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| de novo meaning in biology: Evolution by Gene Duplication Susumu Ohno, 2013-12-11 It is said that necessity is the mother of invention. To be sure, wheels and pulleys were invented out of necessity by the tenacious minds of upright citi zens. Looking at the history of mankind, however, one has to add that Ieisure is the mother of cultural improvement. Man's creative genius flourished only when his mind, freed from the worry of daily toils, was permitted to entertain apparently useless thoughts. In the same manner, one might say with regard to evolution that natural selection mere(y tnodifted, while redundanry created. Natural selection has been extremely effective in policing alleHe mutations which arise in already existing gene loci. Because of natural selection, organisms have been able to adapt to changing environments, and by adaptive radiation many new species were created from a common ancestral form. Y et, being an effective policeman, natural selection is extremely conservative by nature. Had evolution been entirely dependent upon natural selection, from a bacterium only numerous forms of bacteria would have emerged. The creation of metazoans, vertebrates and finally mammals from unicellular organisms would have been quite impos sible, for such big leaps in evolution required the creation of new gene loci with previously nonexistent functions. Only the cistron which became redun dant was able to escape from the relentless pressure of natural selection, and by escaping, it accumulated formerly forbidden mutations to emerge as a new gene locus. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Computational Protein Design Ilan Samish, 2016-12-03 The aim this volume is to present the methods, challenges, software, and applications of this widespread and yet still evolving and maturing field. Computational Protein Design, the first book with this title, guides readers through computational protein design approaches, software and tailored solutions to specific case-study targets. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Computational Protein Design aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| de novo meaning in biology: Computational Methods in Protein Evolution Tobias Sikosek, 2018-10-09 This volume presents a diverse collection of methodologies used to study various problems at the protein sequence and structure level. The chapters in this book look at issues ranging from broad concepts like protein space to specifics like antibody modeling. Topics include point mutations, gene duplication, de novo emergence of new genes, pairwise correlated mutations, ancestral protein reconstruction, homology modelling, protein stability and dynamics, and protein-protein interactions. The book also covers a wide range of computational approaches, including sequence and structure alignments, phylogenies, physics-based and mathematical approaches, machine learning, and more. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and prerequisites, step-by-step, readily reproducible computational protocols (using command line or graphical user interfaces, sometimes including computer code), and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and authoritative, Computational Methods in Protein Evolution is a valuable resource that offers useful workflows and techniques that will help both novice and expert researchers working with proteins computationally. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Evolution of Living Organisms Pierre-P. Grassé, 2013-09-03 Evolution of Living Organisms: Evidence for a New Theory of Transformation discusses traditional interpretations of evolution with a new assumption. The book presents a rational and general account of real evolutionary phenomena based on paleontology and molecular biological data. The text reviews biological evolution from the simple to the complex or progressive and regressive evolution. The author explains the appearance of types of organization from Captorhinomorphs to Pelycosaurs to the Theriodonts— from which the mammals arose. He also explains that in the evolution to mammals, the transformation of the Theriodonts concerned only the skeleton, muscles, dentition, and not the brain. He cites the case of the Perissodactyls as an example. The author also asserts that paleontology and molecular biology can explain the mechanism of evolution without even detailing the causes of orientations of lineages, of the finalities of structures, of living functions, and of cycles. But this approach will involve metaphysics. This book can be appreciated by anthropologists, researcher and scientists involved in zoology, paleontology, genetics and biochemistry. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Understanding the Basics of QSAR for Applications in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Risk Assessment Kunal Roy, Supratik Kar, Rudra Narayan Das, 2015-03-03 Understanding the Basics of QSAR for Applications in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Risk Assessment describes the historical evolution of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approaches and their fundamental principles. This book includes clear, introductory coverage of the statistical methods applied in QSAR and new QSAR techniques, such as HQSAR and G-QSAR. Containing real-world examples that illustrate important methodologies, this book identifies QSAR as a valuable tool for many different applications, including drug discovery, predictive toxicology and risk assessment. Written in a straightforward and engaging manner, this is the ideal resource for all those looking for general and practical knowledge of QSAR methods. - Includes numerous practical examples related to QSAR methods and applications - Follows the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development principles for QSAR model development - Discusses related techniques such as structure-based design and the combination of structure- and ligand-based design tools |
| de novo meaning in biology: Shaping Science with Rhetoric Leah Ceccarelli, 2010-11-15 How do scientists persuade colleagues from diverse fields to cross the disciplinary divide, risking their careers in new interdisciplinary research programs? Why do some attempts to inspire such research win widespread acclaim and support, while others do not? In Shaping Science with Rhetoric, Leah Ceccarelli addresses such questions through close readings of three scientific monographs in their historical contexts—Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937), which inspired the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology; Erwin Schrödinger's What Is Life? (1944), which catalyzed the field of molecular biology; and Edward O. Wilson's Consilience (1998), a so far not entirely successful attempt to unite the social and biological sciences. She examines the rhetorical strategies used in each book and evaluates which worked best, based on the reviews and scientific papers that followed in their wake. Ceccarelli's work will be important for anyone interested in how interdisciplinary fields are formed, from historians and rhetoricians of science to scientists themselves. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Genomics of Rare Diseases Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui, James R. Lupski, 2021-06-12 Genomics of Rare Diseases: Understanding Disease Genetics Using Genomic Approaches, a new volume in the Translational and Applied Genomics series, offers readers a broad understanding of current knowledge on rare diseases through a genomics lens. This clear understanding of the latest molecular and genomic technologies used to elucidate the molecular causes of more than 5,000 genetic disorders brings readers closer to unraveling many more that remain undefined and undiscovered. The challenges associated with performing rare disease research are also discussed, as well as the opportunities that the study of these disorders provides for improving our understanding of disease architecture and pathophysiology. Leading chapter authors in the field discuss approaches such as karyotyping and genomic sequencing for the better diagnosis and treatment of conditions including recessive diseases, dominant and X-linked disorders, de novo mutations, sporadic disorders and mosaicism. - Compiles applied case studies and methodologies, enabling researchers, clinicians and healthcare providers to effectively classify DNA variants associated with disease and patient phenotypes - Discusses the main challenges in studying the genetics of rare diseases through genomic approaches and possible or ongoing solutions - Explores opportunities for novel therapeutics - Features chapter contributions from leading researchers and clinicians |
| de novo meaning in biology: Peptide, Protein and Enzyme Design , 2016-08-27 De Novo Enzyme Design, the newest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume includes the design of metal binding maquettes, insertion of non-natural cofactors, Cu metallopeptides, non-covalent interactions in peptide assemblies, peptide binding and bundling, heteronuclear metalloenzymes, florinated peptides, De Novo imaging agents, and protein-protein interaction. - Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters on de novo enzyme design - Represents the newest volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, providing premier, quality chapters authored by leaders in the field - Ideal reference for those interested in the study of enzyme design that looks at both structure and mechanism |
| de novo meaning in biology: Plant Systems Biology Sacha Baginsky, Alisdair R. Fernie, 2007-06-25 This volume aims to provide a timely view of the state-of-the-art in systems biology. The editors take the opportunity to define systems biology as they and the contributing authors see it, and this will lay the groundwork for future studies. The volume is well-suited to both students and researchers interested in the methods of systems biology. Although the focus is on plant systems biology, the proposed material could be suitably applied to any organism. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Computational Structural Biology Torsten Schwede, 2008 This is a comprehensive introduction to Landau-Lifshitz equations and Landau-Lifshitz-Maxwell equations, beginning with the work by Yulin Zhou and Boling Guo in the early 1980s and including most of the work done by this Chinese group led by Zhou and Guo since. The book focuses on aspects such as the existence of weak solutions in multi dimensions, existence and uniqueness of smooth solutions in one dimension, relations with harmonic map heat flows, partial regularity and long time behaviors. The book is a valuable reference book for those who are interested in partial differential equations, geometric analysis and mathematical physics. It may also be used as an advanced textbook by graduate students in these fields. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Genes and Evolution , 2016-06-06 Genes and Evolution, the latest volume in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, covers genes and evolution, with contributions from an international board of authors. The chapters provide a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as genes and plant domestication, gene networks, phenotypic loss in vertebrates, reproducible evolutionary changes, and epithelial tissue. - Covers the area of genes and evolution - Contains invaluable contributions from an international board of authors - Provides a comprehensive set of reviews covering such topics as genes and plant domestication, gene networks, phenotypic loss in vertebrates, reproducible evolutionary changes and epithelial tissue |
| de novo meaning in biology: Data Mining Techniques for the Life Sciences Oliviero Carugo, Frank Eisenhaber, 2016-08-23 Most life science researchers will agree that biology is not a truly theoretical branch of science. The hype around computational biology and bioinformatics beginning in the nineties of the 20th century was to be short lived (1, 2). When almost no value of practical importance such as the optimal dose of a drug or the three-dimensional structure of an orphan protein can be computed from fundamental principles, it is still more straightforward to determine them experimentally. Thus, experiments and observationsdogeneratetheoverwhelmingpartofinsightsintobiologyandmedicine. The extrapolation depth and the prediction power of the theoretical argument in life sciences still have a long way to go. Yet, two trends have qualitatively changed the way how biological research is done today. The number of researchers has dramatically grown and they, armed with the same protocols, have produced lots of similarly structured data. Finally, high-throu- put technologies such as DNA sequencing or array-based expression profiling have been around for just a decade. Nevertheless, with their high level of uniform data generation, they reach the threshold of totally describing a living organism at the biomolecular level for the first time in human history. Whereas getting exact data about living systems and the sophistication of experimental procedures have primarily absorbed the minds of researchers previously, the weight increasingly shifts to the problem of interpreting accumulated data in terms of biological function and bio- lecular mechanisms. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Therapeutic Antibody Engineering William R Strohl, Lila M Strohl, 2012-10-16 The field of antibody engineering has become a vital and integral part of making new, improved next generation therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, of which there are currently more than 300 in clinical trials across several therapeutic areas. Therapeutic antibody engineering examines all aspects of engineering monoclonal antibodies and analyses the effect that various genetic engineering approaches will have on future candidates. Chapters in the first part of the book provide an introduction to monoclonal antibodies, their discovery and development and the fundamental technologies used in their production. Following chapters cover a number of specific issues relating to different aspects of antibody engineering, including variable chain engineering, targets and mechanisms of action, classes of antibody and the use of antibody fragments, among many other topics. The last part of the book examines development issues, the interaction of human IgGs with non-human systems, and cell line development, before a conclusion looking at future issues affecting the field of therapeutic antibody engineering. - Goes beyond the standard engineering issues covered by most books and delves into structure-function relationships - Integration of knowledge across all areas of antibody engineering, development, and marketing - Discusses how current and future genetic engineering of cell lines will pave the way for much higher productivity |
| de novo meaning in biology: Concepts and Experimental Protocols of Modelling and Informatics in Drug Design Om Silakari, Pankaj Kumar Singh, 2020-11-05 Concepts and Experimental Protocols of Modelling and Informatics in Drug Design discusses each experimental protocol utilized in the field of bioinformatics, focusing especially on computer modeling for drug development. It helps the user in understanding the field of computer-aided molecular modeling (CAMM) by presenting solved exercises and examples. The book discusses topics such as fundamentals of molecular modeling, QSAR model generation, protein databases and how to use them to select and analyze protein structure, and pharmacophore modeling for drug targets. Additionally, it discusses data retrieval system, molecular surfaces, and freeware and online servers. The book is a valuable source for graduate students and researchers on bioinformatics, molecular modeling, biotechnology and several members of biomedical field who need to understand more about computer-aided molecular modeling. - Presents exercises with solutions to aid readers in validating their own protocol - Brings a thorough interpretation of results of each exercise to help readers compare them to their own study - Explains each parameter utilized in the algorithms to help readers understand and manipulate various features of molecules and target protein to design their study |
| de novo meaning in biology: What is Life? Addy Pross, 2012-09-27 Seventy years ago, Erwin Schrödinger posed a profound question: 'What is life, and how did it emerge from non-life?' This problem has puzzled biologists and physical scientists ever since. Living things are hugely complex and have unique properties, such as self-maintenance and apparently purposeful behaviour which we do not see in inert matter. So how does chemistry give rise to biology? What could have led the first replicating molecules up such a path? Now, developments in the emerging field of 'systems chemistry' are unlocking the problem. Addy Pross shows how the different kind of stability that operates among replicating molecules results in a tendency for chemical systems to become more complex and acquire the properties of life. Strikingly, he demonstrates that Darwinian evolution is the biological expression of a deeper, well-defined chemical concept: the whole story from replicating molecules to complex life is one continuous process governed by an underlying physical principle. The gulf between biology and the physical sciences is finally becoming bridged. This new edition includes an Epilogue describing developments in the concepts of fundamental forms of stability discussed in the book, and their profound implications. Oxford Landmark Science books are 'must-read' classics of modern science writing which have crystallized big ideas, and shaped the way we think. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Essentials of Medical Biochemistry Chung Eun Ha, N. V. Bhagavan, 2011-01-28 Expert biochemist N.V. Bhagavan's new work condenses his successful Medical Biochemistry texts along with numerous case studies, to act as an extensive review and reference guide for both students and experts alike. The research-driven content includes four-color illustrations throughout to develop an understanding of the events and processes that are occurring at both the molecular and macrolecular levels of physiologic regulation, clinical effects, and interactions. Using thorough introductions, end of chapter reviews, fact-filled tables, and related multiple-choice questions, Bhagavan provides the reader with the most condensed yet detailed biochemistry overview available. More than a quick survey, this comprehensive text includes USMLE sample exams from Bhagavan himself, a previous coauthor. - Clinical focus emphasizing relevant physiologic and pathophysiologic biochemical concepts - Interactive multiple-choice questions to prep for USMLE exams - Clinical case studies for understanding basic science, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases - Instructional overview figures, flowcharts, and tables to enhance understanding |
| de novo meaning in biology: Flow Cytogenetics , 2012-12-02 This is the first book to be devoted entirely to the application and development of flow techniques in cytogenetics. It provides comprehensive information on the use of flow cytometry and sorting for chromosome classification and purification. Cytogenetics and molecular biologists will find this book an invaluable reference source. - Practical details for the preparation and analysis of chromosomes using flow cytometry - Flow karyotyping for sensitive rapid analysis of chromosome normality and the detection of aberrant chromosomes - Flow sorting as a source of chromosome-specific DNA for gene mapping and recombinant DNA libraries - Construction and current status of chromosome-specific recombinant DNA libraries |
| de novo meaning in biology: The Rhetoric of Science Alan G. Gross, 1996 Alan Gross applies the principles of rhetoric to the interpretation of classical and contemporary scientific texts to show how they persuade both author and audience. This invigorating consideration of the ways in which scientists--from Copernicus to Darwin to Newton to James Watson--establish authority and convince one another and us of the truth they describe may very well lead to a remodeling of our understanding of science and its place in society. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Adaptive Diversification Michael Doebeli, 2011-08-01 Understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity remains a central problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Traditional explanations assume that differences in selection pressures lead to different adaptations in geographically separated locations. This book takes a different approach and explores adaptive diversification--diversification rooted in ecological interactions and frequency-dependent selection. In any ecosystem, birth and death rates of individuals are affected by interactions with other individuals. What is an advantageous phenotype therefore depends on the phenotype of other individuals, and it may often be best to be ecologically different from the majority phenotype. Such rare-type advantage is a hallmark of frequency-dependent selection and opens the scope for processes of diversification that require ecological contact rather than geographical isolation. Michael Doebeli investigates adaptive diversification using the mathematical framework of adaptive dynamics. Evolutionary branching is a paradigmatic feature of adaptive dynamics that serves as a basic metaphor for adaptive diversification, and Doebeli explores the scope of evolutionary branching in many different ecological scenarios, including models of coevolution, cooperation, and cultural evolution. He also uses alternative modeling approaches. Stochastic, individual-based models are particularly useful for studying adaptive speciation in sexual populations, and partial differential equation models confirm the pervasiveness of adaptive diversification. Showing that frequency-dependent interactions are an important driver of biological diversity, Adaptive Diversification provides a comprehensive theoretical treatment of adaptive diversification. |
| de novo meaning in biology: The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology Institute of Medicine, Board on Global Health, Forum on Microbial Threats, 2011-12-30 Many potential applications of synthetic and systems biology are relevant to the challenges associated with the detection, surveillance, and responses to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. On March 14 and 15, 2011, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to explore the current state of the science of synthetic biology, including its dependency on systems biology; discussed the different approaches that scientists are taking to engineer, or reengineer, biological systems; and discussed how the tools and approaches of synthetic and systems biology were being applied to mitigate the risks associated with emerging infectious diseases. The Science and Applications of Synthetic and Systems Biology is organized into sections as a topic-by-topic distillation of the presentations and discussions that took place at the workshop. Its purpose is to present information from relevant experience, to delineate a range of pivotal issues and their respective challenges, and to offer differing perspectives on the topic as discussed and described by the workshop participants. This report also includes a collection of individually authored papers and commentary. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Chemical Synthetic Biology Pier Luigi Luisi, Cristiano Chiarabelli, 2011-02-10 Chemistry plays a very important role in the emerging field of synthetic biology. In particular, chemical synthetic biology is concerned with the synthesis of chemical structures, such as proteins, that do not exist in nature. With contributions from leading international experts, Chemical Synthetic Biology shows how chemistry underpins synthetic biology. The book is an essential guide to this fascinating new field, and will find a place on the bookshelves of researchers and students working in synthetic chemistry, synthetic and molecular biology, bioengineering, systems biology, computational genomics, and bioinformatics. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Drug Repurposing Farid A. Badria, 2020-12-02 Drug repurposing or drug repositioning is a new approach to presenting new indications for common commercial and clinically approved existing drugs. For example, chloroquine, an old antimalarial drug, showed promising results for treating COVID-19, interfering with MDR in several types of cancer, and chemosensitizing human leukemic cells.This book focuses on the hypothesis, risk/benefits, and economic impacts of drug repurposing on drug discovery in dermatology, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, cancer, and orphan diseases. It brings together up-to-date research to provide readers with an informative, illustrative, and easy-to-read book useful for students, clinicians, and the pharmaceutical industry. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Starvation in Bacteria S. Kjelleberg, 2013-11-11 Concerted efforts to study starvation and survival of nondifferentiating vegeta tive heterotrophic bacteria have been made with various degrees of intensity, in different bacteria and contexts, over more than the last 30 years. As with bacterial growth in natural ecosystem conditions, these research efforts have been intermittent, with rather long periods of limited or no production in between. While several important and well-received reviews and proceedings on the topic of this monograph have been published during the last three to four decades, the last few years have seen a marked increase in reviews on starvation survival in non-spore-forming bacteria. This increase reflects a realization that the biology of bacteria in natural conditions is generally not that of logarithmic growth and that we have very limited information on the physiology of the energy-and nutrient-limited phases of the life cyde of the bacterial cello The growing interest in nongrowing bacteria also sterns from the more recent advances on the molecular basis of the starvation-induced nongrowing bacterial cello The identification of starvation-specific gene and protein re sponders in Escherichia coli as weIl as other bacterial species has provided molecular handles for our attempts to decipher the differentiation-like responses and programs that nondifferentiating bacteria exhibit on nutrient limited growth arrest. Severallaboratories have contributed greatly to the progress made in life after-log research. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Bioinformatics Algorithms Phillip Compeau, Pavel Pevzner, 1986-06 Bioinformatics Algorithms: an Active Learning Approach is one of the first textbooks to emerge from the recent Massive Online Open Course (MOOC) revolution. A light-hearted and analogy-filled companion to the authors' acclaimed online course (http://coursera.org/course/bioinformatics), this book presents students with a dynamic approach to learning bioinformatics. It strikes a unique balance between practical challenges in modern biology and fundamental algorithmic ideas, thus capturing the interest of students of biology and computer science students alike.Each chapter begins with a central biological question, such as Are There Fragile Regions in the Human Genome? or Which DNA Patterns Play the Role of Molecular Clocks? and then steadily develops the algorithmic sophistication required to answer this question. Hundreds of exercises are incorporated directly into the text as soon as they are needed; readers can test their knowledge through automated coding challenges on Rosalind (http://rosalind.info), an online platform for learning bioinformatics.The textbook website (http://bioinformaticsalgorithms.org) directs readers toward additional educational materials, including video lectures and PowerPoint slides. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Control Theory and Systems Biology Pablo A. Iglesias, Brian P. Ingalls, 2010 A survey of how engineering techniques from control and systems theory can be used to help biologists understand the behavior of cellular systems. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Virus Bioinformatics Manja Marz, Bashar Ibrahim, Franziska Hufsky, David L. Robertson, 2020-02-21 Virus bioinformatics is evolving and succeeding as an area of research in its own right, representing the interface of virology and computer science. Bioinformatic approaches to investigate viral infections and outbreaks have become central to virology research, and have been successfully used to detect, control, and treat infections of humans and animals. As part of the Third Annual Meeting of the European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), we have published this Special Issue on Virus Bioinformatics. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Potential Risks and Benefits of Gain-of-Function Research National Research Council, Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on Science, Technology, and Law, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Board on Life Sciences, 2015-04-13 On October 17, 2014, spurred by incidents at U.S. government laboratories that raised serious biosafety concerns, the United States government launched a one-year deliberative process to address the continuing controversy surrounding so-called gain-of-function (GOF) research on respiratory pathogens with pandemic potential. The gain of function controversy began in late 2011 with the question of whether to publish the results of two experiments involving H5N1 avian influenza and continued to focus on certain research with highly pathogenic avian influenza over the next three years. The heart of the U.S. process is an evaluation of the potential risks and benefits of certain types of GOF experiments with influenza, SARS, and MERS viruses that would inform the development and adoption of a new U.S. Government policy governing the funding and conduct of GOF research. Potential Risks and Benefits of Gain-of-Function Research is the summary of a two-day public symposia on GOF research. Convened in December 2014 by the Institute of Medicine and the National Research Council, the main focus of this event was to discuss principles important for, and key considerations in, the design of risk and benefit assessments of GOF research. Participants examined the underlying scientific and technical questions that are the source of current discussion and debate over GOF research involving pathogens with pandemic potential. This report is a record of the presentations and discussion of the meeting. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Fisheries Ecology Paul Hart, T.J. Pitcher, 1983-04-30 The author spent much of 1989 and 1990 living within the Muscovite community and came into contact with people at all levels, from pimps to philosophers. He provides a portrait of a society which is struggling to survive the traumas and changes of the Gorbachev years. In some ways more medieval and Oriental than modern and Western, Moscow is a city in which tales of flying saucers and masonic conspiracies co-exist with endless queues, corruption, anti-semitism and a black market in guns. Durden-Smith also discovered in Moscow an intellectual passion and energy which puts most Western capitals to shame and which makes Moscow not only one of the most important, but also one of the most complex, contradictory and fascinating cities on earth. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Lost Crops of Africa National Research Council, Policy and Global Affairs, Office of International Affairs, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, 1996-02-14 Scenes of starvation have drawn the world's attention to Africa's agricultural and environmental crisis. Some observers question whether this continent can ever hope to feed its growing population. Yet there is an overlooked food resource in sub-Saharan Africa that has vast potential: native food plants. When experts were asked to nominate African food plants for inclusion in a new book, a list of 30 species grew quickly to hundreds. All in all, Africa has more than 2,000 native grains and fruitsâ€lost species due for rediscovery and exploitation. This volume focuses on native cereals, including: African rice, reserved until recently as a luxury food for religious rituals. Finger millet, neglected internationally although it is a staple for millions. Fonio (acha), probably the oldest African cereal and sometimes called hungry rice. Pearl millet, a widely used grain that still holds great untapped potential. Sorghum, with prospects for making the twenty-first century the century of sorghum. Tef, in many ways ideal but only now enjoying budding commercial production. Other cultivated and wild grains. This readable and engaging book dispels myths, often based on Western bias, about the nutritional value, flavor, and yield of these African grains. Designed as a tool for economic development, the volume is organized with increasing levels of detail to meet the needs of both lay and professional readers. The authors present the available information on where and how each grain is grown, harvested, and processed, and they list its benefits and limitations as a food source. The authors describe next steps for increasing the use of each grain, outline research needs, and address issues in building commercial production. Sidebars cover such interesting points as the potential use of gene mapping and other high-tech agricultural techniques on these grains. This fact-filled volume will be of great interest to agricultural experts, entrepreneurs, researchers, and individuals concerned about restoring food production, environmental health, and economic opportunity in sub-Saharan Africa. Selection, Newbridge Garden Book Club |
| de novo meaning in biology: Biological Mass Spectrometry A.L. Burlingame, 2005-11-28 Describes and integrates the techniques of many advances in both chromatographic and mass spectrometric technologies. This book also covers various biophysical applications, such as H/D exchange for study of conformations, protein-protein and protein-metal and ligand interactions. It also describes atto-to-zepto-mole quantitation of 14C and 3H. |
| de novo meaning in biology: What is Life? Erwin Schrödinger, 2012-03-26 What Is Life? is Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger's exploration of the question which lies at the heart of biology. His essay, Mind and Matter, investigates what place consciousness occupies in the evolution of life, and what part the state of development of the human mind plays in moral questions. Autobiographical Sketches offers a fascinating fragmentary account of his life as a background to his scientific writings. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Evolution after Gene Duplication Katharina Dittmar, David Liberles, 2011-06-09 Gene duplication has long been believed to have played a major role in the rise of biological novelty through evolution of new function and gene expression patterns. The first book to examine gene duplication across all levels of biological organization, Evolution after Gene Duplication presents a comprehensive picture of the mechanistic process by which gene duplication may have played a role in generating biodiversity. Key Features: Explores comparative genomics, genome evolution studies and analysis of multi-gene families such as Hox, globins, olfactory receptors and MHC (immune system) A complete post-genome treatment of the topic originally covered by Ohno's 1970 classic, this volume extends coverage to include the fate of associated regulatory pathways Taps the significant increase in multi-gene family data that has resulted from comparative genomics Comprehensive coverage that includes opposing theoretical viewpoints, comparative genomics data, theoretical and empirical evidence and the role of bioinformatics in the study of gene duplication This up-to-date overview of theory and mathematical models along with practical examples is suitable for scientists across various levels of biology as well as instructors and graduate students. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Binding, Transport and Storage of Metal Ions in Biological Cells Wolfgang Maret, Anthony Wedd, 2014-07-09 Metal ions play key roles in biology. Many are essential for catalysis, for electron transfer and for the fixation, sensing, and metabolism of gases. Others compete with those essential metal ions or have toxic or pharmacological effects. This book is structured around the periodic table and focuses on the control of metal ions in cells. It addresses the molecular aspects of binding, transport and storage that ensure balanced levels of the essential elements. Organisms have also developed mechanisms to deal with the non-essential metal ions. However, through new uses and manufacturing processes, organisms are increasingly exposed to changing levels of both essential and non-essential ions in new chemical forms. They may not have developed defenses against some of these forms (such as nanoparticles). Many diseases such as cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration are associated with metal ion imbalance. There may be a deficiency of the essential metals, overload of either essential or non-essential metals or perturbation of the overall natural balance. This book is the first to comprehensively survey the molecular nature of the overall natural balance of metal ions in nutrition, toxicology and pharmacology. It is written as an introduction to research for students and researchers in academia and industry and begins with a chapter by Professor R J P Williams FRS. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Microbial Environmental Genomics (MEG) Francis Martin, Stephane Uroz, 2022-12-15 This volume guides researchers on how to characterize, image rare, and hitherto unknown taxa and their interactions, to identify new functions and biomolecules and to understand how environmental changes condition the activity and the response of the organisms living with us and in our environment. Chapters cover different organism types (i.e., archaea, bacteria, fungi, protest, microfauna and microeukaryotes) and propose detailed protocols to produce high quality DNA, to analyse active microbial communities directly involved in complex interactions or processes through stable isotope probing, to identify and characterize of new functional genes, to image in situ interactions and to apply bioinformatics analysis tools to complex metagenomic or RNAseq sequence data. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Microbial Environmental Genomics (MEG): Methods and Protocols, Second Edition aims to serve as a primary research reference for researchers in microbiology working to in the expanding field of molecular ecology and environmental genomics. |
| de novo meaning in biology: Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules G.D. Fasman, 2013-11-11 ''Excellent and very timely....It will undoubtedly become a standard reference for the application of circular dichroism (CD) to biomolecules.'' --- Quarterly Review of Biology, March 1997 ''[T]estament to the book's utility is the fact that during the course of my review I had to 'rescue' it from the desks of graduate students on an almost daily basis. In summary, this is a great book.'' --- American Scientist ''Well documented chapters provide a very good insight into the problems surrounding the conformation of biomacromolecules...An indispensible source of information.'' --- Nahrung, 42(2), 1998 Renowned experts present the first state-of-the-art description of circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD). Chapters present in-depth discussions of the history of the field, the theory of CD for application to globular proteins, membrane proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and their interactions, carbohydrates, and instrumentation. Discussions also feature new techniques using synchrotron radiation, vibrational Raman optical activity, and vibrational CD. More than 250 illustrations supplement the text. |
| de novo meaning in biology: BioBuilder Natalie Kuldell PhD., Rachel Bernstein, Karen Ingram, Kathryn M Hart, 2015-06-22 Today’s synthetic biologists are in the early stages of engineering living cells to help treat diseases, sense toxic compounds in the environment, and produce valuable drugs. With this manual, you can be part of it. Based on the BioBuilder curriculum, this valuable book provides open-access, modular, hands-on lessons in synthetic biology for secondary and post-secondary classrooms and laboratories. It also serves as an introduction to the field for science and engineering enthusiasts. Developed at MIT in collaboration with award-winning high school teachers, BioBuilder teaches the foundational ideas of the emerging synthetic biology field, as well as key aspects of biological engineering that researchers are exploring in labs throughout the world. These lessons will empower teachers and students to explore and be part of solving persistent real-world challenges. Learn the fundamentals of biodesign and DNA engineering Explore important ethical issues raised by examples of synthetic biology Investigate the BioBuilder labs that probe the design-build-test cycle Test synthetic living systems designed and built by engineers Measure several variants of an enzyme-generating genetic circuit Model bacterial photography that changes a strain’s light sensitivity Build living systems to produce purple or green pigment Optimize baker’s yeast to produce ?-carotene |
| de novo meaning in biology: Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II David J Triggle, John B Taylor, 2006-12-29 The first edition of Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry was published in 1990 and was very well received. Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II is much more than a simple updating of the contents of the first edition. Completely revised and expanded, this new edition has been refocused to reflect the significant developments and changes over the past decade in genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics, combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput screening and pharmacology, and more. The content comprises the most up-to-date, authoritative and comprehensive reference text on contemporary medicinal chemistry and drug research, covering major therapeutic classes and targets, research strategy and organisation, high-throughput technologies, computer-assisted design, ADME and selected case histories. It is this coverage of the strategy, technologies, principles and applications of medicinal chemistry in a single work that will make Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II a unique work of reference and a single point of entry to the literature for pharmaceutical and biotechnology scientists of all disciplines and for many industry executives as well. Also available online via ScienceDirect (2006) - featuring extensive browsing, searching, and internal cross-referencing between articles in the work, plus dynamic linking to journal articles and abstract databases, making navigation flexible and easy. For more information, pricing options and availability visit www.info.sciencedirect.com. Comprehensively reviews - the strategies, technologies, principles and applications of modern medicinal chemistry Provides a global and current perspective of today's drug discovery process and discusses the major therapeutic classes and targets Includes a unique collection of case studies and personal assays reviewing the discovery and development of key drugs |
| de novo meaning in biology: The Resolution Revolution: Recent Advances In cryoEM , 2016-08-26 cryoEM, a new volume in the Methods in Enzymology series, continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field. This volume covers research methods and new developments in recording images, the creation, evaluation and validation of 3D maps from the images, model building into maps and refinement of the resulting atomic structures, and applications of essentially single particle methods to helical structures and to sub-tomogram averaging. - Continues the legacy of this premier serial with quality chapters authored by leaders in the field - Covers research methods that determine the structures of biological molecules, a vital step for understanding their function - Contains the technical developments underpinning the advances of cryoEM and captures the exciting insights that have resulted |
| de novo meaning in biology: A Primer for Computational Biology Shawn T. O'Neil, 2017-12-21 A Primer for Computational Biology aims to provide life scientists and students the skills necessary for research in a data-rich world. The text covers accessing and using remote servers via the command-line, writing programs and pipelines for data analysis, and provides useful vocabulary for interdisciplinary work. The book is broken into three parts: Introduction to Unix/Linux: The command-line is the natural environment of scientific computing, and this part covers a wide range of topics, including logging in, working with files and directories, installing programs and writing scripts, and the powerful pipe operator for file and data manipulation. Programming in Python: Python is both a premier language for learning and a common choice in scientific software development. This part covers the basic concepts in programming (data types, if-statements and loops, functions) via examples of DNA-sequence analysis. This part also covers more complex subjects in software development such as objects and classes, modules, and APIs. Programming in R: The R language specializes in statistical data analysis, and is also quite useful for visualizing large datasets. This third part covers the basics of R as a programming language (data types, if-statements, functions, loops and when to use them) as well as techniques for large-scale, multi-test analyses. Other topics include S3 classes and data visualization with ggplot2. |
Open questions in the study of de novo genes: what, how and …
We identify three key challenges for this emerging field: understanding how best to identify de novo genes, how they arise and why they spread. We highlight the intellectual challenges of...
The meanings of ’function’ in biology and the problematic …
The meanings of function are at the heart of what constitutes a de novo gene birth event. For a genomic sequence to be labelled as a gene, it must by definition have a function; it must …
Woolfson, D. N. (2021). A Brief History of De Novo Protein …
Over the past two decades, the tables have turned and computational protein design is firmly established. Here, I illustrate this progress through a timeline of de novo protein structures that …
De novo genome assembly: what every biologist should know
Researchers are even eager to do de novo assembly on human genomes, the better to discover vari-ation that is hidden when sequencing data are aligned to a reference. Dozens of computer …
De Novo Meaning In Biology Full PDF - cie-advances.asme.org
De Novo Meaning In Biology: Evolution by Gene Duplication Susumu Ohno,2013-12-11 It is said that necessity is the mother of invention To be sure wheels and pulleys were invented out of …
Large-scale de novo DNA synthesis: technologies and …
For over 60 years, the synthetic production of new DNA sequences has helped researchers understand and engineer biology. Here we summarize methods and caveats for the de novo …
Introduction to de Novo Assembly - University of Arkansas
Introduction to de Novo Assembly de novo is a Latin expression meaning "from the beginning," "afresh," "anew," "beginning again“. So, in our application, it is the process of building a …
S0033583519000131jrv 1..33 - Cambridge University Press
An initial set of milestones in de novo protein design focused on the construction of sequences that folded in water and membranes to adopt folded conformations. The first proteins were …
QB-19166-LM 90..109 - Springer
Apr 5, 2018 · De novo genome sequence assembly is the process of reconstructing a genome from a collection of short sequencing reads and is an integral step in any genome project [1,2]. …
De novo protein design-From new structures to …
I will begin with concepts and approaches of de novo protein design, followed by chapters on (1) frontiers in design of new protein structures, (2) new molecular functions, (3) de novo proteins …
Genome-wide patterns and properties of de novo mutations …
Oct 6, 2014 · Here we analyze 11,020 de novo mutations from the whole genomes of 250 families. We show that de novo mutations in the offspring of older fathers are not only more …
Experimental characterisation of de novo proteins and their
Jan 14, 2022 · Taking putative de novo proteins identified in human and fly, we experimentally char-acterise a library of these sequences to assess their solubility and structure propensity. …
Plant stem cells and de novo organogenesis
Denovo organogenesis exemplifies the regeneration of the whole plant body and is exploited widely in agriculture and biotechnology. In this Tansley insight article, we summarize recent …
De Novo Meaning In Biology (2024) - cie-advances.asme.org
De Novo Meaning In Biology: Evolution by Gene Duplication Susumu Ohno,2013-12-11 It is said that necessity is the mother of invention To be sure wheels and pulleys were invented out of …
Chapter 2 Mitochondrial Dynamics - Springer
cs Iain Scott and David C. Logan Abstract Mitochondria cannot be created de novo, meaning that any new mitochondrion must be formed from the d. vision of an existing organelle. In addition …
A new AI approach to protein design - Phys.org
One of the grand challenges in protein engineering is designing proteins de novo, meaning from scratch, to tailor their properties for specific tasks. This has profound implications for...
Self-Assembling Supramolecular Nanostructures Constructed …
In this study, to construct chain-like polymeric nanostructures, we designed de novo extender protein nanobuilding blocks (ePN − Blocks) by tandemly fusing two de novo binary-patterned …
On the performance of de novo pathway enrichment - Nature
De novo pathway enrichment is a powerful approach to discover previously uncharacterized molecular mechanisms in addition to already known pathways. To achieve this, condition …
Recent advances in de novo protein design: Principles, …
We describe developments in de novo led to the ability to generate precise geometric variations in de generation of designable backbone structures, optimization of sequences, design scoring …
Open questions in the study of de novo genes: what, how …
We identify three key challenges for this emerging field: understanding how best to identify de novo genes, how they arise and why they spread. We highlight the intellectual challenges of...
The meanings of ’function’ in biology and the problematic …
The meanings of function are at the heart of what constitutes a de novo gene birth event. For a genomic sequence to be labelled as a gene, it must by definition have a function; it must …
New insights into the generation and role of de novo …
Here, we review the recent literature on de novo mutations, covering their detection, biological characterization, and medical impact. Upon fertilization, a human zygote inherits half of its …
Woolfson, D. N. (2021). A Brief History of De Novo Protein …
Over the past two decades, the tables have turned and computational protein design is firmly established. Here, I illustrate this progress through a timeline of de novo protein structures that …
De novo genome assembly: what every biologist should know
Researchers are even eager to do de novo assembly on human genomes, the better to discover vari-ation that is hidden when sequencing data are aligned to a reference. Dozens of computer …
De Novo Meaning In Biology Full PDF - cie-advances.asme.org
De Novo Meaning In Biology: Evolution by Gene Duplication Susumu Ohno,2013-12-11 It is said that necessity is the mother of invention To be sure wheels and pulleys were invented out of …
Large-scale de novo DNA synthesis: technologies and …
For over 60 years, the synthetic production of new DNA sequences has helped researchers understand and engineer biology. Here we summarize methods and caveats for the de novo …
Introduction to de Novo Assembly - University of Arkansas
Introduction to de Novo Assembly de novo is a Latin expression meaning "from the beginning," "afresh," "anew," "beginning again“. So, in our application, it is the process of building a …
S0033583519000131jrv 1..33 - Cambridge University Press
An initial set of milestones in de novo protein design focused on the construction of sequences that folded in water and membranes to adopt folded conformations. The first proteins were …
QB-19166-LM 90..109 - Springer
Apr 5, 2018 · De novo genome sequence assembly is the process of reconstructing a genome from a collection of short sequencing reads and is an integral step in any genome project [1,2]. …
De novo protein design-From new structures to …
I will begin with concepts and approaches of de novo protein design, followed by chapters on (1) frontiers in design of new protein structures, (2) new molecular functions, (3) de novo proteins …
Genome-wide patterns and properties of de novo mutations …
Oct 6, 2014 · Here we analyze 11,020 de novo mutations from the whole genomes of 250 families. We show that de novo mutations in the offspring of older fathers are not only more …
Experimental characterisation of de novo proteins and their
Jan 14, 2022 · Taking putative de novo proteins identified in human and fly, we experimentally char-acterise a library of these sequences to assess their solubility and structure propensity. …
Plant stem cells and de novo organogenesis
Denovo organogenesis exemplifies the regeneration of the whole plant body and is exploited widely in agriculture and biotechnology. In this Tansley insight article, we summarize recent …
De Novo Meaning In Biology (2024) - cie-advances.asme.org
De Novo Meaning In Biology: Evolution by Gene Duplication Susumu Ohno,2013-12-11 It is said that necessity is the mother of invention To be sure wheels and pulleys were invented out of …
Chapter 2 Mitochondrial Dynamics - Springer
cs Iain Scott and David C. Logan Abstract Mitochondria cannot be created de novo, meaning that any new mitochondrion must be formed from the d. vision of an existing organelle. In addition …
A new AI approach to protein design - Phys.org
One of the grand challenges in protein engineering is designing proteins de novo, meaning from scratch, to tailor their properties for specific tasks. This has profound implications for...
Self-Assembling Supramolecular Nanostructures Constructed …
In this study, to construct chain-like polymeric nanostructures, we designed de novo extender protein nanobuilding blocks (ePN − Blocks) by tandemly fusing two de novo binary-patterned …
On the performance of de novo pathway enrichment - Nature
De novo pathway enrichment is a powerful approach to discover previously uncharacterized molecular mechanisms in addition to already known pathways. To achieve this, condition …
Recent advances in de novo protein design: Principles, …
We describe developments in de novo led to the ability to generate precise geometric variations in de generation of designable backbone structures, optimization of sequences, design scoring …
