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: The Late Archaic Across the Borderlands Bradley J. Vierra, 2005-10-01 For everyone interested in the origins of agriculture, early village formation, stone tool technology, human biological adaptation, paleoecology, and the history of the Borderlands, this book will be essential reading.--BOOK JACKET.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Cultural Competence in Forensic Mental Health Wen-Shing Tseng, Daryl Matthews, Todd S. Elwyn, 2004-09 As culturally relevant psychiatry becomes common practice, the need for competent and culturally relevant forensic psychiatry comes to the forefront. This volume, written by one expert in cultural psychiatry and another in forensic psychiatry addresses that need. By combining their expertise in these areas, they are able to develop and create a new body of knowledge and experiences addressing the issue of the cultural aspects of forensic psychiatry. Beginning with an introduction to cultural and ethnic aspects of forensic psychiatry, this volume will address basic issues of the practice, as well as more detailed areas ranging from the various psychiatric disorders to intensive analysis and discussion of how to perform forensic psychiatric practice in a culturally relevant and competent way. Also the book suggests methods for continued awareness and sensitivity to issues of cultural and ethnic diversity in the field.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Families in the Roman and Late Antique World Lena Larsson Loven, Mary Harlow, 2012-02-02 This volume seeks to explain developments within the structure of the family in antiquity, in particular in the later Roman Empire and late antiquity. Contributions extend the traditional chronological focus on the Roman family to include the transformation of familial structures in the newly formed kingdoms of late antiquity in Europe, thus allowing a greater historical perspective and establishing a new paradigm for the study of the Roman family. Drawing on the latest research by leading scholars in the field the book includes new approaches to the life course and the family in the Byzantine empire, family relationships in the dynasty of Constantine the Great, death, burial and commemoration of newborn children in Roman Italy, and widows and familial networks in Roman Egypt. In short, this volume seeks to establish a new agenda for the understanding of the Roman family and its transformation in late antiquity.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Handbook of the History of Social Psychology Arie W. Kruglanski, Wolfgang Stroebe, 2012 This is the first ever handbook to comprehensively cover the historical development of the field of social psychology, including the main overarching approaches and all the major individual topics. Contributors are all world renowned scientists in their subfields who engagingly describe the people, dynamics, and events that have shaped the discipline--Provided by publisher.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Effective Treatments for PTSD David Forbes, Jonathan I. Bisson, Candice M. Monson, Lucy Berliner, 2020-08-16 Grounded in the updated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention and Treatment Guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS), the third edition of this definitive work has more than 90% new content. Chapters describe PTSD assessment and intervention practices that have been shown to work and provide practical, real-world implementation guidance. Foremost authorities address the complexities of trauma treatment with adults, adolescents, and children in diverse clinical contexts. The book delves into common obstacles and ways to overcome them, when to stop trying a particular approach with a client, and what to do next. Special topics include transdiagnostic interventions for PTSD and co-occurring problems, dissemination challenges, and analyzing the cost-effectiveness of treatments. Prior edition editors: Edna B. Foa, Terence M. Keane, Matthew J. Friedman, and Judith A. Cohen. New to This Edition *Fully rewritten to reflect over a decade of clinical, empirical, and theoretical developments, as well as changes in DSM-5 and ICD-11. *Increased research-to-practice focus--helps the clinician apply the recommendations in specific clinical situations. *New chapters on previously covered treatments: early interventions, psychopharmacotherapy for adults and children, and EMDR therapy. *Chapters on additional treatments: prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, cognitive therapy, combined psychotherapy and medication, e-mental health, and complementary and alternative approaches. *Chapters on cutting-edge topics, including personalized interventions and advances in implementation science.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Child Abuse and Neglect Michael L. Lauderdale, Rosalie N. Anderson, Stephen E. Cramer, 1978
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Living Archetypes Anthony Stevens, 2015-06-26 Anthony Stevens has devoted a lifetime to modernizing our understanding of the archetypes within us, relating them to conceptual developments in a variety of scientific disciplines, such as the patterns of behaviour of behavioural ecology, the species-specific behavioural systems of Bowlby’s attachment theory, the deep structures of Chomskian linguistics, and the modules of evolutionary psychology, to name but a few. This selection of papers and chapters from the course of Stevens’ career, all lucidly written and argued, highlight episodes in the progress of his quest to place archetypal theory on a sound scientific foundation. As a whole, Living Archetypes examines how archetypes are activated in the life history of all of us, how archetypal imperatives may be fulfilled or thwarted by our living circumstances, how they manifest in our dreams, symbols, fantasies and symptoms, and how appreciating their dynamics can generate insights of enormous therapeutic power. Living Archetypes: The Selected Works of Anthony Stevens provides an invaluable resource for Jungian psychotherapists, psychologists, academics and students committed to extending the evolutionary approach to psychology and psychiatry and understanding the dynamic significance of archetypes.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Methods and Assessment in Culture and Psychology Michael Bender, Byron G. Adams, Ype H. Poortinga, 2021-02-18 Cross-cultural studies require sound methodology and psychometrics. This book outlines advances in assessment from many expert perspectives.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy Janice L. DeLucia-Waack, Deborah A. Gerrity, Cynthia R. Kalodner, Maria Riva, 2003-12-23 The Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy is a comprehensive reference guide for group practitioners and researchers alike. Each chapter reviews the literature and current research as well as offers suggestions for practice in the psycho educational arena, counseling, and therapy groups. The handbook encourages the notion that the field is improved through increased collaboration between researchers and practitioners. Through a review of cutting-edge research and practice, the handbook includes: 48 chapters by renowned experts in group work The history and theory of group work Topics across the lifespan An entire section on multicultural issues A variety of clinical problems and settings Appendices include the Association for Specialists in Group Work Training Standards, Best Practice Standards, and Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers The Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy, the most comprehensive reference devoted to this rapidly growing field, is essential for graduate students, academics, researchers, professionals, and librarians serving the group therapy community.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Handbook of Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Personality Assessment Richard H. Dana, 2000-02-01 Throughout the world as in the United States, psychologists are increasingly being called upon to evaluate clients whose backgrounds differ from their own. It has long been recognized that standard personality and psychopathology assessment instruments carry cultural biases, and in recent years, efforts to correct these biases have accelerated. The Handbook of Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Personality Assessment brings together researchers and practitioners from 12 countries with diverse ethnic and racial identities and training to present state-of-the-art knowledge about how best to minimize cultural biases in the assessment of personality and psychopathology. They consider research methodology, the design and construction of standard objective and projective tests, the use of measures of acculturation, racial identity, and culture-specific tests, the social etiquette of service delivery, and the interpretation of test data for clinical diagnosis. Ranging widely through all the relevant issues, they share a common collective vision of how culturally competent services should be delivered to clients. The Handbook offers the first comprehensive view of a consistent approach to cultural competence in assessment--a necessary precursor of effective intervention. It will become an indispensable reference for all those whose practice or research involves individuals with different ethnic and racial identities.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India A. Mead Over, 2004 This title projects the future implications of three alternative AIDS treatment financing policies for the health burden of AIDS in India and for its overall health expenditures. Written by an interdisciplinary team of AIDS experts, the book presents new data on the supply and demand for antiretroviral treatment in India and new models of the epidemiological effects and the financial costs of alternative policies.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Handbook of Epistemic Cognition Jeffrey A. Greene, William A. Sandoval, Ivar Bråten, 2016-01-22 The Handbook of Epistemic Cognition brings together leading work from across disciplines, to provide a comprehensive overview of an increasingly important topic: how people acquire, understand, justify, change, and use knowledge in formal and informal contexts. Research into inquiry, understanding, and discovery within academic disciplines has progressed from general models of conceptual change to a focus upon the learning trajectories that lead to expert-like conceptualizations, skills, and performance. Outside of academic domains, issues of who and what to believe, and how to integrate multiple sources of information into coherent and useful knowledge, have arisen as primary challenges of the 21st century. In six sections, scholars write within and across fields to focus and advance the role of epistemic cognition in education. With special attention to how researchers across disciplines can communicate and collaborate more effectively, this book will be an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the future of knowledge and knowing. Dr. Jeffrey A. Greene is an associate professor of Learning Sciences and Psychological Studies in the School of Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. William A. Sandoval is a professor in the division of Urban Schooling at the UCLA Graduate School of Education & Information Studies. Dr. Ivar Bråten is a professor of Educational Psychology at the Faculty of Educational Sciences at the University of Oslo, Norway.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Treatment Interventions in Human Sexuality Carol Nadelson, 2012-12-06 Despite much progress in the past ten years, American medical schools have woefully inadequate sex education curricula. While some have a reasonable amount of lecture time, few have clinical opportunities for students to develop practical skills in working with patients who are struggling with sexual problems. It is my impression that the same is true in medical and gynecological residencies, as well as in graduate schools of psychology, counseling and social work. This book was specifically written to help fill that gap. This is a book for clinicians, and it will provide a wealth of practical clinical knowledge and skills in dealing with the gamut of patient's sexual concerns, problems and dilemmas. Twenty-four experts have contributed eighteen chapters which address both the common and unusual sexual issues encountered in practice. These include sexual concerns from childhood to old age; gender identity and sexual preference; sexual dysfunction, including that of the physically ill and disabled; counseling with students, premarital, marital, and divorced patients; fertility and infertility; and chap ters dealing with rape, incest and other sexual contacts between adults and children. Of particular importance are chapters on human sexuality in American minority popula tions, a chapter on alcohol, medication and other drugs, and a chapter on medical management of sexual problems in the gay population, a subject long-ignored by the profession. The focus on practical intervention and skill development is amplified by the concluding four appendixes devoted to patient management problems.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Health Promotion for Nurses Carolyn Chambers Clark, Karen Paraska, 2013 With the increased incidence of chronic diseases, the demand for skilled health promoting professionals has surged. Many professionals working in the field of health promotion lack the necessary tools to apply the skills in their practice. Health Promotion in Nursing Practice provides insight not only into the principles of health promotion, but also how to translate them into practice. Covering traditional theories, how to use them in practice and research, the synergy model as a new framework for health promotion, and relating empirical research, Health Promotion in Nursing Practice incorporates chronic diseases, program planning, and evaluation. Included in this text are chapter objectives, summaries, articles, key terms, review questions, case studies and exercises to bring theory into practice.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Design, User Experience, and Usability: Health, Learning, Playing, Cultural, and Cross-Cultural User Experience Aaron Marcus, 2013-07-03 The four-volume set LNCS 8012, 8013, 8014 and 8015 constitutes the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability, DUXU 2013, held as part of the 15th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2013, held in Las Vegas, USA in July 2013, jointly with 12 other thematically similar conferences. The total of 1666 papers and 303 posters presented at the HCII 2013 conferences was carefully reviewed and selected from 5210 submissions. These papers address the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems. The papers accepted for presentation thoroughly cover the entire field of Human-Computer Interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas. The total of 282 contributions included in the DUXU proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this four-volume set. The 67 papers included in this volume are organized in the following topical sections: cross-cultural and intercultural user experience; designing for the learning and culture experience; designing for the health and quality of life experience; and games and gamification.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Chimpanzees and Human Evolution Martin N. Muller, Richard W. Wrangham, David R. Pilbeam, 2017-11-27 Knowledge of chimpanzees in the wild has expanded dramatically in recent years. This comprehensive volume, edited by Martin Muller, Richard Wrangham, and David Pilbeam, brings together scientists who are leading a revolution to discover and explain what is unique about humans, by studying their closest living relatives. Their observations and conclusions have the potential to transform our understanding of human evolution. Chimpanzees offer scientists an unmatched view of what distinguishes humanity from its apelike ancestors. Based on evidence from the hominin fossil record and extensive morphological, developmental, and genetic data, Chimpanzees and Human Evolution makes the case that the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans was chimpanzee-like. It most likely lived in African rainforests around eight million years ago, eating fruit and walking on its knuckles. Readers will learn why chimpanzees are a better model for the last common ancestor than bonobos, gorillas, or orangutans. A thorough chapter-by-chapter analysis reveals which key traits we share with chimpanzees and which appear to be distinctive to Homo sapiens, and shows how understanding chimpanzees helps us account for the evolution of human uniqueness. Traits surveyed include social behaviors and structures, mating systems, diet, hunting practices, tool use, culture, cognition, and communication. Edited by three of primatology’s most renowned experts, with contributions from 32 scholars drawing on decades of field research, Chimpanzees and Human Evolution provides readers with detailed up-to-date information on what we can infer about our chimpanzee-like ancestors and points the way forward for the next generation of discoveries.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Understanding and Dealing With Violence Barbara C. Wallace, Robert T. Carter, 2002-11-25 Understanding and Dealing with Violence: A Multicultural Approach situates violence within a social, cultural, and historical context. Edited by distinguished scholars Barbara C. Wallace and Robert T. Carter, this unique volume explores historical factors, socialization influences, and the historical and contemporary dynamics between the oppressed and the oppressor. State-of-the-art research guides a diverse group of psychologists, educators, policy-makers, religious leaders, community members, victims, and perpetrators in finding viable solutions to violence.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Cross-Cultural Psychology John W. Berry, 2011-02-17 Third edition of leading textbook offering an advanced overview of all major perspectives of research in cross-cultural psychology.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Nursing for Wellness in Older Adults Carol A. Miller, 2018-01-10 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. This text covers the theory and practice of wellness–oriented gerontological nursing, addressing both physiologic and psychosocial aspects of aging. Organized around the author’s unique Functional Consequences Theory, the book explores age-related changes as well as the risk factors that often interfere with optimal health and functioning. Key features include: NEW! Technology to Promote Wellness in Older Adults boxes describe examples of technology-based interventions that can be effective for promoting wellness for older adults. NEW! Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) material, which is found in boxes or is highlighted with orange bars in the margins, indicates the responsibilities of nurses to collaborate with other professionals and paraprofessionals in health care and community-based settings when caring for older adults. NEW! Global Perspective boxes provide examples of the various ways in which health care professionals in other countries provide care for older adults. NEW! Unfolding Patient Stories, written by the National League for Nursing, are an engaging way to begin meaningful conversations in the classroom. These vignettes, which open each unit, feature patients from Wolters Kluwer’s vSim for Nursing | Gerontology (co-developed with Laerdal Medical) and DocuCare products; however, each Unfolding Patient Story in the book stands alone, not requiring purchase of these products. For your convenience, a list of these case studies, along with their location in the book, appears in the “Case Studies in This Book” section later in this frontmatter. NEW! Transitional Care Unfolding Case Studies, which unfold across Chapters 27 through 29, to illustrate ways in which nurses can provide effective transitional care to an older adult whose progressively worsening condition requires that her needs be met in several settings. For your convenience, a list of these case studies, along with their location in the book, appears in the “Case Studies in This Book” section later in this frontmatter. Updated unfolding case studies illustrate common experiences of older adults as they progress from young-old to old-old and are affected by combinations of age-related changes and risk factors. Evidence-based information is threaded through the content and summarized in boxes in clinically oriented chapters. Assessment and intervention guidelines help nurses identify and address factors that affect the functioning and quality of life of older adults. Nursing interventions focus on teaching older adults and their caregivers about actions they can take to promote wellness. Case studies include content on transitional care, interprofessional collaboration, and QSEN!
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Cultural Evolution and its Discontents Robert Watson, 2018-12-07 People worry that computers, robots, interstellar aliens, or Satan himself – brilliant, stealthy, ruthless creatures – may seize control of our world and destroy what’s uniquely valuable about the human race. Cultural Evolution and its Discontents shows that our cultural systems – especially those whose last names are ism – are already doing that, and doing it so adeptly that we seldom even notice. Like other parasites, they’ve blindly evolved to exploit us for their own survival. Creative arts and humanistic scholarship are our best tools for diagnosis and cure. The assemblages of ideas that have survived, like the assemblages of biological cells that have survived, are the ones good at protecting and reproducing themselves. They aren’t necessarily the ones that guide us toward our most admirable selves or our healthiest future. Relying so heavily on culture to protect our uniquely open minds from cognitive overload makes us vulnerable to hijacking by the systems that co-evolve with us. Recognizing the selfish Darwinian functions of these systems makes sense of many aspects of history, politics, economics, and popular culture. What drove the Protestant Reformation? Why have the Beatles, The Hunger Games, and paranoid science-fiction thrived, and how was hip-hop co-opted? What alliances helped neoliberalism out-compete Communism, and what alliances might enable environmentalism to overcome consumerism? Why are multiculturalism and university-trained elites provoking working-class nationalist backlash? In a digital age, how can we use numbers without having them use us instead? Anyone who has wondered how our species can be so brilliant and so stupid at the same time may find an answer here: human mentalities are so complex that we crave the simplifications provided by our cultures, but the cultures that thrive are the ones that blind us to any interests that don’t correspond to their own.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Basic principles of psychology in the modern world Kolyukh O., Мороз Л., Гульбс О., Кобець О., Діхтяренко С., Лантух В., Лантух І., Dutsiak I., Spytska L., 2022-12-13 Collective monograph
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Animal Homosexuality Aldo Poiani, 2010-08-19 Homosexuality is an evolutionary paradox in search for a resolution, not a medical condition in search for a cure. Homosexual behavior is common among social animals, and mainly expressed within the context of a bisexual sexual orientation. Exclusive homosexuality is less common, but not unique to humans. Poiani and Dixson invite the reader to embark on a journey through the evolutionary, biological, psychological and sociological aspects of homosexuality, seeking an understanding of both the proximate and evolutionary causes of homosexual behavior and orientation in humans, other mammals and birds. The authors also provide a synthesis of what we know about homosexuality into a biosocial model that links recent advances in reproductive skew theory and various selection mechanisms to produce a comprehensive framework that will be useful for anyone teaching or planning future research in this field.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Pragmatic Meaning and Cognition Sophia S. A. Marmaridou, 2000-01-01 Encompasses a variety of topics under the umbrella of pragmatic meaning and cognition. This includes theoretical perspectives on pragmatic meaning. Deixis, speech acts and implicature are also covered.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Simply Psychology Michael W. Eysenck, 2002 This second edition gives a comprehensive account of the subject to those with little or no previous knowledge. It covers the main areas of psychology - biological, cognitive, social, developmental and individual differences.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, 1988
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Mapping the Edges and the In-between Nancy Nyquist Potter, 2009-06-25 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a diagnosis given to ten percent of all those seen in outpatient mental health facilities and twenty percent of those seen in inpatient psychiatric units. This is a significant number of people in the Western world. Yet many of the core concepts and symptoms that underlie this diagnosis are questionable. Many of the attitudes and actions of carers are based on assumptions about those with BPD that cry out for analysis, with both cultural and gender norms interacting with clinical diagnosis and treatment, to the detriment of both carers and patients. This book considers how we diagnose BPD, looking at the key constructs: identity disturbance, inappropriate or excessive anger, unstable relationships, impulsivity, self-injurious behaviour, and manipulativity. It starts by looking at the cultural and gender assumptions and norms behind BPD, drawing upon philosophical, clinical, anthropological, and sociological literature. Combining philosophical analysis with clinical experience and patients' writings, it clarifies the constructs so that the reader can understand the messiness and complexity that frames this diagnosis and treatment. After examining the current state of these constructs, and their effects on carer/patient interactions, Part II sees an application of virtue theory to therapeutic treatment with BPD patients. It looks at three virtues that are particularly important for clinicians and other carers to cultivate when working with BPD patients: trustworthiness, the virtue of giving uptake, and empathy. It argues that, in their absence, not only are clinicians' attitudes harmful to patients but that the status of the diagnosis is actually compromised. Mapping the Edges and the In-Between presents a compelling argument that Borderline Personality Disorder needs to be approached in a new light - one that will benefit patients.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Culture and Well-Being Ed Diener, 2009-06-04 material boundaries capture cultural effects? The articles contained in this volume offer initial answers to most of these questions. The culture and well-being questions are of fundamental importance to understanding in the entire eld and to scienti c knowledge in the behavioral s- ences as a whole. Unless we understand what is universal and what is speci c, we cannot hope to understand the processes governing well-being. Unfortunately, our scienti c knowledge in most behavioral science elds, including the study of we- being, has been built on a narrow database drawn from westernized, industrialized nations. This means that we have only a little knowledge of whether our ndings are generalizable to all peoples of the globe and to universal human psychol- ical processes. Fortunately, during the last decade my students and I, as well as others working in this area, have rapidly expanded our knowledge of well-being vis-a-vis ` culture. The rst attempt to summarize the ndings in this area came in 1999 with Culture and Subjective Well-Being, a book edited by Eunkook Suh and Diener. The current volume represents a renewed effort to give a broad overview of major ndings in this area and to point to the important directions for future research. Composition of This Volume I am very pleased with the articles presented in this volume because I believe that they represent true advances in our fundamental understanding of subjective we- being.
  cross cultural studies indicate that: Evolve Resources for Promoting Health Lyn Talbot, Glenda Verrinder, 2014-01-24 Evolve Resources for Promoting Health
  cross cultural studies indicate that: International Journal of Cross-Cultural Sudies Siddhartha Sarkar,

  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Cross-Cultural Analysis Michael Minkov, 2013 The first comprehensive and statistically significant analysis of the predictive powers of each cross-cultural model, based on nation-level variables from a range of large-scale database sources such as the World Values Survey, the Pew Research Center, the World Bank, the World Health Organization, the UN Statistics Division, UNDP, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, TIMSS, OECD PISA. Tables with scores for all culture-level dimensions in all major cross-cultural analyses (involving 20 countries or more) that have been published so far in academic journals or books. The book will be an invaluable resource to masters and PhD students taking advanced courses in cross-cultural research and analysis in Management, Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, and related programs. It will also be a must-have reference for academics studying cross-cultural dimensions and differences across the social and behavioral sciences.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research Alex C. Michalos, 2014-02-12 The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work on scientific and other scholarly research on the quality of life, including health-related quality of life research or also called patient-reported outcomes research. Since the 1960s two overlapping but fairly distinct research communities and traditions have developed concerning ideas about the quality of life, individually and collectively, one with a fairly narrow focus on health-related issues and one with a quite broad focus. In many ways, the central issues of these fields have roots extending to the observations and speculations of ancient philosophers, creating a continuous exploration by diverse explorers in diverse historic and cultural circumstances over several centuries of the qualities of human existence. What we have not had so far is a single, multidimensional reference work connecting the most salient and important contributions to the relevant fields. Entries are organized alphabetically and cover basic concepts, relatively well established facts, lawlike and causal relations, theories, methods, standardized tests, biographic entries on significant figures, organizational profiles, indicators and indexes of qualities of individuals and of communities of diverse sizes, including rural areas, towns, cities, counties, provinces, states, regions, countries and groups of countries.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Federal Probation , 1966
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Cross-Cultural Explorations Susan B. Goldstein, 2019-05-15 It is only in recent decades that psychology as an academic discipline has begun to recognize the importance of a cultural perspective. From cross-cultural psychology through to psychological anthropology, psychologists have taken a number of approaches to studying the role of culture in human behavior. This comprehensive workbook is designed to facilitate students’ understanding and application of major concepts and principles of culture and psychology. The fully updated new edition features over 100 case studies, self-administered scales, mini-experiments, and library research projects, addressing topics such as culture, race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, disability, and social class. Theoretical and guiding content is included in each chapter to embed the activities within key concepts and principles. Designed to contribute to the inclusion of cultural perspectives in the psychology curriculum, this wide-ranging book provides students with hands-on experiences that facilitate the understanding and application of major concepts and principles in the study of culture and psychology. The workbook is supported by a substantial Instructor’s Manual that includes discussion questions, video recommendations, variations by course level, and suggestions for expanded writing assignments. See Support Material below for access.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: A Natural History of Natural Theology Helen De Cruz, Johan De Smedt, 2014-12-19 An examination of the cognitive foundations of intuitions about the existence and attributes of God. Questions about the existence and attributes of God form the subject matter of natural theology, which seeks to gain knowledge of the divine by relying on reason and experience of the world. Arguments in natural theology rely largely on intuitions and inferences that seem natural to us, occurring spontaneously—at the sight of a beautiful landscape, perhaps, or in wonderment at the complexity of the cosmos—even to a nonphilosopher. In this book, Helen De Cruz and Johan De Smedt examine the cognitive origins of arguments in natural theology. They find that although natural theological arguments can be very sophisticated, they are rooted in everyday intuitions about purpose, causation, agency, and morality. Using evidence and theories from disciplines including the cognitive science of religion, evolutionary ethics, evolutionary aesthetics, and the cognitive science of testimony, they show that these intuitions emerge early in development and are a stable part of human cognition. De Cruz and De Smedt analyze the cognitive underpinnings of five well-known arguments for the existence of God: the argument from design, the cosmological argument, the moral argument, the argument from beauty, and the argument from miracles. Finally, they consider whether the cognitive origins of these natural theological arguments should affect their rationality.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Organization and Management in China, 1979-1990 Oded Shenkar, 1991 Over the last decade China has engaged in one of the most comprehensive management reforms ever undertaken. These reforms are expected to determine China's ability to modernize and become a major world economic power. At the same time, the reforms touch on major political and social issues within the PRC, thereby affecting the structure and control of Chinese society. The contributors to this volume analyze Chinese management and organizations in seven chapters that assess the impact of the reforms on domestic Chinese enterprises across such diverse issues as decision-making, work values and managerial behaviour, three chapters on foreign joint ventures and three chapters on trade and trade organizations.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Decoding the Cultural Stereotypes About Aging Evelyn M. O'Reilly, 2013-06-17 This collection will present works that offer illuminating perspectives on the remarkably diverse Asian American populations of the United States. As a population that is neither black nor white, the range of experiences of these groups, many of whom arrived as refugees, presents other perspectives on the cultural mosaic that constitutes the United States. Studies of Asian Americans sheds light on issues related to immigration, refugee policy, transnationalism, return migration, cultural citizenship, ethnic communities, community building, identity and group formation, panethnicity, race relations, gender and class, entrepreneurship, employment, representation, politics, adaptation, and acculturation. The writings in this collection are drawn from a wide variety of disciplines to provide a broad and informative array of insights on these fascinating and diverse populations.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Moral Development: New research in moral development Bill Puka, 1994 First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: The Arena of Masculinity Brian Pronger, 1992-05-15 Sports are perhaps the most visible expression of the ideals of masculinity in our society, and figure as a training ground on which young boys are taught what it means to be a man. Given the involvement of sports with masculinity, the homosexual athlete becomes a paradox, and the recent explosive growth of gay sporting leagues, a puzzle. Pronger explores the paradoxical position of the gay athlete in a straight sporting world, examines the homoerotic undercurrent subliminally present in the masculine struggle of sports, and explicates the growth of gay sports in the framework of the developing gay culture.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Handbook of Psychopathy Christopher J. Patrick, 2018-04-23 Widely considered the go-to reference--and now extensively revised with over 65% new material--this authoritative handbook surveys the landscape of current knowledge on psychopathy and addresses essential clinical and applied topics. Leading researchers explore major theoretical models; symptomatology and diagnostic subtypes; assessment methods; developmental pathways; and causal influences, from genes and neurobiology to environmental factors. The volume examines manifestations of psychopathy in specific populations as well as connections to antisocial behavior and recidivism. It presents contemporary perspectives on prevention and treatment and discusses special considerations in clinical and forensic practice. New to This Edition *Extensively revised with more than a decade's theoretical, empirical, and clinical advances. *Many new authors and topics. *Expanded coverage of phenotypic facets, with chapters on behavioral disinhibition, callous–unemotional traits, and boldness. *Chapters on DSM-5, clinical interviewing, cognitive and emotional processing, and serial murder. *Significantly updated coverage of etiology, assessment methods, neuroimaging research, and adult and juvenile treatment approaches.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: The Colors of Childhood Salman Akhtar, Selma Kramer, 1998-04-01 How does culture affect child-rearing practices? How do factors such as poverty, ethnic difference, racial minority status, and having immigrant parents alter the experience of a growing child? Are there culturally distinct sub-groups within the African-American population? How ubiquitous are psychoanalytically derived schedules of personality development? In what form and to what extent are transference and countertransference affected by such racial, ethnic, and economic issues? In this volume, eight distinguished psychoanalysts (including some belonging to ethnic and racial minorities) attempt to answer these questions. They provide illuminating details of child-rearing practices in African-American, Indian, and Japanese families. They interweave mythological legacies, historical background, ethnographic data, and clinical observations into a rich tapestry of knowledge, empathy, and understanding. They try to tease out the variables of socioeconomic class from the issue of race and the ambiguities consequent upon raising children in a new and unfamiliar land from the ordinary and inevitable conflicts between generations.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: The Late Archaic Across the Borderlands Bradley J. Vierra, 2005-10-01 For everyone interested in the origins of agriculture, early village formation, stone tool technology, human biological adaptation, paleoecology, and the history of the Borderlands, this book will be essential reading.--BOOK JACKET.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Cultural Competence in Forensic Mental Health Wen-Shing Tseng, Daryl Matthews, Todd S. Elwyn, 2004-09 As culturally relevant psychiatry becomes common practice, the need for competent and culturally relevant forensic psychiatry comes to the forefront. This volume, written by one expert in cultural psychiatry and another in forensic psychiatry addresses that need. By combining their expertise in these areas, they are able to develop and create a new body of knowledge and experiences addressing the issue of the cultural aspects of forensic psychiatry. Beginning with an introduction to cultural and ethnic aspects of forensic psychiatry, this volume will address basic issues of the practice, as well as more detailed areas ranging from the various psychiatric disorders to intensive analysis and discussion of how to perform forensic psychiatric practice in a culturally relevant and competent way. Also the book suggests methods for continued awareness and sensitivity to issues of cultural and ethnic diversity in the field.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Families in the Roman and Late Antique World Lena Larsson Loven, Mary Harlow, 2012-02-02 This volume seeks to explain developments within the structure of the family in antiquity, in particular in the later Roman Empire and late antiquity. Contributions extend the traditional chronological focus on the Roman family to include the transformation of familial structures in the newly formed kingdoms of late antiquity in Europe, thus allowing a greater historical perspective and establishing a new paradigm for the study of the Roman family. Drawing on the latest research by leading scholars in the field the book includes new approaches to the life course and the family in the Byzantine empire, family relationships in the dynasty of Constantine the Great, death, burial and commemoration of newborn children in Roman Italy, and widows and familial networks in Roman Egypt. In short, this volume seeks to establish a new agenda for the understanding of the Roman family and its transformation in late antiquity.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Handbook of the History of Social Psychology Arie W. Kruglanski, Wolfgang Stroebe, 2012 This is the first ever handbook to comprehensively cover the historical development of the field of social psychology, including the main overarching approaches and all the major individual topics. Contributors are all world renowned scientists in their subfields who engagingly describe the people, dynamics, and events that have shaped the discipline--Provided by publisher.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Effective Treatments for PTSD David Forbes, Jonathan I. Bisson, Candice M. Monson, Lucy Berliner, 2020-08-16 Grounded in the updated Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention and Treatment Guidelines of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS), the third edition of this definitive work has more than 90% new content. Chapters describe PTSD assessment and intervention practices that have been shown to work and provide practical, real-world implementation guidance. Foremost authorities address the complexities of trauma treatment with adults, adolescents, and children in diverse clinical contexts. The book delves into common obstacles and ways to overcome them, when to stop trying a particular approach with a client, and what to do next. Special topics include transdiagnostic interventions for PTSD and co-occurring problems, dissemination challenges, and analyzing the cost-effectiveness of treatments. Prior edition editors: Edna B. Foa, Terence M. Keane, Matthew J. Friedman, and Judith A. Cohen. New to This Edition *Fully rewritten to reflect over a decade of clinical, empirical, and theoretical developments, as well as changes in DSM-5 and ICD-11. *Increased research-to-practice focus--helps the clinician apply the recommendations in specific clinical situations. *New chapters on previously covered treatments: early interventions, psychopharmacotherapy for adults and children, and EMDR therapy. *Chapters on additional treatments: prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, cognitive therapy, combined psychotherapy and medication, e-mental health, and complementary and alternative approaches. *Chapters on cutting-edge topics, including personalized interventions and advances in implementation science.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Child Abuse and Neglect Michael L. Lauderdale, Rosalie N. Anderson, Stephen E. Cramer, 1978
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Living Archetypes Anthony Stevens, 2015-06-26 Anthony Stevens has devoted a lifetime to modernizing our understanding of the archetypes within us, relating them to conceptual developments in a variety of scientific disciplines, such as the patterns of behaviour of behavioural ecology, the species-specific behavioural systems of Bowlby’s attachment theory, the deep structures of Chomskian linguistics, and the modules of evolutionary psychology, to name but a few. This selection of papers and chapters from the course of Stevens’ career, all lucidly written and argued, highlight episodes in the progress of his quest to place archetypal theory on a sound scientific foundation. As a whole, Living Archetypes examines how archetypes are activated in the life history of all of us, how archetypal imperatives may be fulfilled or thwarted by our living circumstances, how they manifest in our dreams, symbols, fantasies and symptoms, and how appreciating their dynamics can generate insights of enormous therapeutic power. Living Archetypes: The Selected Works of Anthony Stevens provides an invaluable resource for Jungian psychotherapists, psychologists, academics and students committed to extending the evolutionary approach to psychology and psychiatry and understanding the dynamic significance of archetypes.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Methods and Assessment in Culture and Psychology Michael Bender, Byron G. Adams, Ype H. Poortinga, 2021-02-18 Cross-cultural studies require sound methodology and psychometrics. This book outlines advances in assessment from many expert perspectives.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Handbook of Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Personality Assessment Richard H. Dana, 2000-02-01 Throughout the world as in the United States, psychologists are increasingly being called upon to evaluate clients whose backgrounds differ from their own. It has long been recognized that standard personality and psychopathology assessment instruments carry cultural biases, and in recent years, efforts to correct these biases have accelerated. The Handbook of Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Personality Assessment brings together researchers and practitioners from 12 countries with diverse ethnic and racial identities and training to present state-of-the-art knowledge about how best to minimize cultural biases in the assessment of personality and psychopathology. They consider research methodology, the design and construction of standard objective and projective tests, the use of measures of acculturation, racial identity, and culture-specific tests, the social etiquette of service delivery, and the interpretation of test data for clinical diagnosis. Ranging widely through all the relevant issues, they share a common collective vision of how culturally competent services should be delivered to clients. The Handbook offers the first comprehensive view of a consistent approach to cultural competence in assessment--a necessary precursor of effective intervention. It will become an indispensable reference for all those whose practice or research involves individuals with different ethnic and racial identities.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy Janice L. DeLucia-Waack, Deborah A. Gerrity, Cynthia R. Kalodner, Maria Riva, 2003-12-23 The Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy is a comprehensive reference guide for group practitioners and researchers alike. Each chapter reviews the literature and current research as well as offers suggestions for practice in the psycho educational arena, counseling, and therapy groups. The handbook encourages the notion that the field is improved through increased collaboration between researchers and practitioners. Through a review of cutting-edge research and practice, the handbook includes: 48 chapters by renowned experts in group work The history and theory of group work Topics across the lifespan An entire section on multicultural issues A variety of clinical problems and settings Appendices include the Association for Specialists in Group Work Training Standards, Best Practice Standards, and Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers The Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy, the most comprehensive reference devoted to this rapidly growing field, is essential for graduate students, academics, researchers, professionals, and librarians serving the group therapy community.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention in India A. Mead Over, 2004 This title projects the future implications of three alternative AIDS treatment financing policies for the health burden of AIDS in India and for its overall health expenditures. Written by an interdisciplinary team of AIDS experts, the book presents new data on the supply and demand for antiretroviral treatment in India and new models of the epidemiological effects and the financial costs of alternative policies.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Treatment Interventions in Human Sexuality Carol Nadelson, 2012-12-06 Despite much progress in the past ten years, American medical schools have woefully inadequate sex education curricula. While some have a reasonable amount of lecture time, few have clinical opportunities for students to develop practical skills in working with patients who are struggling with sexual problems. It is my impression that the same is true in medical and gynecological residencies, as well as in graduate schools of psychology, counseling and social work. This book was specifically written to help fill that gap. This is a book for clinicians, and it will provide a wealth of practical clinical knowledge and skills in dealing with the gamut of patient's sexual concerns, problems and dilemmas. Twenty-four experts have contributed eighteen chapters which address both the common and unusual sexual issues encountered in practice. These include sexual concerns from childhood to old age; gender identity and sexual preference; sexual dysfunction, including that of the physically ill and disabled; counseling with students, premarital, marital, and divorced patients; fertility and infertility; and chap ters dealing with rape, incest and other sexual contacts between adults and children. Of particular importance are chapters on human sexuality in American minority popula tions, a chapter on alcohol, medication and other drugs, and a chapter on medical management of sexual problems in the gay population, a subject long-ignored by the profession. The focus on practical intervention and skill development is amplified by the concluding four appendixes devoted to patient management problems.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Handbook of Epistemic Cognition Jeffrey A. Greene, William A. Sandoval, Ivar Bråten, 2016-01-22 The Handbook of Epistemic Cognition brings together leading work from across disciplines, to provide a comprehensive overview of an increasingly important topic: how people acquire, understand, justify, change, and use knowledge in formal and informal contexts. Research into inquiry, understanding, and discovery within academic disciplines has progressed from general models of conceptual change to a focus upon the learning trajectories that lead to expert-like conceptualizations, skills, and performance. Outside of academic domains, issues of who and what to believe, and how to integrate multiple sources of information into coherent and useful knowledge, have arisen as primary challenges of the 21st century. In six sections, scholars write within and across fields to focus and advance the role of epistemic cognition in education. With special attention to how researchers across disciplines can communicate and collaborate more effectively, this book will be an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the future of knowledge and knowing. Dr. Jeffrey A. Greene is an associate professor of Learning Sciences and Psychological Studies in the School of Education at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. William A. Sandoval is a professor in the division of Urban Schooling at the UCLA Graduate School of Education & Information Studies. Dr. Ivar Bråten is a professor of Educational Psychology at the Faculty of Educational Sciences at the University of Oslo, Norway.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Health Promotion for Nurses Carolyn Chambers Clark, Karen Paraska, 2013 With the increased incidence of chronic diseases, the demand for skilled health promoting professionals has surged. Many professionals working in the field of health promotion lack the necessary tools to apply the skills in their practice. Health Promotion in Nursing Practice provides insight not only into the principles of health promotion, but also how to translate them into practice. Covering traditional theories, how to use them in practice and research, the synergy model as a new framework for health promotion, and relating empirical research, Health Promotion in Nursing Practice incorporates chronic diseases, program planning, and evaluation. Included in this text are chapter objectives, summaries, articles, key terms, review questions, case studies and exercises to bring theory into practice.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Design, User Experience, and Usability: Health, Learning, Playing, Cultural, and Cross-Cultural User Experience Aaron Marcus, 2013-07-03 The four-volume set LNCS 8012, 8013, 8014 and 8015 constitutes the proceedings of the Second International Conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability, DUXU 2013, held as part of the 15th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2013, held in Las Vegas, USA in July 2013, jointly with 12 other thematically similar conferences. The total of 1666 papers and 303 posters presented at the HCII 2013 conferences was carefully reviewed and selected from 5210 submissions. These papers address the latest research and development efforts and highlight the human aspects of design and use of computing systems. The papers accepted for presentation thoroughly cover the entire field of Human-Computer Interaction, addressing major advances in knowledge and effective use of computers in a variety of application areas. The total of 282 contributions included in the DUXU proceedings were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in this four-volume set. The 67 papers included in this volume are organized in the following topical sections: cross-cultural and intercultural user experience; designing for the learning and culture experience; designing for the health and quality of life experience; and games and gamification.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Chimpanzees and Human Evolution Martin N. Muller, Richard W. Wrangham, David R. Pilbeam, 2017-11-27 Knowledge of chimpanzees in the wild has expanded dramatically in recent years. This comprehensive volume, edited by Martin Muller, Richard Wrangham, and David Pilbeam, brings together scientists who are leading a revolution to discover and explain what is unique about humans, by studying their closest living relatives. Their observations and conclusions have the potential to transform our understanding of human evolution. Chimpanzees offer scientists an unmatched view of what distinguishes humanity from its apelike ancestors. Based on evidence from the hominin fossil record and extensive morphological, developmental, and genetic data, Chimpanzees and Human Evolution makes the case that the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans was chimpanzee-like. It most likely lived in African rainforests around eight million years ago, eating fruit and walking on its knuckles. Readers will learn why chimpanzees are a better model for the last common ancestor than bonobos, gorillas, or orangutans. A thorough chapter-by-chapter analysis reveals which key traits we share with chimpanzees and which appear to be distinctive to Homo sapiens, and shows how understanding chimpanzees helps us account for the evolution of human uniqueness. Traits surveyed include social behaviors and structures, mating systems, diet, hunting practices, tool use, culture, cognition, and communication. Edited by three of primatology’s most renowned experts, with contributions from 32 scholars drawing on decades of field research, Chimpanzees and Human Evolution provides readers with detailed up-to-date information on what we can infer about our chimpanzee-like ancestors and points the way forward for the next generation of discoveries.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Understanding and Dealing With Violence Barbara C. Wallace, Robert T. Carter, 2002-11-25 Understanding and Dealing with Violence: A Multicultural Approach situates violence within a social, cultural, and historical context. Edited by distinguished scholars Barbara C. Wallace and Robert T. Carter, this unique volume explores historical factors, socialization influences, and the historical and contemporary dynamics between the oppressed and the oppressor. State-of-the-art research guides a diverse group of psychologists, educators, policy-makers, religious leaders, community members, victims, and perpetrators in finding viable solutions to violence.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Cross-Cultural Psychology John W. Berry, 2011-02-17 Third edition of leading textbook offering an advanced overview of all major perspectives of research in cross-cultural psychology.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Nursing for Wellness in Older Adults Carol A. Miller, 2018-01-10 Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. This text covers the theory and practice of wellness–oriented gerontological nursing, addressing both physiologic and psychosocial aspects of aging. Organized around the author’s unique Functional Consequences Theory, the book explores age-related changes as well as the risk factors that often interfere with optimal health and functioning. Key features include: NEW! Technology to Promote Wellness in Older Adults boxes describe examples of technology-based interventions that can be effective for promoting wellness for older adults. NEW! Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) material, which is found in boxes or is highlighted with orange bars in the margins, indicates the responsibilities of nurses to collaborate with other professionals and paraprofessionals in health care and community-based settings when caring for older adults. NEW! Global Perspective boxes provide examples of the various ways in which health care professionals in other countries provide care for older adults. NEW! Unfolding Patient Stories, written by the National League for Nursing, are an engaging way to begin meaningful conversations in the classroom. These vignettes, which open each unit, feature patients from Wolters Kluwer’s vSim for Nursing | Gerontology (co-developed with Laerdal Medical) and DocuCare products; however, each Unfolding Patient Story in the book stands alone, not requiring purchase of these products. For your convenience, a list of these case studies, along with their location in the book, appears in the “Case Studies in This Book” section later in this frontmatter. NEW! Transitional Care Unfolding Case Studies, which unfold across Chapters 27 through 29, to illustrate ways in which nurses can provide effective transitional care to an older adult whose progressively worsening condition requires that her needs be met in several settings. For your convenience, a list of these case studies, along with their location in the book, appears in the “Case Studies in This Book” section later in this frontmatter. Updated unfolding case studies illustrate common experiences of older adults as they progress from young-old to old-old and are affected by combinations of age-related changes and risk factors. Evidence-based information is threaded through the content and summarized in boxes in clinically oriented chapters. Assessment and intervention guidelines help nurses identify and address factors that affect the functioning and quality of life of older adults. Nursing interventions focus on teaching older adults and their caregivers about actions they can take to promote wellness. Case studies include content on transitional care, interprofessional collaboration, and QSEN!
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Cultural Evolution and its Discontents Robert Watson, 2018-12-07 People worry that computers, robots, interstellar aliens, or Satan himself – brilliant, stealthy, ruthless creatures – may seize control of our world and destroy what’s uniquely valuable about the human race. Cultural Evolution and its Discontents shows that our cultural systems – especially those whose last names are ism – are already doing that, and doing it so adeptly that we seldom even notice. Like other parasites, they’ve blindly evolved to exploit us for their own survival. Creative arts and humanistic scholarship are our best tools for diagnosis and cure. The assemblages of ideas that have survived, like the assemblages of biological cells that have survived, are the ones good at protecting and reproducing themselves. They aren’t necessarily the ones that guide us toward our most admirable selves or our healthiest future. Relying so heavily on culture to protect our uniquely open minds from cognitive overload makes us vulnerable to hijacking by the systems that co-evolve with us. Recognizing the selfish Darwinian functions of these systems makes sense of many aspects of history, politics, economics, and popular culture. What drove the Protestant Reformation? Why have the Beatles, The Hunger Games, and paranoid science-fiction thrived, and how was hip-hop co-opted? What alliances helped neoliberalism out-compete Communism, and what alliances might enable environmentalism to overcome consumerism? Why are multiculturalism and university-trained elites provoking working-class nationalist backlash? In a digital age, how can we use numbers without having them use us instead? Anyone who has wondered how our species can be so brilliant and so stupid at the same time may find an answer here: human mentalities are so complex that we crave the simplifications provided by our cultures, but the cultures that thrive are the ones that blind us to any interests that don’t correspond to their own.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Basic principles of psychology in the modern world Kolyukh O., Мороз Л., Гульбс О., Кобець О., Діхтяренко С., Лантух В., Лантух І., Dutsiak I., Spytska L., 2022-12-13 Collective monograph
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Animal Homosexuality Aldo Poiani, 2010-08-19 Homosexuality is an evolutionary paradox in search for a resolution, not a medical condition in search for a cure. Homosexual behavior is common among social animals, and mainly expressed within the context of a bisexual sexual orientation. Exclusive homosexuality is less common, but not unique to humans. Poiani and Dixson invite the reader to embark on a journey through the evolutionary, biological, psychological and sociological aspects of homosexuality, seeking an understanding of both the proximate and evolutionary causes of homosexual behavior and orientation in humans, other mammals and birds. The authors also provide a synthesis of what we know about homosexuality into a biosocial model that links recent advances in reproductive skew theory and various selection mechanisms to produce a comprehensive framework that will be useful for anyone teaching or planning future research in this field.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Pragmatic Meaning and Cognition Sophia S. A. Marmaridou, 2000-01-01 Encompasses a variety of topics under the umbrella of pragmatic meaning and cognition. This includes theoretical perspectives on pragmatic meaning. Deixis, speech acts and implicature are also covered.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Simply Psychology Michael W. Eysenck, 2002 This second edition gives a comprehensive account of the subject to those with little or no previous knowledge. It covers the main areas of psychology - biological, cognitive, social, developmental and individual differences.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 1989 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies, 1988
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Mapping the Edges and the In-between Nancy Nyquist Potter, 2009-06-25 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a diagnosis given to ten percent of all those seen in outpatient mental health facilities and twenty percent of those seen in inpatient psychiatric units. This is a significant number of people in the Western world. Yet many of the core concepts and symptoms that underlie this diagnosis are questionable. Many of the attitudes and actions of carers are based on assumptions about those with BPD that cry out for analysis, with both cultural and gender norms interacting with clinical diagnosis and treatment, to the detriment of both carers and patients. This book considers how we diagnose BPD, looking at the key constructs: identity disturbance, inappropriate or excessive anger, unstable relationships, impulsivity, self-injurious behaviour, and manipulativity. It starts by looking at the cultural and gender assumptions and norms behind BPD, drawing upon philosophical, clinical, anthropological, and sociological literature. Combining philosophical analysis with clinical experience and patients' writings, it clarifies the constructs so that the reader can understand the messiness and complexity that frames this diagnosis and treatment. After examining the current state of these constructs, and their effects on carer/patient interactions, Part II sees an application of virtue theory to therapeutic treatment with BPD patients. It looks at three virtues that are particularly important for clinicians and other carers to cultivate when working with BPD patients: trustworthiness, the virtue of giving uptake, and empathy. It argues that, in their absence, not only are clinicians' attitudes harmful to patients but that the status of the diagnosis is actually compromised. Mapping the Edges and the In-Between presents a compelling argument that Borderline Personality Disorder needs to be approached in a new light - one that will benefit patients.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Culture and Well-Being Ed Diener, 2009-06-04 material boundaries capture cultural effects? The articles contained in this volume offer initial answers to most of these questions. The culture and well-being questions are of fundamental importance to understanding in the entire eld and to scienti c knowledge in the behavioral s- ences as a whole. Unless we understand what is universal and what is speci c, we cannot hope to understand the processes governing well-being. Unfortunately, our scienti c knowledge in most behavioral science elds, including the study of we- being, has been built on a narrow database drawn from westernized, industrialized nations. This means that we have only a little knowledge of whether our ndings are generalizable to all peoples of the globe and to universal human psychol- ical processes. Fortunately, during the last decade my students and I, as well as others working in this area, have rapidly expanded our knowledge of well-being vis-a-vis ` culture. The rst attempt to summarize the ndings in this area came in 1999 with Culture and Subjective Well-Being, a book edited by Eunkook Suh and Diener. The current volume represents a renewed effort to give a broad overview of major ndings in this area and to point to the important directions for future research. Composition of This Volume I am very pleased with the articles presented in this volume because I believe that they represent true advances in our fundamental understanding of subjective we- being.
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: Evolve Resources for Promoting Health Lyn Talbot, Glenda Verrinder, 2014-01-24 Evolve Resources for Promoting Health
  cross-cultural studies indicate that:: International Journal of Cross-Cultural Sudies Siddhartha Sarkar,
Jesus and the Cross - Biblical Archaeology Society
Jan 26, 2025 · The cross remains as you said, as a symbol of the degradation and suffering that Jesus submitted his body as a sacrifice for the sins of humanity. The cross with or without the …

How Was Jesus Crucified? - Biblical Archaeology Society
Apr 16, 2025 · Gospel accounts of Jesus’s execution do not specify how exactly Jesus was secured to the cross. Yet in Christian tradition, Jesus had his palms and feet pierced with nails. …

Roman Crucifixion Methods Reveal the History of Crucifixion
Aug 17, 2024 · Nailing to a cross is “less severe” and “less humiliating” as the condemned dies within a day from loss of blood. Tying to a cross is the most severe form of punishment usually …

The Staurogram - Biblical Archaeology Society
Sep 24, 2024 · But the cross had nothing to do with Jesus Christ. The New Catholic Encyclopedia explains: “The cross is found in both pre-Christian and non-Christian cultures.” Jesus did not …

Ancient Crucifixion Images - Biblical Archaeology Society
Mar 15, 2025 · The cross is the ultimate symbol for the crucifixion of Christ. I give out pennies with the cross punched in them and tell people whether you are an atheist, Muslim, Moonie, etc. …

What is the difference between cross_validate and cross_val_score?
Mar 11, 2021 · Note: When the cv argument is an integer, cross_val_score uses the KFold or StratifiedKFold strategies by default, the latter being used if the estimator derives from …

A Tomb in Jerusalem Reveals the History of Crucifixion and Roman ...
Aug 6, 2024 · The second device added to the cross was the suppedaneum, or foot support. It was less painful than the sedile, but it also prolonged the victim’s agony. Ancient historians …

When to use cross-validation? - Data Science Stack Exchange
Jan 23, 2021 · Cross-validation. Hi, I'm deploying machine learning models in my MSc thesis using Weka. I have noticed that when I use 10-fold cross-validation in the training dataset I get …

Cross validation - Data Science Stack Exchange
Apr 17, 2024 · Then cross-validation is only applied to the training data as it is part of the training process. The other issue raised in the linked post do not seem to me specific to cross …

Nested-cross validation pipeline and confidence intervals
Nov 26, 2024 · However, I would like to point out that the "class imbalance problem" is not at all the big problem that it is sometimes made out to be. See the following two threads over at …

Sex Differences in Mate Preferences Across 45 Countries: A
2011). A close look at the literature on cross-cultural sex differences in mate preferences reveals that, as a whole, it suffers from many of these issues, including variability across studies in …

An Investigation into the Culture-Loaded Words Learning by …
Culture-loaded words and expressions are loaded with specific national cultural information and indicate deep national culture. They are the direct and indirect reflection of national culture in …

Cross-Cultural Differences in Cognition and Learning
ferent cognitive styles. Cultural differences in cognitive abilities are examined in the fol-lowing sections. Attention Attention refers to the process of focusing an individual’s awareness on a …

Menopause and Midlife Aging in Cross-Cultural Perspective: …
China in cross-cultural context, in actuality ther e is no direct Chinese equivalent for the contem-porary English word “menopause” (Shea 1998). There is a Chinese word for the permanent …

Communal Expectations Conflict With Autonomy Motives ...
tions more generally. In addition to the possibility of cross-cultural variation in the content of gender stereotypes themselves (i.e., Cuddy et al., 2015), our cross-cultural studies indicate …

Implications of Cultural Diversity for the Universality Claims of ...
cross-cultural samples of people's moral rea soning. To this end, only those aspects of the cross-cultural moral reasoning research liter ature that bear directly on the present eva luative …

Music Emotion Recognition - Springer
As a matter of fact, several cross-cultural studies indicate that there are music psychological and emotional cues in music that can transcend the limits of language and culture [ 56]. Western …

Is there an Optimal Number of Scale Points to Measure …
scale points, but cross-cultural studies indicate that the same scale may have different reliabilities in different countries. In this regard, Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) have . 2 stated that the …

British, Indian, and Portuguese College Students - JSTOR
cross-cultural studies indicate that there may be cultural differences in romantic beliefs. Researchers have found that Japanese young adults indicated lower adherence to romantic …

Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global …
Keywords: cross-cultural etiquette, international competitiveness, global managers, cultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, cross-cultural communication, globalization 1. Introduction A …

Journal of International Marketing How Shopping Mall Service …
Cross-cultural studies indicate the importance of service quality and loyalty in different nations, but they do not specify how ... In the sparse cross-cultural research, researchers note differ-ences …

Is there an Optimal Number of Scale Points to Measure …
scale points, but cross-cultural studies indicate that the same scale may have different reliabilities in different countries. In this regard, Parameswaran and Yaprak (1987) have . 2 stated that the …

DOI: 10.1177/2057891119887812 analysis of situated patterns …
The national cultural differences and similarities may be reflected in negotiation styles. Empirical literature supports that perceptions and actions of a nation follow national cultural paths. For …

Eric B. Shiraev - Pepperdine University
Chapter 1 Understanding Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 What Is Cross-Cultural Psychology? 2 Basic Definitions 3 Culture 3 Society, Race, and Ethnicity 4 ... A Hidden Obstacle of Cross …

From “Chastity As a Gift” to “Doing It As a Sign of Love”
Cross-cultural studies indicate that these norms, values, and practices vary within different contexts (e.g., Benkert, 2002) and have suggested the possibility of more subtle …

Universals and Cultural Differences in the Judgments of Facial ...
cross-cultural studies. Instead of limiting the subjects to selecting only one emotion term for each expression, this task allowed them to indicate that multiple emotions were evident and the …

Understanding the Language, the Culture, and the …
cultural, cross-language research, as the research is conducted in a language that is not the researcher’s or research team’s first language. Therefore, translation provides an additional …

Male Chimpanzees Prefer Mating with Old Females
Cross-cultural studies indicate that women’s sexual attractiveness generally peaks before motherhood and declines with age [1]. Cues of female youth are thought to be attractive …

Coaching a client with a different cultural background - does …
cross-cultural studies by Poortinga and Van Hemert (2001) indicate that there seem to be more heterogeneity within nations and more homogeneity between nations than measured value …

Uncertainty Makes Beautiful? The Cross-Cultural Study of
The results indicate that posts with more detailed ... Display · Social Media Platform · Uncertainty Avoidance · Cross-Cultural Studies 1 Introduction With the rapid advancement of mobile …

A Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Early Prelinguistic Gesture …
language development. Studies investigating gen-eral aspects of responsiveness, that is, responsive-ness to early communicative vocalizations and emotive behaviors prior to the …

Low-Income Turkish Mothers’ Conceptions and Experiences
several cross-cultural studies indicate poor support of the model’s premises (Kouneski,2002). For instance, research has shown that family processes with high cohesion and high rigidity are …

The Cross-Cultural Study of Human Sexuality - JSTOR
Earlier cross-cultural sex research was undertaken for two widely disparate reasons. One perspective, which focused on problems of cultural evolution, suggested that early human …

DOI: 10.1177/2057891119887812 analysis of situated patterns …
The national cultural differences and similarities may be reflected in negotiation styles. Empirical literature supports that perceptions and actions of a nation follow national cultural paths. For …

How Shopping Mall Service Quality Affects Customer Loyalty …
Cross-cultural studies indicate the importance of service quality and loyalty in different nations, but they do not specify how cultural context affects therelationships between such constructs.

Impact of Cross-Cultural Training on Expatriate Performance
4 Cross-cultural training and expatriate adjustment 10 4.1 Cross-cultural training 10 4.2 Expatriate Adjustment Process 14 4.3 Factors influencing the adjustment process 18 5 Effectiveness of …

Children s Gender Stereotypes Through Drawings of
Cross-cultural studies indicate that such differences are reported in many western countries, although the size of the difference varies consid-erably among countries (Fischer2000). More …

Perceptions of health and illness among the Konso people of ...
Background: Cross-cultural studies indicate that every culture has its own particular explanations for health and illness and its own healing strategies. The Konso people have always practiced …

Romantic Love, Sex and Marriage Lithuania Style - JSTOR
Abstract: Recent cross-cultural studies indicate that sexual permissiveness is culturally accepted, endorsed and practised in the Baltic states. Flaws in these studies are pointed out and a more …

THE CULTURAL SHAPING OF EMOTION AND OTHER …
from cross-cultural studies of display rules, and stem from the models of self described above. In North American contexts that promote an independent self, individuals must express their …

www.jeseh.net Testing Measurement Invariance of Academic …
based on a specific area or subject. It is important that the characteristics measured in cross-cultural studies indicate the same structure for each country. Although the concept of general …

Intimate Partner Violence Against Married Women in Uganda
Cross-cultural studies indicate that societies characterized by dominant norms of masculinity and gender inequalities also exhibit strong gender traditionalism or patriarchal ideol-

Cross Cultural Research Findings Indicate That
Sep 5, 2023 · Research Findings Indicate That Cross-Cultural Psychology Eric B. Shiraev,David A. Levy,2020-11-15 Written in a ... Cross-cultural studies can provide a … Ethical challenges …

Secular Trends and Personality: Perspectives From …
94 Terracciano The distinction between cohort and period effects has important theoretical implications, given Twenge's emphasis on early childhood experiences for personality …

Is there an Optimal Number of Scale Points to Measure …
and that will give us consistent and reliable responses. National studies related to this issue have indicated that reliability and consistency are independent of the number of scale points, but …

EXPLORING EMPOWERMENT CROSS-CULTURAL …
Existing studies indicate that we cannot expect managerial practices to transfer across ethnic, cultural, and national boundaries (for reviews see Bond & Smith, 1996).

Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment: A Meta-Analysis of …
The data also suggest a pattern of cross-cultural differences, in which A classifications emerge as relatively more prevalent in Western European countries and C classifications as rela-tively …

The Menopause Experience: A Woman’s Perspective
reported in cross-cultural studies. Another aspect of the biomedical view is the disease orientation to menopause, with an emphasis on osteo-porosis and cardiovascular disease. There is …

CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATIONS IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR: …
The citation rates help indicate how effective cross-cultural studies have been. The papers in the first period (2000-2004) were cited 1752 times by studies in later years, the second period …

Cross-cultural study of kinship premium and social …
2011). These mixed findings indicate that more research is needed to understand the influence of cultural differences on social discounting, and, no study analyzed whether social …

WHO’S CONTROLLING LOCUS OF CONTROL? CROSS …
CROSS-CULTURAL LOC USAGE Russell L. Huizing ... studies in cross-cultural settings that contributed to an understanding of the instrument’s validity and reliability in those contexts. ...

Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global
Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business: ... Other recent studies indicate that independent entrepreneurs and small businesses have started investing and

Cross-Cultural Multimodal Interpretation of Emotional …
Other, cross-cultural, studies indicate that facial expression of emotions is more universal than prosody is. Cross-cultural interpretation of emotions could then be more successful …

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Romantic Love
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Cross-Cultural Universality of Social-Moral Development: A …
These cross- cultural studies have been undertaken to test Lawrence Kohlberg's theory, which ... types of cultures would indicate that the missing stages are culturally relative, the op- ...

Perceptions of health and illness among the Konso people of ...
Background: Cross-cultural studies indicate that every culture has its own particular explanations for health and illness and its own healing strategies. The Konso people have always practiced …

Protective effects of belief in a just world on mental health in …
2017). Cross-cultural studies indicate that GBJW’s impact on psychological well-being varies significantly across dif-ferent sociocultural contexts (Thomas & Mucherah, 2016). Recent …

A Cross-cultural Study of Chinese and American Refusal …
The findings indicate that there are more similarities than differences among the Chinese and ... Most Cross-cultural studies of the speech act of refusing have investigated between varieties …

Cross-Cultural Value Orientations among the Muslim
Relevant culture-specific [20-34] and cross-cultural studies [35-55] reviewed suggest that VOPs widely vary across the world cultures due to differences in the ranges of pragmatic