Curriculum Development In Higher Education

  curriculum development in higher education: Developing the Higher Education Curriculum Brent Carnell, Dilly Fung, 2017-11-13 A complementary volume to Dilly Fung’s A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education (2017), this book explores ‘research-based education’ as applied in practice within the higher education sector. A collection of 15 chapters followed by illustrative vignettes, it showcases approaches to engaging students actively with research and enquiry across disciplines. It begins with one institution’s creative approach to research-based education – UCL’s Connected Curriculum, a conceptual framework for integrating research-based education into all taught programmes of study – and branches out to show how aspects of the framework can apply to practice across a variety of institutions in a range of national settings. The 15 chapters are provided by a diverse range of authors who all explore research-based education in their own way. Some chapters are firmly based in a subject-discipline – including art history, biochemistry, education, engineering, fashion and design, healthcare, and veterinary sciences – while others reach across geopolitical regions, such as Australia, Canada, China, England, Scotland and South Africa. The final chapter offers 12 short vignettes of practice to highlight how engaging students with research and enquiry can enrich their learning experiences, preparing them not only for more advanced academic learning, but also for professional roles in complex, rapidly changing social contexts.
  curriculum development in higher education: Curriculum Development in Higher Education: Faculty-Driven Processes and Practices Peter Wolf, 2007 This issue focuses on two new perspectives. The first is a more international perspective from the very active and thriving faculty development work being done in Canada. The second is curriculum design. The authors attempt to blend the very real need for institutions to engage in regular curriculum practice as a growth experience and the important role that faculty can lay in the process. In addition, they propose the idea of a scholarship of curriculum practice to complement the scholarship of teaching and learning. They pose the interesting challenge: Shouldn't everything we do in the academy be done in a scholarly manner?
  curriculum development in higher education: A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education Dilly Fung, 2017-06-07 Is it possible to bring university research and student education into a more connected, more symbiotic relationship? If so, can we develop programmes of study that enable faculty, students and ‘real world’ communities to connect in new ways? In this accessible book, Dilly Fung argues that it is not only possible but also potentially transformational to develop new forms of research-based education. Presenting the Connected Curriculum framework already adopted by UCL, she opens windows onto new initiatives related to, for example, research-based education, internationalisation, the global classroom, interdisciplinarity and public engagement. A Connected Curriculum for Higher Education is, however, not just about developing engaging programmes of study. Drawing on the field of philosophical hermeneutics, Fung argues how the Connected Curriculum framework can help to create spaces for critical dialogue about educational values, both within and across existing research groups, teaching departments and learning communities. Drawing on vignettes of practice from around the world, she argues that developing the synergies between research and education can empower faculty members and students from all backgrounds to contribute to the global common good.
  curriculum development in higher education: Higher Education and Sustainable Development Cheryl Desha, Karlson 'Charlie' Hargroves, 2013-10-08 Responding to the global and unprecedented challenge of capacity building for twenty-first century life, this book is a practical guide for tertiary education institutions to quickly and effectively renew the curriculum towards education for sustainable development. The book begins by exploring why curriculum change has been so slow. It then describes a model for rapid curriculum renewal, highlighting the important roles of setting timeframes, formal and informal leadership, and key components and action strategies. The second part of the book provides detailed coverage of six core elements that have been trialled and peer reviewed by institutions around the world: raising awareness among staff and students mapping graduate attributes auditing the curriculum developing niche degrees, flagship courses and fully integrated programs engaging and catalysing community and student markets integrating curriculum with green campus operations. With input from more than seventy academics and grounded in engineering education experiences, this book will provide academic staff with tools and insights to rapidly align program offerings with the needs of present and future generations of students.
  curriculum development in higher education: Learning-centred Curriculum Design Anne Hørsted, John Branch, Claus Nygaard, 2018-02-16 Learning-Centred Curriculum Design in Higher Education is written to inspire and empower university teachers to engage in curriculum design processes that centre both the learning process and the learning outcomes of students. The book is structured by a central model of curriculum design, which links together learning (how students learn versus what students learn) and curriculum design (he process by which we design versus what we design).
  curriculum development in higher education: Training in Curriculum Development and Educational Technology in Higher Education Michael Eraut, Brendan Connors, Eric Hewton, 1980 A recent inquiry into training needs in curriculum development and educational technology in further and higher education is documented. This book describes a research project begun in 1973 at Sussex University, which identified instructional and individual procedures, problems, and requirements in training and weighed them against current provisions in colleges, polytechnics, and universities. The development of an experimental MA course at Sussex for experienced staff is discussed, and the initial findings, which resulted in the establishment of three short courses at polytechnics and the Sussex MA in Curriculum Development in Higher Education, are summarized. The book describes the investigation, pilot courses, and their evaluations. The new MA course and its evaluation are also analyzed. Appendices contain the initial diagnosis of training needs in higher education and student reports on the prototype course. A 70-item bibliography is included. (Author/LMM)
  curriculum development in higher education: Perspectives on Higher Education Abdulrahman O Al-Youbi, Mohammed Hassanien, 2021-02-08 This book, the second in the Perspectives on Higher Education series, brings together a number of insights into a key area of higher education: curriculum planning, design, and implementation. This book is designed to provide educators with the knowledge and skills needed to design, develop, and evaluate university curricula, programmes, and courses. It is aimed at those involved in programme development and delivery at many levels, from the most experienced administrator or senior professor through to the new teacher.In this manner, beginning from the initial steps of curriculum design all the way through to quality assurance and how to evaluate whether your curriculum has met its intended aims, this book is intended to be a short and easy-to-reference guide for educators at all levels.
  curriculum development in higher education: Universal Design in Higher Education Sheryl E. Burgstahler, Rebecca C. Cory, 2010-01-01 Universal Design in Higher Education looks at the design of physical and technological environments at institutions of higher education; at issues pertaining to curriculum and instruction; and at the full array of student services. Universal Design in Higher Education is a comprehensive guide for researchers and practitioners on creating fully accessible college and university programs. It is founded upon, and contributes to, theories of universal design in education that have been gaining increasingly wide attention in recent years. As greater numbers of students with disabilities attend postsecondary educational institutions, administrators have expressed increased interest in making their programs accessible to all students. This book provides both theoretical and practical guidance for schools as they work to turn this admirable goal into a reality. It addresses a comprehensive range of topics on universal design for higher education institutions, thus making a crucial contribution to the growing body of literature on special education and universal design. This book will be of unique value to university and college administrators, and to special education researchers, practitioners, and activists.
  curriculum development in higher education: Strategic Curriculum Change in Universities Paul Blackmore, Camille B. Kandiko, 2012-06-25 The curriculum is a live issue in universities across the world. Many stakeholders – governments, employers, professional and disciplinary groups and parents – express strong and often conflicting views about what higher education should achieve for its students. Many universities are reviewing their curricula at an institutional level, aware that they are in a competitive climate in which league tables encourage students to see themselves as consumers and the university as a product, or even a ‘brand’. The move has prompted renewed concern for some central educational questions, about both what is learnt and how. Strategic Curriculum Change explores the ways in which major universities across the world are reviewing their approaches to teaching and learning. It unites institution-level strategy with the underlying educational issues. The book is grounded in a major study of curriculum change in over twenty internationally-focused, research-intensive universities in the UK, US, Australia, The Netherlands, South Africa and Hong Kong. Chapters include: Achieving curriculum coherence: Curriculum design and delivery as social practice Assessment in curriculum change The whole-of-institution curriculum renewal undertaken by the University of Melbourne, 2005-2011 The physical and virtual environment for learning People and change: Academic work and leadership This book presents a theorised and contextualised approach to the study of the curriculum, and carries on much-needed research on the curriculum in higher education. It is an essential for the collection of all academics at university level, and those involved in policy making, quality assurance and enhancement.
  curriculum development in higher education: Curriculum Development and Online Instruction for the 21st Century Fudge, Tamara Phillips, Ferebee, Susan Shepherd, 2021-06-25 The world of education has undergone major changes within the last year that have pushed online instruction to the forefront of learning. Thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic, online learning has become paramount to the continued and uninterrupted teaching of students and has forced students and teachers alike to adjust to an online learning environment. Though some have already returned to the traditional classroom, or plan to very soon, others have begun to appreciate the value of online education – initiatives that had previously been discussed but never acted upon as they have been in the past year. With plenty of positive and negative aspects, online learning is a complex issue with numerous factors to consider. It is an issue that must be studied and examined in order to improve in the future. Curriculum Development and Online Instruction for the 21st Century examines the issues and difficulties of online teaching and learning, as well as potential solutions and best practices. This book includes an examination on the value of teaching fully via the internet as well as the challenges inherent in the training of teachers to teach in online environments. While addressing key elements of remote learning, such as keeping student data safe, as well as methods in which to engage students, this book covers topics that include assessment tools, teaching deaf students, web technology, and standardized curricula. Ideal for K-12 teachers, college faculty, curriculum developers, instructional designers, educational software developers, administrators, academicians, researchers, and students, this book provides a thorough overview of online education and the benefits and issues that accompany it.
  curriculum development in higher education: Curriculum Development Bill Boyle, Marie Charles, 2016-06-20 Curriculum and curriculum issues are at the heart of current debates about schooling, pedagogy and learning. This book will enable practitioners, scholars and academics to understand how to re-design or to suggest changes to curriculum structure, shape and content. Grounded in theory and philosophy, the book also offers practical help in grasping this controversial area. Inside, the authors: provide practical planning templates support and provoke analysis, discussion and experimentation include definitions of key terms and reflective questions incorporate practical examples and case material based on their work worldwide on curriculum design and evaluation.
  curriculum development in higher education: EBOOK: Engaging the Curriculum Ronald Barnett, Kelly Coate, 2004-10-16 There is greater interest than ever before in higher education: more money is being spent on it, more students are registered and more courses are being taught. And yet the matter that is arguably at the heart of higher education, the curriculum, is noticeable for its absence in public debate and in the literature on higher education. This book begins to redress the balance. Even though the term ‘curriculum’ may be missing from debates on higher education, curricula are changing rapidly and in significant ways. What we are seeing, therefore, is curriculum change by stealth, in which curricula are being reframed to enable students to acquire skills that have market value. In turn, curricula are running the risk of fragmenting as knowledge and skills exert their separate claims. Such a fragmented curriculum is falling well short of the challenges of the twenty-first century. A complex and uncertain world requires curricula in which students as human beings are placed at their centre: what is called for are curricula that offer no less than the prospect of encouraging the formation of human being and becoming. A curriculum of this kind has to be understood as the imaginative design of spaces where creative things can happen as students become engaged. Based upon a study of curricula in UK universities, Engaging the Curriculum in Higher Education offers an uncompromising thesis about the development of higher education and is essential reading for those who care about its future.
  curriculum development in higher education: The 60-Year Curriculum Christopher Dede, John Richards, 2020-03-31 The 60-Year Curriculum explores models and strategies for lifelong learning in an era of profound economic disruption and reinvention. Over the next half-century, globalization, regional threats to sustainability, climate change, and technologies such as artificial intelligence and data mining will transform our education and workforce sectors. In turn, higher education must shift to offer every student life-wide opportunities for the continuous upskilling they will need to achieve decades of worthwhile employability. This cutting-edge book describes the evolution of new models—covering computer science, inclusive design, critical thinking, civics, and more—by which universities can increase learners’ trajectories across multiple careers from mid-adolescence to retirement. Stakeholders in workforce development, curriculum and instructional design, lifelong learning, and higher and continuing education will find a unique synthesis offering valuable insights and actionable next steps.
  curriculum development in higher education: The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Committee on Integrating Higher Education in the Arts, Humanities, Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018-06-21 In the United States, broad study in an array of different disciplines â€arts, humanities, science, mathematics, engineering†as well as an in-depth study within a special area of interest, have been defining characteristics of a higher education. But over time, in-depth study in a major discipline has come to dominate the curricula at many institutions. This evolution of the curriculum has been driven, in part, by increasing specialization in the academic disciplines. There is little doubt that disciplinary specialization has helped produce many of the achievement of the past century. Researchers in all academic disciplines have been able to delve more deeply into their areas of expertise, grappling with ever more specialized and fundamental problems. Yet today, many leaders, scholars, parents, and students are asking whether higher education has moved too far from its integrative tradition towards an approach heavily rooted in disciplinary silos. These silos represent what many see as an artificial separation of academic disciplines. This study reflects a growing concern that the approach to higher education that favors disciplinary specialization is poorly calibrated to the challenges and opportunities of our time. The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education examines the evidence behind the assertion that educational programs that mutually integrate learning experiences in the humanities and arts with science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) lead to improved educational and career outcomes for undergraduate and graduate students. It explores evidence regarding the value of integrating more STEMM curricula and labs into the academic programs of students majoring in the humanities and arts and evidence regarding the value of integrating curricula and experiences in the arts and humanities into college and university STEMM education programs.
  curriculum development in higher education: Enhancing Learning Design for Innovative Teaching in Higher Education Palahicky, Sophia, 2020-03-13 The higher education landscape is embracing the call to be innovative, yet scholars have not clearly defined what it means to innovate. Innovation is not limited to the use and adoption of educational technologies, and it encompasses a broad array of elements that must be considered if we are to truly aspire toward innovative teaching in higher education. Enhancing Learning Design for Innovative Teaching in Higher Education is a critical scholarly publication that examines how instructional systems design, instructional design, educational technologies, curriculum design, and program design impact innovation and innovative teaching in higher education. The book offers definitions of innovative teaching and examines critical intersections to achieve innovation and innovative teaching in post-secondary environments. Highlighting a wide range of topics such as program mapping and learning design, this book is essential for academicians, administrators, professionals, curriculum developers, instructional designers, K-12 teachers, educational technologists, researchers, and students.
  curriculum development in higher education: Internationalizing the Curriculum Betty Leask, 2015-03-27 The drive to internationalize higher education has seen the focus shift in recent years towards its defining element, the curriculum. As the point of connection between broader institutional strategies and the student experience, the curriculum plays a key role in the success or failure of the internationalization agenda. Yet despite much debate, the role and power of curriculum internationalization is often unappreciated. This has meant that critical questions, including what it means and how it can be achieved in different disciplines, have not been consistently or strategically addressed. This volume breaks new ground in connecting theory and practice in internationalizing the curriculum in different disciplinary and institutional contexts. An extensive literature review, case studies and action research projects provide valuable insights into the concept of internationalization of the curriculum. Best practice in curriculum design, teaching and learning in higher education are applied specifically to the process of internationalizing the curriculum. Examples from different disciplines and a range of practical resources and ideas are provided. Topics covered include: why internationalize the curriculum?; designing internationalized learning outcomes; using student diversity to internationalize the curriculum; blockers and enablers to internationalization of the curriculum; assessment in an internationalized curriculum; connecting internationalization of the curriculum with institutional goals and student learning. Internationalizing the Curriculum provides invaluable guidance to university managers, academic staff, professional development lecturers and support staff as well as students and scholars interested in advancing theory and practice in this important area.
  curriculum development in higher education: Transformative Curriculum Design in Health Sciences Education Halupa, Colleen, 2015-04-30 A crucial element in ensuring patient safety and quality of care is the proper training of the next generation of doctors, nurses, and healthcare staff. To effectively serve their students, health science educators must first prepare themselves with competencies in pedagogy and curriculum design. Transformative Curriculum Design in Health Sciences Education provides information for faculty to learn how to translate technical competencies in medicine and healthcare into the development of both traditional and online learning environments. This book serves as a reference for health sciences undergraduate and graduate faculty interested in learning about the latest health sciences educational principles and curriculum design practices. This critical reference contains innovative chapters on transformative learning, curriculum design and development, the use of technology in healthcare training through hybrid and flipped classrooms, specific pedagogies, interprofessional education, and more.
  curriculum development in higher education: Engaging The Curriculum Barnett, Ronald, Coate, Kelly, 2004-10-01 This book discusses the changes taking place in higher education, especially in the UK, in which curricula are being reframed to enable students to acquire skills that have market value.
  curriculum development in higher education: Learning, Curriculum and Employability in Higher Education Peter Knight, Mantz Yorke, 2004 Anyone with a responsibility for curriculum development or policy making within higher education who wants to advance learning and promote employability amongst their students will find this book absolutely essential reading.
  curriculum development in higher education: Handbook of Research on Enhancing Teacher Education with Advanced Instructional Technologies Ololube, Nwachukwu Prince, 2015-07-17 Before today’s teachers are ready to instruct the intellectual leaders of tomorrow, they must first be trained themselves. Information and communication technology can greatly increase the effectiveness of this training and also aid teachers as they seek to bring the latest technological advancements into their own classrooms. The Handbook of Research on Enhancing Teacher Education with Advanced Instructional Technologies explains the need to bring technology to the forefront of teacher training. With an emphasis on how information and communication technology can provide richer learning outcomes, this book is an essential reference source for researchers, academics, professionals, students, and technology developers in various disciplines.
  curriculum development in higher education: Dynamic Curriculum Development and Design Strategies for Effective Online Learning in Higher Education Walters, Kelley, 2023-09-28 Online learning has gained popularity as a preferred option for higher education institutions globally, particularly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This has created a need for educators and practitioners to understand the strategies and techniques required for designing and delivering effective online courses that can engage students and provide them with the necessary skills and knowledge for success. The book Dynamic Curriculum Development and Design Strategies for Effective Online Learning in Higher Education offers a practical guide and insights into the latest trends and best practices for curriculum development and design in the context of online learning. Organized into three main sections, the book begins with an overview of the current landscape of online learning and the challenges and opportunities it presents for curriculum development. It then delves into the design and development of online courses, followed by the implementation and delivery of those courses. The book is relevant to both novice and experienced educators and practitioners who are involved in designing, developing, and delivering online courses in higher education. It provides a comprehensive understanding of the strategies and techniques required to design and deliver effective online courses, while examining the challenges and opportunities presented by online learning in higher education. As such, this book is an essential resource for anyone involved in online learning in higher education who seeks to develop and deliver dynamic and engaging courses that cater to the needs of online learners.
  curriculum development in higher education: Shaping the College Curriculum Lisa R. Lattuca, Joan S. Stark, 2011-01-11 Shaping the College Curriculum focuses on curriculum development as an important decision-making process in colleges and universities. The authors define curriculum as an academic plan developed in a historical, social, and political context. They identify eight curricular elements that are addressed, intentionally or unintentionally, in developing all college courses and programs. By exploring the interaction of these elements in context they use the academic plan model to clarify the processes of course and program planning, enabling instructors and administrators to ask crucial questions about improving teaching and optimizing student learning. This revised edition continues to stress research-based educational practices. The new edition consolidates and focuses discussion of institutional and sociocultural factors that influence curricular decisions. All chapters have been updated with recent research findings relevant to curriculum leadership, accreditation, assessment, and the influence of academic fields, while two new chapters focus directly on learning research and its implications for instructional practice. A new chapter drawn from research on organizational change provides practical guidance to assist faculty members and administrators who are engaged in extensive program improvements. Streamlined yet still comprehensive and detailed, this revised volume will continue to serve as an invaluable resource for individuals and groups whose work includes planning, designing, delivering, evaluating, and studying curricula in higher education. This is an extraordinary book that offers not a particular curriculum or structure, but a comprehensive approach for thinking about the curriculum, ensuring that important considerations are not overlooked in its revision or development, and increasing the likelihood that students will learn and develop in ways institutions hope they will. The book brings coherence and intention to what is typically an unstructured, haphazard, and only partially rational process guided more by beliefs than by empirically grounded, substantive information. Lattuca and Stark present their material in ways that are accessible and applicable across planning levels (course, program, department, and institution), local settings, and academic disciplines. It's an admirable and informative marriage of scholarship and practice, and an insightful guide to both. Anyone who cares seriously about how we can make our colleges and universities more educationally effective should read this book. —Patrick T. Terenzini, distinguished professor and senior scientist, Center for the Study of Higher Education, The Pennsylvania State University
  curriculum development in higher education: Understanding by Design Grant P. Wiggins, Jay McTighe, 2005 What is understanding and how does it differ from knowledge? How can we determine the big ideas worth understanding? Why is understanding an important teaching goal, and how do we know when students have attained it? How can we create a rigorous and engaging curriculum that focuses on understanding and leads to improved student performance in today's high-stakes, standards-based environment? Authors Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe answer these and many other questions in this second edition of Understanding by Design. Drawing on feedback from thousands of educators around the world who have used the UbD framework since its introduction in 1998, the authors have greatly revised and expanded their original work to guide educators across the K-16 spectrum in the design of curriculum, assessment, and instruction. With an improved UbD Template at its core, the book explains the rationale of backward design and explores in greater depth the meaning of such key ideas as essential questions and transfer tasks. Readers will learn why the familiar coverage- and activity-based approaches to curriculum design fall short, and how a focus on the six facets of understanding can enrich student learning. With an expanded array of practical strategies, tools, and examples from all subject areas, the book demonstrates how the research-based principles of Understanding by Design apply to district frameworks as well as to individual units of curriculum. Combining provocative ideas, thoughtful analysis, and tested approaches, this new edition of Understanding by Design offers teacher-designers a clear path to the creation of curriculum that ensures better learning and a more stimulating experience for students and teachers alike.
  curriculum development in higher education: Civil Society and Social Responsibility in Higher Education Enakshi Sengupta, Patrick Blessinger, Craig Mahoney, 2020-06-23 This volume explores different angles of sustainability, university corporate social responsibility, and the role of civil society in the context of education, with a focus on curriculum development and teaching.
  curriculum development in higher education: Art and Design Pedagogy in Higher Education Susan Orr, Alison Shreeve, 2017-08-07 Art and Design Pedagogy in Higher Education provides a contemporary volume that offers a scholarly perspective on tertiary level art and design education. Providing a theoretical lens to examine studio education, the authors suggest a student-centred model of curriculum that supports the development of creativity. The text offers readers analytical frameworks with which to challenge assumptions about the art and design curriculum in higher education. In this volume, Orr and Shreeve critically interrogate the landscape of art and design higher education, offering illuminating viewpoints on pedagogy and assessment. New scholarship is introduced in three key areas: curriculum: the nature and purpose of the creative curriculum and the concept of a ‘sticky curriculum’ that is actively shaped by lecturers, technicians and students; ambiguity, which the authors claim is at the heart of a creative education; value, asking what and whose ideas, practices and approaches are given value and create value within the curriculum. These insights from the perspective of a creative university subject area also offer new ways of viewing other disciplines, and provide a response to a growing educational interest in cross-curricular creativity. This book offers a coherent theory of art and design teaching and learning that will be of great interest to those working in and studying higher education practice and policy, as well as academics and researchers interested in creative education.
  curriculum development in higher education: The Evolving Curriculum in Interpreter and Translator Education David B. Sawyer, Frank Austermühl, Vanessa Enríquez Raído, 2019-06-15 The Evolving Curriculum in Interpreter and Translator Education: Stakeholder perspectives and voices examines forces driving curriculum design, implementation and reform in academic programs that prepare interpreters and translators for employment in the public and private sectors. The evolution of the translating and interpreting professions and changes in teaching practices in higher education have led to fundamental shifts in how translating and interpreting knowledge, skills and abilities are acquired in academic settings. Changing conceptualizations of curricula, processes of innovation and reform, technology, refinement of teaching methodologies specific to translating and interpreting, and the emergence of collaborative institutional networks are examples of developments shaping curricula. Written by noted stakeholders from both employer organizations and academic programs in many regions of the world, the timely and useful contributions in this comprehensive, international volume describe the impact of such forces on the conceptual foundations and frameworks of interpreter and translator education.
  curriculum development in higher education: Reforming the Higher Education Curriculum Josef A. Mestenhauser, Brenda J. Ellingboe, 1998 Reforming the Higher Education Curriculum is a collection of papers that explore how a college or university can plan and implement a systemwide program for internationalizing the curriculum, not only from the perspective of specific international programs, but throughout the entire university. The authors address this issue from a variety of perspectives, discussing reasons why internationalizing the curriculum is needed, recommending general approaches for doing so, and creating an outline for internationalizing courses in various disciplines. Also provided are suggestions for internationalizing faculty thinking and assessing student outcomes for international programs. This book will be of great interest to presidents, deans, vice presidents for academic affairs, faculty members, and administrators of international study programs.
  curriculum development in higher education: Higher Education Landscape 2030 Dominic Orr, Maren Luebcke, J. Philipp Schmidt, Markus Ebner, Klaus Wannemacher, Martin Ebner, Dieter Dohmen, 2020-05-22 This open access Springer Brief provides a systematic analysis of current trends and requirements in the areas of knowledge and competence in the context of the project “(A) Higher Education Digital (AHEAD)—International Horizon Scanning / Trend Analysis on Digital Higher Education.” It examines the latest developments in learning theory, didactics, and digital-education technology in connection with an increasingly digitized higher education landscape. In turn, this analysis forms the basis for envisioning higher education in 2030. Here, four learning pathways are developed to provide a glimpse of higher education in 2030: Tamagotchi, a closed ecosystem that is built around individual students who enter the university soon after secondary education; Jenga, in which universities offer a solid foundation of knowledge to build on in later phases; Lego, where the course of study is not a monolithic unit, but consists of individually combined modules of different sizes; and Transformer, where students have already acquired their own professional identities and life experiences, which they integrate into their studies. In addition, innovative practice cases are presented to illustrate each learning path.
  curriculum development in higher education: Curriculum Development for Medical Education David E. Kern, Patricia A. Thomas, Mark T. Hughes, 2009-10-22 Curriculum Development for Medical Education is designed for use by curriculum developers and others who are responsible for the educational experiences of medical students, residents, fellows, and clinical practitioners. Short, practical, and general in its approach, the book begins with a broad overview of the subject. Each succeeding chapter covers one of the six steps: problem identification and general needs assessment, targeted needs assessment, goals and objectives, educational strategies, implementation, and evaluation. Additional chapters address curriculum maintenance, enhancement, and dissemination. The six-step approach outlined here has evolved over the past twenty years, during which time the authors have taught curriculum development and evaluation skills to faculty and fellows in the Johns Hopkins University Faculty Development Program for Clinician-Educators. Program participants have used the techniques described to develop curricula on such diverse topics as preclerkship skills building, clinical reasoning and shared decision making, outpatient internal medicine, musculoskeletal disorders, office gynecology for the generalist, chronic illness and disability, geriatrics for nongeriatric faculty, surgical skills assessment, laparoscopic surgical skills, cross-cultural competence, and medical ethics. This thoroughly revised edition includes a broad discussion of competencies mandated by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and other bodies, current information on education technology, increased emphasis on scholarships related to curriculum development, and advice on obtaining institutional review board approval. Updated examples throughout the book illustrate major points. The expanded appendixes include samples of complete curricula and information on funding, faculty development, and curricular resources.
  curriculum development in higher education: Higher Education by Design Bruce M. Mackh, 2018-04-17 Faculty in higher education are disciplinary experts, but they seldom receive formal training in teaching. Higher Education by Design uses the principles of design thinking to bridge this gap through practical examples and step-by-step instructions based on educational theory and best practices in pedagogical and curricular development. This book offers practical advice for effective teaching and instruction, interdisciplinary curricular collaborations, writing course syllabi, creating course outcomes and objectives, planning assessments, and building curricular content. Whether you are a seasoned professor or new instructor, the strategies in this book can improve your practice as an educator.
  curriculum development in higher education: Internationalising Programmes in Higher Education Jeanine Gregersen-Hermans, Karen M. Lauridsen, 2021-06-29 This book addresses challenges that higher education institutions face when bridging the gap between internationalisation as a key university strategy and their delivery of interculturally competent and responsible graduates. Combining international case studies and research outcomes, it provides an in-depth understanding of the role educational developers can play in the internationalisation of higher education and in the provision of an internationalised learning experience for all students. The book situates international education in global and local contexts and contributes to the design and delivery of internationalised curricula in very concrete terms. In doing so, it suggests how academic staff may enhance the quality of their programmes by leveraging the opportunities of international classrooms where students have diverse academic, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. The content of the book is therefore also foundational for continuing professional development (CPD) programmes that enhance staff competences for designing and teaching inclusive internationalised programmes and include topics such as: An international competence profile for educational developers Intercultural competence as a graduate attribute Internationalised curriculum design and delivery Intercultural group dynamics The role of languages in internationalised higher education classrooms Reflective processes for teaching and learning in the international classroom This book is essential reading and a go-to resource for any academic looking to internationalise their education programmes. It will also be of interest to those directly involved in curriculum development, learning, and teaching as well as those who have more strategic responsibilities within and beyond HEIs, or who are involved in higher education research.
  curriculum development in higher education: The Sustainability Curriculum Cedric Cullingford, John Blewitt, 2013-06-17 The links between education and sustainable development are deepening, although subject to much controversy and debate. The success of the sustainability discourse depends both on the pedagogic and research functions of higher education. Similarly, for higher education itself to remain relevant and engaged it faces pressure not only to integrate the insights and lessons drawn from the perspective of sustainable development, but also to be responsive to scrutiny of its own practices in relation to sustainability. Among professionals in higher education, sustainable development has its supporters and detractors. It is embraced by some individuals and departments while being perceived by others as a threat to the coherence of particular disciplines. Although it is not currently an academic discipline in its own right, increasing public and professional familiarity with the term, and the increasing urgency of global calls for the implementation of sustainable development mean that this is rapidly changing. This volume analyses the impact of the concepts and practices of sustainability and sustainable development on various academic disciplines, institutional practices, fields of study and methods of enquiry. The contributors, drawn from a wide-range of disciplines, perspectives, educational levels and institutional contexts, examine the purpose of the modern university and the nature of sustainable education, which includes exploring links to social movements for sustainability projects, curriculum change, culture and biodiversity, values relating to gender equality and global responsibility, and case studies on the transformation, or otherwise, of some specific disciplines.
  curriculum development in higher education: Curriculum Design and Classroom Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications Management Association, Information Resources, 2015-04-30 Educational pedagogy is a diverse field of study, one that all educators should be aware of and fluent in so that their classrooms may succeed. Curriculum Design and Classroom Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications presents cutting-edge research on the development and implementation of various tools used to maintain the learning environment and present information to pupils as effectively as possible. In addition to educators and students of education, this multi-volume reference is intended for educational theorists, administrators, and industry professionals at all levels.
  curriculum development in higher education: Understanding and Shaping Curriculum Thomas W. Hewitt, 2006-02-13 Understanding and Shaping Curriculum: What We Teach and Why introduces readers to curriculum as knowledge, curriculum as work, and curriculum as professional practice. Author Thomas W. Hewitt discusses curriculum from theoretical and practical perspectives to not only acquaint readers with the study of curriculum, but also help them to become effective curriculum practitioners. Key Features: Emphasizes the various dimensions of curriculum practice: Becoming a curriculum practitioner requires understanding academic-practice knowledge, the forces shaping curriculum, the array of curriculum work from policymaking to evaluation, and how those are integrated forming a sense of professional practice. This book examines curriculum knowledge that is both academic and practice based. Brings theoretical concepts to life: ′Perspective into Practice′ sections illustrate the relevance of the material to both elementary and secondary school settings and contexts. In addition, end-of-chapter resources provide ideas for further discussion and assignments that address different roles and the various dimensions of curriculum practice. Examines current issues: Part of being a good practitioner is understanding the inevitability of change and the necessity to keep current about issues and trends that affect both the knowledge and the work of curriculum. Separate chapters on issues and trends give students the opportunity to explore what is happening in today′s schools and curriculum. Intended Audience: This is an ideal text for masters and doctoral-level courses on Curriculum, Curriculum Development, and Curriculum Design.
  curriculum development in higher education: New Innovations in Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Claus Nygaard, John Branch, Anne Hørsted, Paul Bartholomew, 2017 The chapters document innovative teaching and learning practices within six areas: Engaging students through practice - Student-centred e-learning - Technology for learning - Simulation - Effective transformation - Curriculum innovations
  curriculum development in higher education: Integrating Information Literacy Into the Higher Education Curriculum Ilene F. Rockman, 2004-04-21 Publisher Description
  curriculum development in higher education: Principles and Practice of Case-based Clinical Reasoning Education Olle ten Cate, Eugène J.F.M. Custers, Steven J. Durning, 2017-11-06 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume describes and explains the educational method of Case-Based Clinical Reasoning (CBCR) used successfully in medical schools to prepare students to think like doctors before they enter the clinical arena and become engaged in patient care. Although this approach poses the paradoxical problem of a lack of clinical experience that is so essential for building proficiency in clinical reasoning, CBCR is built on the premise that solving clinical problems involves the ability to reason about disease processes. This requires knowledge of anatomy and the working and pathology of organ systems, as well as the ability to regard patient problems as patterns and compare them with instances of illness scripts of patients the clinician has seen in the past and stored in memory. CBCR stimulates the development of early, rudimentary illness scripts through elaboration and systematic discussion of the courses of action from the initial presentation of the patient to the final steps of clinical management. The book combines general backgrounds of clinical reasoning education and assessment with a detailed elaboration of the CBCR method for application in any medical curriculum, either as a mandatory or as an elective course. It consists of three parts: a general introduction to clinical reasoning education, application of the CBCR method, and cases that can used by educators to try out this method.
  curriculum development in higher education: Graduate Attributes in Higher Education Carey Normand, Lorraine Anderson, 2017-03-31 Graduate Attributes in Higher Education illuminates the value of graduate attributes for students, graduates and lecturers in higher education. A coherent, intelligent, subtle and important enhancement to the field, this text guides readers through a theoretical and historical analysis of graduate attributes, using interdisciplinary and interprofessional lenses. This unique approach offers pertinent coverage of a wider range of graduate attributes than one usually sees, generating multiple perspectives and discourses that have implications for both theory and practice. Through an open and exploratory analysis, this text asks questions such as the following: • Are programmes of study which claim ‘postgraduate’ attributes providing something further, deeper or enhanced in comparison, or just more of the same? • Should we be developing continuing professional development attributes for our professional learning programmes of study, or are attributes of this nature established at the undergraduate level? • How can we embed graduate attributes in curricula in a wide range of subject discipline-specific and interdisciplinary ways? • In a culture of lifelong learning and a cross-disciplinary changing global market, are attributes simply a starting point – a launch pad for future and ongoing development required for a world of increasing complexity? Clearly structured and offering a mix of case study and theoretical frameworks to explore each GA, practical guidance is offered at the end of each chapter on how to embed the relevant graduate attribute whilst providing well-researched theoretical underpinning. The varied methods applied and methodological attitudes espoused will prove inclusive to a wide range of readers. Bringing together analysis of specific case studies from a wide range of professional and discipline-specific contexts, Graduate Attributes in Higher Education will be a valuable text for educators and professionals focused on curriculum development and professional learning.
  curriculum development in higher education: Pedagogical Partnerships Alison Cook-Sather, Melanie Bahti, Anita Ntem, 2019-12-18 Pedagogical Partnerships and its accompanying resources provide step-by-step guidance to support the conceptualization, development, launch, and sustainability of pedagogical partnership programs in the classroom and curriculum. This definitive guide is written for faculty, students, and academic developers who are looking to use pedagogical partnerships to increase engaged learning, create more equitable and inclusive educational experiences, and reframe the traditionally hierarchical structure of teacher-student relationships. Filled with practical advice, Pedagogical Partnerships provides extensive materials so that readers don't have to reinvent the wheel, but rather can adapt time-tested and research-informed strategies and techniques to their own unique contexts and goals.
  curriculum development in higher education: The Hidden Curriculum Rachel Gable, 2022-07-26 A revealing look at the experiences of first generation students on elite campuses and the hidden curriculum they must master in order to succeed College has long been viewed as an opportunity for advancement and mobility for talented students regardless of background. Yet for first generation students, elite universities can often seem like bastions of privilege, with unspoken academic norms and social rules. The Hidden Curriculum draws on more than one hundred in-depth interviews with students at Harvard and Georgetown to offer vital lessons about the challenges of being the first in the family to go to college, while also providing invaluable insights into the hurdles that all undergraduates face. As Rachel Gable follows two cohorts of first generation students and their continuing generation peers, she discovers surprising similarities as well as striking differences in their college experiences. She reveals how the hidden curriculum at legacy universities often catches first generation students off guard, and poignantly describes the disorienting encounters on campus that confound them and threaten to derail their success. Gable shows how first-gens are as varied as any other demographic group, and urges universities to make the most of the diverse perspectives and insights these talented students have to offer. The Hidden Curriculum gives essential guidance on the critical questions that university leaders need to consider as they strive to support first generation students on campus, and demonstrates how universities can balance historical legacies and elite status with practices and policies that are equitable and inclusive for all students.
Modelos de Curriculum Vitae GRÁTIS para Download
Ao escrever seu curriculum vitae, você deve observar uma série de regras e dicas que visam diferenciá-lo entre os demais candidatos a vaga, destacando suas qualidades profissionais e …

→ Modelo de Curriculo Vitae 【Grátis】 ← Meu Curriculum
O curriculum vitae (também chamado de currículo ou CV) é um documento que agrupa informações pessoais de um profissional junto a sua formação acadêmica e sua trajetória no …

Curriculum Vitae - Descubra Tudo Sobre esse Documento
O termo curriculum vitae vem do Latim e significa trajetória de vida.. Em resumo, o curriculum vitae (também chamado de currículo ou CV) é um documento que agrupa informações …

Como Fazer um Curriculum Vitae Incrível
Resultado: curriculum pré-selecionado durante a fase de triagem e o canditato eliminado por ser impossível encontrá-lo. As informações de contato (telefone fixo, celular e e-mail) devem …

Modelos de Curriculos Incríveis para Download 【Grátis】
"Oi Suellen, escrevo para te agradecer pela revisão do meu curriculum. Estava errando coisas bobas e depois que fiz as alterações que você sugeriu, achei que ficou mesmo muito melhor. …

Enviar Curriculum Vitae pela Internet? Descubra!
Envio de curriculum por preenchimento de formulários no site da própria empresa Muitas empresas recebem curríulos a partir de áreas específicas de seus sites. Estas entidades …

→ Modelo de Curriculo Vitae 【Grátis】 ← Meu Curriculum
Brasileiro, solteiro, 29 anos Rua Castor de Afuentes Andradas, número 109 Pampulha – Belo Horizonte – MG Telefone: (31) 8888-9999 / E-mail: rodrigoaug@gmail.com.br

Como Não Fazer um Curriculum Vitae
A apresentação do curriculum é tão importante quanto seu conteúdo. Caso encontre algum erro, nunca utilize corretivo ou escreva de caneta esferográfica no mesmo. Imprima uma nova …

Sobre esse Site - Meu Curriculum
Portanto, além de modelos de curriculum cuidadosamente criados por profissionais de recrutamento e seleção, nossa intenção é disponibilizar aqui dicas e informações úteis para …

Políticas de Privacidade | Meu Curriculum
Meu Curriculum; Políticas de Privacidade; Políticas de Privacidade. O uso desse site pressupõe a aceitação desta política de privacidade. Nossa equipe reserva-se ao direito de alterar este …

Curriculum Assessment Practices That Incorporate Learning
of concrete curriculum assessment interventions in higher education with an emphasis on assessment practices based on PLOs. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews …

THE STATE OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN ZAMBIA - - Ensuring …
The 2022 State of Higher Education Report, with its theme of Curricula in Higher Education, responds to the need to promote the development of curricula that will contribute to the …

An IDEA for design pedagogy: Devising instructional design in …
curriculum development processes for higher education and suggests a continuous evaluation and revision procedure. Centering the attention on design issues, the study seeks to advocate …

Curriculum Development - IOSR Journals
Curriculum Development K Kranthi Department of English, Bharat Institute of engineering & Technology College,Ibrahimpatnam-, Hyderabad (India) Abstract:- The study is about …

Analysis of Innovative and Adaptive Higher Education …
Feb 25, 2024 · results achieved by higher education, whether in the form of tests, quizzes, assignments, portfolios or observations, which can provide feedback or input for improvement …

The role of curriculum theory in contemporary higher education …
widely known curriculum planning models”, as follows: 1) the curriculum as content and education as transmission, 2) the curriculum as a product and education as instrumental and 3) the …

Bridging the gap between academia and industry: a case study …
higher education institutes and businesses (Borglund et al., 2019; Plewa et al., 2015; Shrivastava et al., 2022). While the approach to engaging industry partners in curriculum development can …

Trainer training program developed for instructors about …
Keywords: Curriculum development; higher education; Taba-Tyler curriculum development model; trainer training program 1. Introduction Quality and quality improvement studies in higher …

Developing the Curriculum - Pearson
Open Education Resources, as well as a section on digital ethics, are featured. • Chapter 8 has been deleted and content has been infused throughout other chapters as appropriate. ...

handbook CurriCulum design and development in higher musiC …
CurriCulum design and development in higher musiC eduCation jeremy Cox. The Polifonia project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the …

Exploring Curriculum Transformation in Higher Education …
transition in 1994 to democratise access to higher education, challenges related to curriculum transformation persist. As a foundational component of higher education, the curriculum plays …

CHAPTER 1 The Nature of Curriculum - SAGE Publications Inc
development of curriculum? •• Why is knowledge of the “hidden curriculum” important to curriculum leaders? Questions addressed in this chapter include the following: Key to …

Rethinking Quality Assurance in Curriculum Development and ...
for higher education curriculum development and implementation. The fact that one is enrolled in a university programme will not mean that such a one is automatically benefiting from it. …

Curriculum implementation: Challenges and the prospect of …
curriculum studies lecturers and experts is a significant concern within higher education institutions. This problem arises from a lack of manpower planning, wherein institutions neglect …

Curriculum development and quality work in higher education in …
Keywords: Curriculum development; quality; higher education; external stakeholder Received 8 April 2020; revised version received 26 June 2020; accepted 2 July 2020. ... committee, …

An Overview of Ethiopian Education System, Curriculum, …
Keywords: Curriculum, Curriculum development, Education, Patterns and Trends DOI: 10.7176/HRL/50-01 Publication date: November 30 th 2019 Introduction Ethiopia is one of …

KM C554e-20170530113029 - Department of Higher …
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING 22 MAY 2017 SECTION 41B OF THE CONTINUING EDUCATION AND TRAINING ACT, 2006 (ACT NO. 16 of 2006) …

Quality Assurance in Education - docdrop.org
Curriculum development, Higher education, Quality assessment, Outcomes-based, Learning process, Curriculum improvement Paper type Literature review Outcomes-based approach in …

ACQUISITION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND …
The development of these qualities among the students within higher education entrepreneurship course must form the specialists who are ready for professional activity. However, the theoretical

A summary of research on Higher Education curriculum setting …
After years of development,higher education curriculum system is being more and more mature.Throughout the ancient to modern times, Confucius, Mengzi, Xunzi and the The …

Curriculum Politics in Higher Education: What Educators need …
Keywords: Curriculum politics, Higher education, Educators 1. Introduction One of the criticisms leveled at higher education institutions in both developed and developing countries is that they …

Problem and project-based learning as an educational …
Keywords: Problem-based learning, project-based learning, PBL curriculum, curriculum development, higher education curriculum. *Corresponding author. E-mail: …

Curriculum-Based Ideological and Political Education: Research …
problems that need to be solved urgently in Chinese higher education (Qiu et al., 2016). In December 2016, the National Conference on Curriculum-based Ideological and Political …

Programme Standards: Education, Second Edition
2.3 CURRICULUM DESIGN AND DELIVERY 28 3. ASSESSMENT OF STUDENT LEARNING 37 4. STUDENT SELECTION 44 5. ... across higher education, technical and vocational …

UNDERSTANDING COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION
The tools in this packet will help states describe and discuss competency-based education. These tools can be used to educate legislators, members of higher education commissions or …

BASIC EDUCATION Curriculum and Instruction - EDCOM 2
Shifting the school curriculum from a 10-year to a 13-year system aims to provide enough time for learners to “master concepts and skills, develop lifelong learning, and prepare for higher …

90 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CURRICULAR AND TRAINING …
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CURRICULAR AND TRAINING PROGRAMS IN VIETNAM. ... curriculum is all the courses offered. In developed countries, a training program is defined as a …

TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR UNIVERSITIES - TCU
Tanzania and this brought in exponential expansion of higher education in the country. Furthermore, as public awareness on the importance of education to socio-economic …

TANZANIA COMMISSION FOR UNIVERSITIES - TCU
This Curriculum Development Framework, 2021 is a revised version of the Framework, 2018. It is aligned with the Standards and Guidelines for University Education in Tanzania 2019. It will …

INFLUENCE OF STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ON …
responsibility, Mwajuma (2013) and business organizations and also quality assurance in institution of higher learning. According to Kirui (2015), Majority (94.6%) of the teacher …

NEP-2020: Higher Education Envisions & Perspectives - TSIPL …
Curriculum is the foundation of education and provides direction for instruction Curriculum is a key driver of the entire ... faculty development for the higher education system, and support to …

Student s Perceptions of Curriculum Implementation in Higher …
2019). The higher education curriculum in Indonesia has undergone many changes in recent years. This is in line with the development of the world of education which is getting faster and …

Cultural Dimension in Internationalization of the Curriculum in …
curriculum in higher education is a complex process and involves several actors, with various challenges to be considered. For this process to be successful, it involves the ability to be …

THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE NEW …
THE CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE NEW ENGINEERING EDUCATION PROGRAM AND ITS PRACTICES IN ETHIOPIA: The Case of Three Higher Engineering …

COMPETENCY-BASED EDUCATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE
According to Moon (2007), education, by its nature, has two functions: it identifies and cultivates the potential abilities of each student, and it produces the manpower which is needed to carry …

The Impacts of Globalization on Higher Education curriculum ...
The Impacts of Globalization on Higher Education curriculum: Implications for Educational Practices Dr Ashwini Roy A.S Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science ... on …

Principles of Learner-centered Curriculum: Responding to the …
An updated structure for curriculum in higher education will provide greater opportunity for students to manage their own learning. This serves ... simply use all that is known about …

CURRICULUM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT-1.ppt
excluded from the overt (written) curriculum. • Since it is physically impossible to teach everything in schools, many topics and subject areas must be intentionally excluded from the written …

Career development learning in the curriculum: What is an …
integrating CDL in curriculum. The paper closes with implications for higher education providers. Career Development Learning CDL describes strategies and approaches that aim to …

Involvement of Academic Staff in Developing Higher Education …
curriculum development is any attempt that is undertaken to make the curriculum better and more responsive to the needs of the students and society at large. Alubaine (2016) highlighted that …

Curriculum Framework for Ethiopian Education - moe.gov.et
practice in terms of curriculum design and teaching methodology. For our curriculum to address effectively the needs of both society and the individual and bearing in mind the crucial issues …

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DESIGN OF …
Ornstein and Hunkins (Khan & Law, 2015) suggest that curriculum development includes how the curriculum is planned, implemented, and evaluated, as well as the objects, processes, and …

Curriculum Theory: A Review Study - ed
Sep 17, 2021 · curriculum development studies, and teaching-learning processes and also to attract the attention of the researchers to the area of curriculum theory which was seen to be …

Accreditation and quality in higher education curriculum …
This reflects the international higher education context where there has also been an increased demand for measuring and reporting quality (Lawson, 2015; Kundu, 2016). The Tertiary …

Implications of the Curriculum Review in Literature in English …
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) to revise, contextualise and integrate the curriculum for the ... Similarly, developing a curriculum in higher education institutions should be a prime …

The International Curriculum: Current Trends and Emerging …
International curriculum; educational evolution; education reform; futuring education; foreign exchange; culturally responsive education. Introduction Internationalization is an undeniable …

A guide to effective practice in curriculum planning - GOV.UK
Areas for development 99 Summary 99 CEO/principal’s comment 99 Wyke Sixth Form College curriculum planning process diagram 101 Appendix 4: pre-census (42 day) retention strategies …

Title: Continuous Curriculum Development: An Approach for …
of higher education in the Anglophone Caribbean. The concept of Continuous Curriculum Development and the “Caribbeanization” of the process were touted and certainly, the …

SALIENT FEATURES OF NEP 2020: HIGHER EDUCATION 1.
synergy in curriculum across all levels of education from early childhood care and education to school education to higher education; teachers and faculty as the heart of the learning process …

International Curriculum Comparison in Vocational Education …
Collaborative Development of a Curriculum Analysis Instrument development, stakeholders, relationships to general and higher education and so forth, pro-viding the necessary …