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| cross-sectional study vs case control: Epidemiology for the Uninitiated David Coggon, David Barker, Geoffrey Rose, 2009-02-05 This perennial bestseller is an ideal introductions to epidemiology in health care. The fifith editon retains the book's simplicity and brevity, at the same time providing the reader with the core elements of epidemiology needed in health care practice and research. The text has been revised throughout, with new examples introduced to bring the book right up to date. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Planning Clinical Research Robert A. Parker, Nancy G. Berman, 2016-10-12 Planning clinical research requires many decisions. The authors of this book explain key decisions with examples showing what works and what does not. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health Ann Aschengrau, George R. Seage, 2013-06-03 Successfully tested in the authors' courses at Boston University and Harvard University, this text combines theory and practice in presenting traditional and new epidemiologic concepts. Broad in scope, the text opens with five chapters covering the basic epidemiologic concepts and data sources. A major emphasis is placed on study design, with separate chapters devoted to each of the three main analytic designs: experimental, cohort, and case-control studies. Full chapters on bias, confounding, and random error, including the role of statistics in epidemiology, ensure that students are well-equipped with the necessary information to interpret the results of epidemiologic studies. An entire chapter is also devoted to the concept of effect measure modification, an often-neglected topic in introductory textbooks. Up-to-date examples from the epidemiologic literature on diseases of public health importance are provided throughout the book. The Third Edition is a thorough update that offers: • New examples, the latest references, and public health statistics. • Nearly 50 new review questions. • Updated discussion of certain epidemiologic methods. • New figures depicting epidemiologic concepts. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials Mark Elwood, 2007-02-22 This book presents a logical system of critical appraisal, to allow readers to evaluate studies and to carry out their own studies more effectively. This system emphasizes the central importance of cause and effect relationships. Its great strength is that it is applicable to a wide range of issues, and both to intervention trials and observational studies. This system unifies the often different approaches used in epidemiology, health services research, clinical trials, and evidence-based medicine, starting from a logical consideration of cause and effect. The author's approach to the issues of study design, selection of subjects, bias, confounding, and the place of statistical methods has been praised for its clarity and interest. Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the applications of this logic to evidence-based medicine, knowledge-based health care, and health practice and policy are discussed. Current and often controversial examples are used, including screening for prostate cancer, publication bias in psychiatry, public health issues in developing countries, and conflicts between observational studies and randomized trials. Statistical issues are explained clearly without complex mathematics, and the most useful methods are summarized in the appendix. The final chapters give six applications of the critical appraisal of major studies: randomized trials of medical treatment and prevention, a prospective and a retrospective cohort study, a small matched case-control study, and a large case-control study. In these chapters, sections of the original papers are reproduced and the original studies placed in context by a summary of current developments. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Foundations of Epidemiology Marit L. Bovbjerg, 2020-10 Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening. Concepts are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from contemporary and historical public health issues. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? Samiran Nundy, Atul Kakar, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, 2021-10-23 This is an open access book. The book provides an overview of the state of research in developing countries – Africa, Latin America, and Asia (especially India) and why research and publications are important in these regions. It addresses budding but struggling academics in low and middle-income countries. It is written mainly by senior colleagues who have experienced and recognized the challenges with design, documentation, and publication of health research in the developing world. The book includes short chapters providing insight into planning research at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, issues related to research ethics, and conduct of clinical trials. It also serves as a guide towards establishing a research question and research methodology. It covers important concepts such as writing a paper, the submission process, dealing with rejection and revisions, and covers additional topics such as planning lectures and presentations. The book will be useful for graduates, postgraduates, teachers as well as physicians and practitioners all over the developing world who are interested in academic medicine and wish to do medical research. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Handbook for Clinical Research Flora Hammond, MD, James F. Malec, Todd Nick, Ralph Buschbacher, MD, 2014-08-26 With over 80 information-packed chapters, Handbook for Clinical Research delivers the practical insights and expert tips necessary for successful research design, analysis, and implementation. Using clear language and an accessible bullet point format, the authors present the knowledge and expertise developed over time and traditionally shared from mentor to mentee and colleague to colleague. Organized for quick access to key topics and replete with practical examples, the book describes a variety of research designs and statistical methods and explains how to choose the best design for a particular project. Research implementation, including regulatory issues and grant writing, is also covered. The book opens with a section on the basics of research design, discussing the many ways in which studies can be organized, executed, and evaluated. The second section is devoted to statistics and explains how to choose the correct statistical approach and reviews the varieties of data types, descriptive and inferential statistics, methods for demonstrating associations, hypothesis testing and prediction, specialized methods, and considerations in epidemiological studies and measure construction. The third section covers implementation, including how to develop a grant application step by step, the project budget, and the nuts and bolts of the timely and successful completion of a research project and documentation of findings: procedural manuals and case report forms collecting, managing and securing data operational structure and ongoing monitoring and evaluation and ethical and regulatory concerns in research with human subjects. With a concise presentation of the essentials for successful research, the Handbook for Clinical Research is a valuable addition to the library of any student, research professional, or clinician interested in expanding the knowledge base of his or her field. Key Features: Delivers the essential elements, practical insights, and trade secrets for ensuring successful research design, analysis, and implementation Presents the nuts and bolts of statistical analysis Organized for quick access to a wealth of information Replete with practical examples of successful research designs Û from single case designs to meta-analysis - and how to achieve them Addresses research implementation including regulatory issues and grant writing |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Modern Epidemiology Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Timothy L. Lash, 2008 The thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the acclaimed Modern Epidemiology reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasingly focal role that epidemiology plays in dealing with public health and medical problems. Coauthored by three leading epidemiologists, with sixteen additional contributors, this Third Edition is the most comprehensive and cohesive text on the principles and methods of epidemiologic research. The book covers a broad range of concepts and methods, such as basic measures of disease frequency and associations, study design, field methods, threats to validity, and assessing precision. It also covers advanced topics in data analysis such as Bayesian analysis, bias analysis, and hierarchical regression. Chapters examine specific areas of research such as disease surveillance, ecologic studies, social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology, and clinical epidemiology. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Cancer Epidemiology Isabel dos Santos Silva, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1999 A basic textbook addressed to medical and public health students, clinicians, health professionals, and all others seeking to understand the principles and methods used in cancer epidemiology. Written by a prominent epidemiologist and experienced teacher at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the text aims to help readers become competent in the use of basic epidemiological tools and capable of exercising critical judgment when assessing results reported by others. Throughout the text, a lively writing style and numerous illustrative examples, often using real research data, facilitate an easy understanding of basic concepts and methods. Information ranges from an entertaining account of the origins of epidemiology, through advice on how to overcome some of the limitations of survival analysis, to a checklist of questions to ask when considering sources of bias. Although statistical concepts and formulae are presented, the emphasis is consistently on the interpretation of the data rather than on the actual calculations. The text has 18 chapters. The first six introduce the basic principles of epidemiology and statistics. Chapters 7-13 deal in more depth with each of the study designs and interpretation of their findings. Two chapters, concerned with the problems of confounding and study size, cover more complex statistical concepts and are included for advanced study. A chapter on methodological issues in cancer prevention gives examples of epidemiology's contribution to primary prevention, screening and other activities for early detection, and tertiary prevention. The concluding chapters review the role of cancer registries and discuss practical considerations that should be taken into account in the design, planning, and conduct of any type of epidemiological research. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods Paul J. Lavrakas, 2008-09-12 To the uninformed, surveys appear to be an easy type of research to design and conduct, but when students and professionals delve deeper, they encounter the vast complexities that the range and practice of survey methods present. To complicate matters, technology has rapidly affected the way surveys can be conducted; today, surveys are conducted via cell phone, the Internet, email, interactive voice response, and other technology-based modes. Thus, students, researchers, and professionals need both a comprehensive understanding of these complexities and a revised set of tools to meet the challenges. In conjunction with top survey researchers around the world and with Nielsen Media Research serving as the corporate sponsor, the Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods presents state-of-the-art information and methodological examples from the field of survey research. Although there are other how-to guides and references texts on survey research, none is as comprehensive as this Encyclopedia, and none presents the material in such a focused and approachable manner. With more than 600 entries, this resource uses a Total Survey Error perspective that considers all aspects of possible survey error from a cost-benefit standpoint. Key Features Covers all major facets of survey research methodology, from selecting the sample design and the sampling frame, designing and pretesting the questionnaire, data collection, and data coding, to the thorny issues surrounding diminishing response rates, confidentiality, privacy, informed consent and other ethical issues, data weighting, and data analyses Presents a Reader′s Guide to organize entries around themes or specific topics and easily guide users to areas of interest Offers cross-referenced terms, a brief listing of Further Readings, and stable Web site URLs following most entries The Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods is specifically written to appeal to beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of survey-based information. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-based Practice Deborah Dang, Sandra Dearholt, 2018 Appendix F_Nonresearch Evidence Appraisal Tool--Appendix G_Individual Evidence Summary Tool--Appendix H_Synthesis Process and Recommendations Tool -- Appendix I_Action Planning Tool -- Appendix J_Dissemination Tool |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Handbook of EHealth Evaluation Francis Yin Yee Lau, Craig Kuziemsky, 2016-11 To order please visit https://onlineacademiccommunity.uvic.ca/press/books/ordering/ |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/AHRQ, 2014-04-01 This User’s Guide is intended to support the design, implementation, analysis, interpretation, and quality evaluation of registries created to increase understanding of patient outcomes. For the purposes of this guide, a patient registry is an organized system that uses observational study methods to collect uniform data (clinical and other) to evaluate specified outcomes for a population defined by a particular disease, condition, or exposure, and that serves one or more predetermined scientific, clinical, or policy purposes. A registry database is a file (or files) derived from the registry. Although registries can serve many purposes, this guide focuses on registries created for one or more of the following purposes: to describe the natural history of disease, to determine clinical effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of health care products and services, to measure or monitor safety and harm, and/or to measure quality of care. Registries are classified according to how their populations are defined. For example, product registries include patients who have been exposed to biopharmaceutical products or medical devices. Health services registries consist of patients who have had a common procedure, clinical encounter, or hospitalization. Disease or condition registries are defined by patients having the same diagnosis, such as cystic fibrosis or heart failure. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Epidemiology in Medicine Julie E. Buring, 1987 Harvard Medical School, Boston. Textbook for medical and public health students. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Evidence-based Medicine Sharon E. Straus, 2005 The accompanying CD-ROM contains clinical examples, critical appraisals and background papers. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Comprehensive Systematic Review for Advanced Practice Nursing Cheryl Holly, EdD, RN, ANEF, FNAP, Susan Salmond, EdD, RN, FAAN, Maria Saimbert, PhD, PharmD, MSN, MLIS, RN, 2016-07-14 First Edition a 2013 Doody’s Core Title and AJN Book of the Year Award Winner! This text provides top-tier guidance for DNP students, graduate faculty, APRNs and other healthcare providers on how to use available research for improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. It is the only resource written expressly to meet the objectives of DNP courses. This second edition is completely updated and features three new approaches—umbrella reviews, mixed method reviews, and other types of reviews--for seeking, synthesizing, and interpreting available evidence to improve the delivery of patient care. The text also includes two new examples of completed systematic reviews and two completed proposals. The book presents, clearly and comprehensively, the knowledge and skills necessary to conduct a foundational comprehensive systematic review (CSR). It encompasses the complexities of the entire process, from asking clinical questions to getting the evidence into practice. The text includes question-specific methods and analysis and compares CSR methods, literature reviews, integrated reviews, and meta-studies. It describes how to find and appraise relevant studies, including the non-published “grey” literature and criteria for selecting or excluding studies, and describes how to use the results in practice. Also examined are ways to disemminate findings to benefit clinical practice and support best practices, and how to write a CSR proposal, final report and a policy brief based on systematic review findings. Plentiful examples, including two completed proposals and two completed systematic reviews, demonstrate every step of the process. An expanded resource chapter that can serve as a toolkit for conducting a systematic review is also provided. The text also covers useful software and includes objectives, summary points, end-of-chapter exercises, suggested readings and references. New to the Second Edition: • Three new chapters presenting new systematic review approaches: umbrella reviews, mixed method reviews, and other types of reviews including rapid and scoping reviews and reviews of text and opinoin • Two new examples of completed systematic reviews • Completely updated content throughout • Detailed information to foster systematic review research question development, efficient literature searches, and management of references Key Features: • Delivers the knowledge and skills necessary to conduct a CSR from start to finish • Serves as the only CSR resource written expressly for the advanced practice nurse • Describes useful software for conducting a systematic review • Provides rich examples including two completed CSRs • Includes objectives, summary points, end-of-chapter exercises, suggested readings and references • Provides a comprehensive toolkit of resources to complete a systematic review |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Handbook of Life Course Health Development Neal Halfon, Christopher B. Forrest, Richard M. Lerner, Elaine M. Faustman, 2017-11-20 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy. Topics featured in the Handbook include: The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan. The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Finding What Works in Health Care Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Care Services, Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research, 2011-07-20 Healthcare decision makers in search of reliable information that compares health interventions increasingly turn to systematic reviews for the best summary of the evidence. Systematic reviews identify, select, assess, and synthesize the findings of similar but separate studies, and can help clarify what is known and not known about the potential benefits and harms of drugs, devices, and other healthcare services. Systematic reviews can be helpful for clinicians who want to integrate research findings into their daily practices, for patients to make well-informed choices about their own care, for professional medical societies and other organizations that develop clinical practice guidelines. Too often systematic reviews are of uncertain or poor quality. There are no universally accepted standards for developing systematic reviews leading to variability in how conflicts of interest and biases are handled, how evidence is appraised, and the overall scientific rigor of the process. In Finding What Works in Health Care the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 21 standards for developing high-quality systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. The standards address the entire systematic review process from the initial steps of formulating the topic and building the review team to producing a detailed final report that synthesizes what the evidence shows and where knowledge gaps remain. Finding What Works in Health Care also proposes a framework for improving the quality of the science underpinning systematic reviews. This book will serve as a vital resource for both sponsors and producers of systematic reviews of comparative effectiveness research. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Epidemiologic Research David G. Kleinbaum, Lawrence L. Kupper, Hal Morgenstern, 1991-01-16 Epidemiologic Research Principles and Quantitative Methods DavidG. Kleinbaum, Ph.D. Lawrence L. Kupper. Ph.D. Hal Morgenstern,Ph.D. Epidemiologic Research covers the principles and methodsof planning, analysis and interpretation of epidemiologic researchstudies. It supplies the applied researcher with the mostup-to-date methodological thought and practice. Specifically, thebook focuses on quantitative (including statistical) issues arisingfrom epidemiologic investigations, as well as on the questions ofstudy design, measurement and validity. EpidemiologicResearch emphasizes practical techniques, procedures andstrategies. It presents them through a unified approach whichfollows the chronology of issues that arise during theinvestigation of an epidemic. The book's viewpoint ismultidisciplinary and equally useful to the epidemiologicresearcher and to the biostatistician. Theory is supplemented bynumerous examples, exercises and applications. Full solutions aregiven to all exercises in a separate solutions manual. Importantfeatures * Thorough discussion of the methodology of epidemiologicresearch * Stress on validity and hence on reliability * Balanced approach, presenting the most important prevailingviewpoints * Three chapters with applications of mathematical modeling |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Field Trials of Health Interventions Peter G. Smith, Richard H. Morrow, David A. Ross, 2015 This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Before new interventions are released into disease control programmes, it is essential that they are carefully evaluated in field trials'. These may be complex and expensive undertakings, requiring the follow-up of hundreds, or thousands, of individuals, often for long periods. Descriptions of the detailed procedures and methods used in the trials that have been conducted have rarely been published. A consequence of this, individuals planning such trials have few guidelines available and little access to knowledge accumulated previously, other than their own. In this manual, practical issues in trial design and conduct are discussed fully and in sufficient detail, that Field Trials of Health Interventions may be used as a toolbox' by field investigators. It has been compiled by an international group of over 30 authors with direct experience in the design, conduct, and analysis of field trials in low and middle income countries and is based on their accumulated knowledge and experience. Available as an open access book via Oxford Medicine Online, this new edition is a comprehensive revision, incorporating the new developments that have taken place in recent years with respect to trials, including seven new chapters on subjects ranging from trial governance, and preliminary studies to pilot testing. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Case-Control Studies Ruth H. Keogh, D. R. Cox, 2014-03-06 The case-control approach is a powerful method for investigating factors that may explain a particular event. It is extensively used in epidemiology to study disease incidence, one of the best-known examples being Bradford Hill and Doll's investigation of the possible connection between cigarette smoking and lung cancer. More recently, case-control studies have been increasingly used in other fields, including sociology and econometrics. With a particular focus on statistical analysis, this book is ideal for applied and theoretical statisticians wanting an up-to-date introduction to the field. It covers the fundamentals of case-control study design and analysis as well as more recent developments, including two-stage studies, case-only studies and methods for case-control sampling in time. The latter have important applications in large prospective cohorts which require case-control sampling designs to make efficient use of resources. More theoretical background is provided in an appendix for those new to the field. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations Near Nuclear Facilities National Research Council, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Committee on the Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilitiesâ¬"Phase I, 2012-06-29 In the late 1980s, the National Cancer Institute initiated an investigation of cancer risks in populations near 52 commercial nuclear power plants and 10 Department of Energy nuclear facilities (including research and nuclear weapons production facilities and one reprocessing plant) in the United States. The results of the NCI investigation were used a primary resource for communicating with the public about the cancer risks near the nuclear facilities. However, this study is now over 20 years old. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission requested that the National Academy of Sciences provide an updated assessment of cancer risks in populations near USNRC-licensed nuclear facilities that utilize or process uranium for the production of electricity. Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilities: Phase 1 focuses on identifying scientifically sound approaches for carrying out an assessment of cancer risks associated with living near a nuclear facility, judgments about the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical power, ability to assess potential confounding factors, possible biases, and required effort. The results from this Phase 1 study will be used to inform the design of cancer risk assessment, which will be carried out in Phase 2. This report is beneficial for the general public, communities near nuclear facilities, stakeholders, healthcare providers, policy makers, state and local officials, community leaders, and the media. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine Marc D. Gellman, J. Rick Turner, |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Research Design in Business and Management Stefan Hunziker, Michael Blankenagel, 2021-11-09 The present book project on Research Design, which is planned in English, is intended to create an innovative textbook that can be used at university undergraduate and graduate levels in internationally oriented education in the German-speaking countries. This textbook shall provide comprehensive guidance for students when tackling their (applied) research papers. Instead of reiterating qualitative and quantitative methods it focuses on how to come up with an appropriate research design that allows the student to make the intended intellectual contribution. Starting from the desired (hypothetical) conclusion or statement the student will be guided through the process of finding the appropriate Research Question that will be answered by such a statement and the required Research Design consisting of data collection and data analysis, that allows for such a statement as the conclusion of the study. Common Research Designs in Business and Management, i.e. well beyond the standard Research Designs of Social Sciences and curtailed to the focus area, will be described with regard to their suitability to answer specific kinds of questions as well as the idiosyncrasies of the these Designs and their impact on the written research reports. Examples for each Research Design will be provided as well as guidance about how to write about such research. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Research Methodology in the Social, Behavioural and Life Sciences Herman J Ader, Gideon J Mellenbergh, 1999-12-07 This is an ideal text for advanced courses in research methods and experimental design. It argues that the methodology of quantitative research is a unified discipline with basic notions, procedures and ways of reasoning which can be applied across the social, behavioural and life sciences. Key designs, models and methods in research are covered by leading contributors in their field who seek to explain the fundamentals of the research process to enable the student to understand the broader implications and unifying themes. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Oxford Textbook of Public Health , 2002 |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Epidemiologic Studies of Veterans Exposed to Depleted Uranium Institute of Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Gulf War and Health: Updated Literature Review of Depleted Uranium, 2008-09-11 Depleted uranium, a component of some weapons systems, has been in use by the U.S. military since the 1991 Gulf War. Military personnel have been exposed to depleted uranium as the result of friendly fire incidents, cleanup and salvage operations, and proximity to burning depleted uranium-containing tanks and ammunition. Under a Congressional mandate, the Department of Defense sought guidance from the Institute of Medicine in evaluating the feasibility and design of an epidemiologic study that would assess health outcomes of exposure to depleted uranium. The study committee examined several options to study health outcomes of depleted uranium exposure in military and veteran populations and concluded that it would be difficult to design a study to comprehensively assess depleted uranium-related health outcomes with currently available data. The committee further concluded that the option most likely to obtain useful information about depleted uranium-related health outcomes would be a prospective cohort study if future military operations involve exposure to depleted uranium. The book contains recommendations aimed at improving future epidemiologic studies and identifying current active-duty military personnel and veterans with potential DU exposure. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 7 R. Eric Miller, Murray E. Fowler, 2011-07-11 With coverage of current issues and emerging trends, Fowler's Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, Volume 7 provides a comprehensive, all-new reference for the management of zoo and wildlife diseases. A Current Therapy format emphasizes the latest advances in the field, including nutrition, diagnosis, and treatment protocols. Cutting-edge coverage includes topics such as the One Medicine concept, laparoscopic surgery in elephants and rhinoceros, amphibian viral diseases, and advanced water quality evaluation for zoos. Editors R. Eric Miller and Murray E. Fowler promote a philosophy of animal conservation, bridging the gap between captive and free-ranging wild animal medicine with chapters contributed by more than 100 international experts. - The Current Therapy format focuses on emerging trends, treatment protocols, and diagnostic updates new to the field, providing timely information on the latest advances in zoo and wild animal medicine. - Content ranges from drug treatment, nutrition, husbandry, surgery, and imaging to behavioral training. - Coverage of species ranges from giraffes, elephants, lions, and orangutans to sea turtles, hellbenders, bats, kakapos, and more. - An extensive list of contributors includes recognized authors from around the world, offering expert information with chapters focusing on the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. - A philosophy of animal conservation helps zoo and wildlife veterinarians fulfill not only the technical aspects of veterinary medicine, but contribute to the overall biological teams needed to rescue many threatened and endangered species from extinction. - All content is new, with coverage including coverage of cutting-edge issues such as white-nose disease in bats, updates on Ebola virus in wild great apes, and chytrid fungus in amphibians. - Full-color photographs depict external clinical signs for more accurate clinical recognition. - Discussions of the One Medicine concept include chapters addressing the interface between wildlife, livestock, human, and ecosystem health. - New sections cover Edentates, Marsupials, Carnivores, Perrissodactyla, and Camelids. - Over 100 new tables provide a quick reference to a wide range of topics. - An emphasis on conserving threatened and endangered species globally involves 102 expert authors representing 12 different countries. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Practical Statistics for Medical Research Douglas G. Altman, 1990-11-22 Practical Statistics for Medical Research is a problem-based text for medical researchers, medical students, and others in the medical arena who need to use statistics but have no specialized mathematics background. The author draws on twenty years of experience as a consulting medical statistician to provide clear explanations to key statistical concepts, with a firm emphasis on practical aspects of designing and analyzing medical research. Using real data and including dozens of interesting data sets, this bestselling text gives special attention to the presentation and interpretation of results and the many real problems that arise in medical research. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research Donald T. Campbell, Julian C. Stanley, 2015-09-03 We shall examine the validity of 16 experimental designs against 12 common threats to valid inference. By experiment we refer to that portion of research in which variables are manipulated and their effects upon other variables observed. It is well to distinguish the particular role of this chapter. It is not a chapter on experimental design in the Fisher (1925, 1935) tradition, in which an experimenter having complete mastery can schedule treatments and measurements for optimal statistical efficiency, with complexity of design emerging only from that goal of efficiency. Insofar as the designs discussed in the present chapter become complex, it is because of the intransigency of the environment: because, that is, of the experimenter’s lack of complete control. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Handbook of Models for Human Aging P. Michael Conn, 2011-04-28 The Handbook of Models for Human Aging is designed as the only comprehensive work available that covers the diversity of aging models currently available. For each animal model, it presents key aspects of biology, nutrition, factors affecting life span, methods of age determination, use in research, and disadvantages/advantes of use. Chapters on comparative models take a broad sweep of age-related diseases, from Alzheimer's to joint disease, cataracts, cancer, and obesity. In addition, there is an historical overview and discussion of model availability, key methods, and ethical issues. - Utilizes a multidisciplinary approach - Shows tricks and approaches not available in primary publications - First volume of its kind to combine both methods of study for human aging and animal models - Over 200 illustrations |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Introduction To Epidemiology Carneiro, Ilona, Howard, Natasha, 2011-09-01 This popular book examines the underlying concepts and applications of epidemiology. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Foundations of Epidemiology Abraham M. Lilienfeld, David E. Lilienfeld, 1980 Laying the foundations: the epidemiologic approach to disease; Threads of epidemiologic history; Selected epidemiologic concepts of disease; Mortality statistics; Epidemiologic studies of mortality; Morbidity statistics; Epidemiologic studies of morbidity; Observational studies: retrospective and cross-sectional studies; Observational studies: prospective studies; Experimental epidemiology: clinical trials; Experimental epidemiology: community trials; The derivation of biological inferences from epidemiologic studies; Selected statistical procedures; Theoretical epidemiology. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Principles and Practice of Clinical Research John I. Gallin, Frederick P Ognibene, 2011-04-28 The second edition of this innovative work again provides a unique perspective on the clinical discovery process by providing input from experts within the NIH on the principles and practice of clinical research. Molecular medicine, genomics, and proteomics have opened vast opportunities for translation of basic science observations to the bedside through clinical research. As an introductory reference it gives clinical investigators in all fields an awareness of the tools required to ensure research protocols are well designed and comply with the rigorous regulatory requirements necessary to maximize the safety of research subjects. Complete with sections on the history of clinical research and ethics, copious figures and charts, and sample documents it serves as an excellent companion text for any course on clinical research and as a must-have reference for seasoned researchers.*Incorporates new chapters on Managing Conflicts of Interest in Human Subjects Research, Clinical Research from the Patient's Perspective, The Clinical Researcher and the Media, Data Management in Clinical Research, Evaluation of a Protocol Budget, Clinical Research from the Industry Perspective, and Genetics in Clinical Research *Addresses the vast opportunities for translation of basic science observations to the bedside through clinical research*Delves into data management and addresses how to collect data and use it for discovery*Contains valuable, up-to-date information on how to obtain funding from the federal government |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Evidence-Based Medicine Toolkit Carl Heneghan, Douglas Badenoch, 2013-05-06 This bestselling pocket guide to the skills of evidence-basedmedicine succeeds in demystifying the terminology and processes ina handy and easy-to-follow format, all within the space of 100pages. With an improved layout, this second edition ofEvidence-based Medicine Toolkit offers more up-to-dateguidance as well as new sections on important areas ofresearch. New features of this second edition include: A box for each major database showing how to search theevidence, and highlighting the differences between them Flow charts for different study types New critical appraisal sections on qualitative research andeconomic evaluation Expanded list of EBM resources on the net. With these added features to make the job easier, the newToolkit is now an even better companion for all health careprofessionals using evidence-based methodology in their researchand practice. |
| cross-sectional study vs case control: Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on an Evidence Framework for Obesity Prevention Decision Making, 2010-12-24 To battle the obesity epidemic in America, health care professionals and policymakers need relevant, useful data on the effectiveness of obesity prevention policies and programs. Bridging the Evidence Gap in Obesity Prevention identifies a new approach to decision making and research on obesity prevention to use a systems perspective to gain a broader understanding of the context of obesity and the many factors that influence it. |
Cross sectional Studies - UNC Gillings School of Global Public …
Cross-sectional studies as well as case-control studies are affected by the antecedent-consequent bias , similar to the chicken and egg question (i.e. “which came first?”).
Selecting the appropriate study design: Case–control and …
This article discusses the observational analytic study designs, i.e., case–control and cohort studies. These two study designs are useful for testing a hypothesis to determine the …
Case-Control vs Cohort Studies: Design & Analysis
For each case and control in nested case-control study, lifetime work history determined using: • Surveillance data from VT Department of Health Division of Industrial Hygiene • Self-reported …
Evidence Pyramid - Levels of Evidence - University of New …
Case-Control Study: A type of research that retrospectively compares characteristics of an individual who has a certain condition (e.g. hypertension) with one who does not (i.e., a …
RESEARCH SERIES Observational research methods. Research …
Cross sectional studies are used to determine prevalence. They are relatively quick and easy but do not permit distinction between cause and effect. Case controlled studies compare groups …
Study Design - laulima.hawaii.edu
In cross-sectional research, you observe variables without influencing them. A case–control study is a type of observational study in which two existing groups differing in outcome are identified …
Case Series, Descriptive, and Cross-Sectional Studies
Can study multiple exposures and disease outcomes simultaneously. Can assess only association but not a “causal association”. Prevalent rather than incident cases of disease are …
Chapter 9: Cross-Sectional Studies - Springer
In cross-sectional studies, the exposure and outcome are both determined at the same point, or cross section, in time [1]. (Hence, another name for this design is prevalence study.) Cross …
Research Design: Case-Control Studies - SAGE Journals
Case-control studies are observational studies in which cases are subjects who have a characteristic of interest, such as a clinical diagnosis, and controls are (usually) matched …
Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional studies
Cross-sectional studies Summary Study designs that can be analyzed with ˜2-tests One reason that ˜2-tests are so popular is that they can be used to analyze a wide variety of study designs …
Methodological and Statistical Considerations for Cross …
In this review, the most common errors in the selection of case–control studies, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies, as well as in the choice of appropriate tests for statistical...
A Practical Overview of Case-Control Studies in Clinical …
Observational studies can have a retrospective study design, a prospective design, a cross-sectional design, or a combination of all three. In a case-control study the researcher identifies …
IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH - School of Public Health
Some investigators and scientists refer to case-control studies as “confirmatory observational studies” and to cross-sectional studies as “exploratory observational studies”. Both are …
Choosing the right study design - European AIDS Clinical …
Cross-sectional vs. Longitudinal Cross-sectional study Patients are studied at a single time-point only (e.g. patients are surveyed on a single day, patients are interviewed at the start of …
CASE-CONTROL STUDIES - SciELO
intermediate place between cross sectional and cohort studies. The measure of association used for these studies is the Odds Ratio. Some variants of this design, such as incident and nested …
Epi Info™ User Guide – Chapter 12 - StatCalc - Centers for …
A case-control study is one in which the ill and well individuals are selected and the number of exposed and unexposed is subsequently ascertained. In a cohort study, the exposed and …
Case Control Studies - UNC Gillings School of Global Public …
Unlike cohort or cross-sectional studies, subjects in case-control studies are selected because they have the health outcome of interest (cases). Selection is not based on exposure status. …
Session 2: What study design should I choose? - ukcab.net
In an observational study, the investigator does not intervene in the care of the patient, but simply records outcomes when they occur ! Common observational studies: cohort studies, case …
Case-control and Cohort Studies - uwo.ca
• Identify case-control, prospective and retrospective cohort designs from study descriptions • List main strengths and limitations of each • List methods to control for imbalances between …
Open access Research Sociodemographic factors in relation to ...
This study was aimed to determine sociodemographic correlates of hypertension and its awareness, treatment and control among a multi-ethnic Asian population living in Singapore. setting We used …
STROBE 2007 (v4) checklist of items to be included in reports …
Cross-sectional study—Give the eligibility criteria, and the sources and methods of selection of participants 7 ( b ) Cohort study —For matched studies, give matching criteria and number of …
Association between youth homicides and state spending: a …
inform prevention strategies. This study uses statistical process control charts in a novel way to evaluate youth homicide trends and associations with social and environmental contextual …
Birth control pills and risk of hypothyroidism: a cross- sectional ...
The study explored the association between oral contraception and hypothyroidism for the first time and controlled for important confounders. The limitations of this study were that data were …
Prevalence and associated factors of psychological distress …
Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 355 patients with oral cancer to determine the prevalence of psychological distress. Additionally, a nested case-control …
Open access Protocol Protocol for the development of a …
associations, cross-sectional studies are typically used to measure the association between two factors, neglecting the direction of such association, while case-control and
Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes: a …
the primary aim of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory fitness, strength and body composition of transgender women and men athletes to that of matched cisgender cohorts. …
STROBE checklist items included reports of observational …
*Give information separately for cases and controls in case‐control studies and, if applicable, for exposed and unexposed groups in cohort and cross‐sectional studies. Note: An Explanation and …
STROBE Statement—checklist of items that should be included …
Cross-sectional study—Report numbers of outcome events or summary measures ( a ) Give unadjusted estimates and, if applicable, confounder-adjusted estimates and their precision (eg, …
Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies - BMJ Open
The following appraisal tool was developed for use in appraising observational cross-sectional studies. It is designed to address issues that are often apparent in cross-sectional studies and to …
