| de facto segregation us history definition: The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America Richard Rothstein, 2017-05-02 New York Times Bestseller • Notable Book of the Year • Editors' Choice Selection One of Bill Gates’ “Amazing Books” of the Year One of Publishers Weekly’s 10 Best Books of the Year Longlisted for the National Book Award for Nonfiction An NPR Best Book of the Year Winner of the Hillman Prize for Nonfiction Gold Winner • California Book Award (Nonfiction) Finalist • Los Angeles Times Book Prize (History) Finalist • Brooklyn Public Library Literary Prize This “powerful and disturbing history” exposes how American governments deliberately imposed racial segregation on metropolitan areas nationwide (New York Times Book Review). Widely heralded as a “masterful” (Washington Post) and “essential” (Slate) history of the modern American metropolis, Richard Rothstein’s The Color of Law offers “the most forceful argument ever published on how federal, state, and local governments gave rise to and reinforced neighborhood segregation” (William Julius Wilson). Exploding the myth of de facto segregation arising from private prejudice or the unintended consequences of economic forces, Rothstein describes how the American government systematically imposed residential segregation: with undisguised racial zoning; public housing that purposefully segregated previously mixed communities; subsidies for builders to create whites-only suburbs; tax exemptions for institutions that enforced segregation; and support for violent resistance to African Americans in white neighborhoods. A groundbreaking, “virtually indispensable” study that has already transformed our understanding of twentieth-century urban history (Chicago Daily Observer), The Color of Law forces us to face the obligation to remedy our unconstitutional past. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Facing Segregation Molly W. Metzger, Henry S. Webber, 2018-11-19 Evidence for the negative effects of segregation and concentrated poverty in America's cities now exists in abundance; poor and underrepresented communities in segregated urban housing markets suffer diminished outcomes in education, economic mobility, political participation, and physical and psychological health. Though many of the aggravating factors underlying this inequity have persisted or even grown worse in recent decades, the level of energy and attention devoted to them by local and national policymakers has ebbed significantly from that which inspired the landmark civil rights legislation of the 1960s. Marking 50 years since the passage of the Fair Housing and Civil Rights Acts, Facing Segregation both builds on and departs from two generations of scholarship on urban development and inequality. Authors provide historical context for patterns of segregation in the United States and present arguments for bold new policy actions ranging from local innovations to national initiatives. The volume refocuses attention on achievable solutions by providing not only an overview of this timely subject, but a roadmap forward as the twenty-first century assesses the successes and failures of the housing policies inherited from the twentieth. Rather than introducing new theories or empirical data sets describing the urban landscape, Metzger and Webber have gathered the field's first collection of prescriptions for what ought to be done. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Impacts of Racism and Bias on Black People Pursuing Careers in Science, Engineering, and Medicine National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Policy and Global Affairs, Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, 2020-12-18 Despite the changing demographics of the nation and a growing appreciation for diversity and inclusion as drivers of excellence in science, engineering, and medicine, Black Americans are severely underrepresented in these fields. Racism and bias are significant reasons for this disparity, with detrimental implications on individuals, health care organizations, and the nation as a whole. The Roundtable on Black Men and Black Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine was launched at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in 2019 to identify key levers, drivers, and disruptors in government, industry, health care, and higher education where actions can have the most impact on increasing the participation of Black men and Black women in science, medicine, and engineering. On April 16, 2020, the Roundtable convened a workshop to explore the context for their work; to surface key issues and questions that the Roundtable should address in its initial phase; and to reach key stakeholders and constituents. This proceedings provides a record of the workshop. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Ghetto Daniel B. Schwartz, 2019-09-24 Just as European Jews were being emancipated and ghettos in their original form—compulsory, enclosed spaces designed to segregate—were being dismantled, use of the word ghetto surged in Europe and spread around the globe. Tracing the curious path of this loaded word from its first use in sixteenth-century Venice to the present turns out to be more than an adventure in linguistics. Few words are as ideologically charged as ghetto. Its early uses centered on two cities: Venice, where it referred to the segregation of the Jews in 1516, and Rome, where the ghetto survived until the fall of the Papal States in 1870, long after it had ceased to exist elsewhere. Ghetto: The History of a Word offers a fascinating account of the changing nuances of this slippery term, from its coinage to the present day. It details how the ghetto emerged as an ambivalent metaphor for “premodern” Judaism in the nineteenth century and how it was later revived to refer to everything from densely populated Jewish immigrant enclaves in modern cities to the hypersegregated holding pens of Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe. We see how this ever-evolving word traveled across the Atlantic Ocean, settled into New York’s Lower East Side and Chicago’s Near West Side, then came to be more closely associated with African Americans than with Jews. Chronicling this sinuous transatlantic odyssey, Daniel B. Schwartz reveals how the history of ghettos is tied up with the struggle and argument over the meaning of a word. Paradoxically, the term ghetto came to loom larger in discourse about Jews when Jews were no longer required to live in legal ghettos. At a time when the Jewish associations have been largely eclipsed, Ghetto retrieves the history of a disturbingly resilient word. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Encyclopedia of Educational Reform and Dissent Thomas C. Hunt, James C. Carper, Thomas J. Lasley, II, C. Daniel Raisch, 2010-01-12 Educational reform, and to a lesser extent educational dissent, occupy a prominent place in the annals of U.S. education. Whether based on religious, cultural, social, philosophical, or pedagogical grounds, they are ever-present in our educational history. Although some reforms have been presented as a remedy for society′s ills, most programs were aimed toward practical transformation of the existing system to ensure that each child will have a better opportunity to succeed in U.S. society. Educational reform is a topic rich with ideas, rife with controversy, and vital in its outcome for school patrons, educators, and the nation as a whole. With nearly 450 entries, these two volumes comprise the first reference work to bring together the strands of reform and reformers and dissent and dissenters in one place as a resource for parents, policymakers, scholars, teachers, and those studying to enter the teaching profession. Key Features Opens with a historical overview of educational reform and dissent and a timeline of key reforms, legislation, publications, and more Examines the reform or dissent related to education found in theories, concepts, ideas, writings, research, and practice Addresses how reformers and dissenters become significant culture-shaping people and change the way we conduct our lives Key Themes Accountability Biographies Concepts and Theories Curriculum and Instruction Diversity Finances and Economics Government Organizations?Advisory Organizations?Business and Foundations Organizations?Curriculum Organizations?Government Organizations?Professional Organizations?Think Tanks Public Policy Religion and Religious Education Reports School Types Special Needs Technology This authoritative work fills a void in the literature in the vast areas of educational reform and dissent, making it a must-have resource for any academic library. Availability in print and electronic formats provides students with convenient, easy access, wherever they may be. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: American Apartheid Douglas S. Massey, Nancy A. Denton, 1993 This powerful and disturbing book clearly links persistent poverty among blacks in the United States to the unparalleled degree of deliberate segregation they experience in American cities. American Apartheid shows how the black ghetto was created by whites during the first half of the twentieth century in order to isolate growing urban black populations. It goes on to show that, despite the Fair Housing Act of 1968, segregation is perpetuated today through an interlocking set of individual actions, institutional practices, and governmental policies. In some urban areas the degree of black segregation is so intense and occurs in so many dimensions simultaneously that it amounts to hypersegregation. The authors demonstrate that this systematic segregation of African Americans leads inexorably to the creation of underclass communities during periods of economic downturn. Under conditions of extreme segregation, any increase in the overall rate of black poverty yields a marked increase in the geographic concentration of indigence and the deterioration of social and economic conditions in black communities. As ghetto residents adapt to this increasingly harsh environment under a climate of racial isolation, they evolve attitudes, behaviors, and practices that further marginalize their neighborhoods and undermine their chances of success in mainstream American society. This book is a sober challenge to those who argue that race is of declining significance in the United States today. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Measuring Racial Discrimination National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Panel on Methods for Assessing Discrimination, 2004-07-24 Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discriminationâ€pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Silent Covenants Derrick Bell, 2004-04-19 When the landmark Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of Education was handed down in 1954, many civil rights advocates believed that the decision, which declared public school segregation unconstitutional, would become the Holy Grail of racial justice. Fifty years later, despite its legal irrelevance and the racially separate and educationally ineffective state of public schooling for most black children, Brown is still viewed by many as the perfect precedent. Here, Derrick Bell shatters the shining image of this celebrated ruling. He notes that, despite the onerous burdens of segregation, many black schools functioned well and racial bigotry had not rendered blacks a damaged race. He maintains that, given what we now know about the pervasive nature of racism, the Court should have determined instead to rigorously enforce the equal component of the separate but equal standard. Racial policy, Bell maintains, is made through silent covenants--unspoken convergences of interest and involuntary sacrifices of rights--that ensure that policies conform to priorities set by policy-makers. Blacks and whites are the fortuitous winners or losers in these unspoken agreements. The experience with Brown, Bell urges, should teach us that meaningful progress in the quest for racial justice requires more than the assertion of harms. Strategies must recognize and utilize the interest-convergence factors that strongly influence racial policy decisions. In Silent Covenants, Bell condenses more than four decades of thought and action into a powerful and eye-opening book. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Unequal Treatment Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, 2009-02-06 Racial and ethnic disparities in health care are known to reflect access to care and other issues that arise from differing socioeconomic conditions. There is, however, increasing evidence that even after such differences are accounted for, race and ethnicity remain significant predictors of the quality of health care received. In Unequal Treatment, a panel of experts documents this evidence and explores how persons of color experience the health care environment. The book examines how disparities in treatment may arise in health care systems and looks at aspects of the clinical encounter that may contribute to such disparities. Patients' and providers' attitudes, expectations, and behavior are analyzed. How to intervene? Unequal Treatment offers recommendations for improvements in medical care financing, allocation of care, availability of language translation, community-based care, and other arenas. The committee highlights the potential of cross-cultural education to improve provider-patient communication and offers a detailed look at how to integrate cross-cultural learning within the health professions. The book concludes with recommendations for data collection and research initiatives. Unequal Treatment will be vitally important to health care policymakers, administrators, providers, educators, and students as well as advocates for people of color. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Stamped from the Beginning Ibram X. Kendi, 2016-04-12 The National Book Award winning history of how racist ideas were created, spread, and deeply rooted in American society. Some Americans insist that we're living in a post-racial society. But racist thought is not just alive and well in America -- it is more sophisticated and more insidious than ever. And as award-winning historian Ibram X. Kendi argues, racist ideas have a long and lingering history, one in which nearly every great American thinker is complicit. In this deeply researched and fast-moving narrative, Kendi chronicles the entire story of anti-black racist ideas and their staggering power over the course of American history. He uses the life stories of five major American intellectuals to drive this history: Puritan minister Cotton Mather, Thomas Jefferson, abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, W.E.B. Du Bois, and legendary activist Angela Davis. As Kendi shows, racist ideas did not arise from ignorance or hatred. They were created to justify and rationalize deeply entrenched discriminatory policies and the nation's racial inequities. In shedding light on this history, Stamped from the Beginning offers us the tools we need to expose racist thinking. In the process, he gives us reason to hope. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Color of Money Mehrsa Baradaran, 2017-09-14 “Read this book. It explains so much about the moment...Beautiful, heartbreaking work.” —Ta-Nehisi Coates “A deep accounting of how America got to a point where a median white family has 13 times more wealth than the median black family.” —The Atlantic “Extraordinary...Baradaran focuses on a part of the American story that’s often ignored: the way African Americans were locked out of the financial engines that create wealth in America.” —Ezra Klein When the Emancipation Proclamation was signed in 1863, the black community owned less than 1 percent of the total wealth in America. More than 150 years later, that number has barely budged. The Color of Money seeks to explain the stubborn persistence of this racial wealth gap by focusing on the generators of wealth in the black community: black banks. With the civil rights movement in full swing, President Nixon promoted “black capitalism,” a plan to support black banks and minority-owned businesses. But the catch-22 of black banking is that the very institutions needed to help communities escape the deep poverty caused by discrimination and segregation inevitably became victims of that same poverty. In this timely and eye-opening account, Baradaran challenges the long-standing belief that black communities could ever really hope to accumulate wealth in a segregated economy. “Black capitalism has not improved the economic lives of black people, and Baradaran deftly explains the reasons why.” —Los Angeles Review of Books “A must read for anyone interested in closing America’s racial wealth gap.” —Black Perspectives |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Truly Disadvantaged William Julius Wilson, 2012-06-29 An assessment of the relationship between race and poverty in the United States, and potential solutions for the issue. Renowned American sociologist William Julius Wilson takes a look at the social transformation of inner-city ghettos, offering a sharp evaluation of the convergence of race and poverty. Rejecting both conservative and liberal interpretations of life in the inner city, Wilson offers essential information and several solutions to policymakers. The Truly Disadvantaged is a wide-ranging examination, looking at the relationship between race, employment, and education from the 1950s onwards, with surprising and provocative findings. This second edition also includes a new afterword from Wilson himself that brings the book up to date and offers fresh insight into its findings. Praise for The Truly Disadvantaged “The Truly Disadvantaged should spur critical thinking in many quarters about the causes and possible remedies for inner city poverty. As policymakers grapple with the problems of an enlarged underclass they—as well as community leaders and all concerned Americans of all races—would be advised to examine Mr. Wilson’s incisive analysis.” —Robert Greenstein, New York Times Book Review “The Truly Disadvantaged not only assembles a vast array of data gleamed from the works of specialists, it offers much new information and analysis. Wilson has asked the hard questions, he has done his homework, and he has dared to speak unpopular truths.” —Los Angeles Times Book Review “Required reading for anyone, presidential candidate or private citizen, who really wants to address the growing plight of the black urban underclass.” —David J. Garrow, Washington Post Book World |
| de facto segregation us history definition: City of Segregation Andrea Gibbons, 2018-09-18 A majestic one-hundred-year study of segregation in Los Angeles City of Segregation documents one hundred years of struggle against the enforced separation of racial groups through property markets, constructions of community, and the growth of neoliberalism. This movement history covers the decades of work to end legal support for segregation in 1948; the 1960s Civil Rights movement and CORE’s efforts to integrate LA’s white suburbs; and the 2006 victory preserving 10,000 downtown residential hotel units from gentrification enfolded within ongoing resistance to the criminalization and displacement of the homeless. Andrea Gibbons reveals the shape and nature of the racist ideology that must be fought, in Los Angeles and across the United States, if we hope to found just cities. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Common Ground J. Anthony Lukas, 2012-09-12 Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Critics Circle Award, the Robert F. Kennedy Book Award, and the American Book Award, the bestselling Common Ground is much more than the story of the busing crisis in Boston as told through the experiences of three families. As Studs Terkel remarked, it's gripping, indelible...a truth about all large American cities. An epic of American city life...a story of such hypnotic specificity that we re-experience all the shades of hope and anger, pity and fear that living anywhere in late 20th-century America has inevitably provoked. —Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, The New York Times |
| de facto segregation us history definition: American Government 3e Glen Krutz, Sylvie Waskiewicz, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. American Government 3e aligns with the topics and objectives of many government courses. Faculty involved in the project have endeavored to make government workings, issues, debates, and impacts meaningful and memorable to students while maintaining the conceptual coverage and rigor inherent in the subject. With this objective in mind, the content of this textbook has been developed and arranged to provide a logical progression from the fundamental principles of institutional design at the founding, to avenues of political participation, to thorough coverage of the political structures that constitute American government. The book builds upon what students have already learned and emphasizes connections between topics as well as between theory and applications. The goal of each section is to enable students not just to recognize concepts, but to work with them in ways that will be useful in later courses, future careers, and as engaged citizens. In order to help students understand the ways that government, society, and individuals interconnect, the revision includes more examples and details regarding the lived experiences of diverse groups and communities within the United States. The authors and reviewers sought to strike a balance between confronting the negative and harmful elements of American government, history, and current events, while demonstrating progress in overcoming them. In doing so, the approach seeks to provide instructors with ample opportunities to open discussions, extend and update concepts, and drive deeper engagement. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Slavery by Another Name Douglas A. Blackmon, 2012-10-04 A Pulitzer Prize-winning history of the mistreatment of black Americans. In this 'precise and eloquent work' - as described in its Pulitzer Prize citation - Douglas A. Blackmon brings to light one of the most shameful chapters in American history - an 'Age of Neoslavery' that thrived in the aftermath of the Civil War through the dawn of World War II. Using a vast record of original documents and personal narratives, Blackmon unearths the lost stories of slaves and their descendants who journeyed into freedom after the Emancipation Proclamation and then back into the shadow of involuntary servitude thereafter. By turns moving, sobering and shocking, this unprecedented account reveals these stories, the companies that profited the most from neoslavery, and the insidious legacy of racism that reverberates today. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Keywords for African American Studies Erica R. Edwards, Roderick A. Ferguson, Jeffrey O.G. Ogbar, 2018-11-27 Introduces key terms, interdisciplinary research, debates, and histories for African American Studies As the longest-standing interdisciplinary field, African American Studies has laid the foundation for critically analyzing issues of race, ethnicity, and culture within the academy and beyond. This volume assembles the keywords of this field for the first time, exploring not only the history of those categories but their continued relevance in the contemporary moment. Taking up a vast array of issues such as slavery, colonialism, prison expansion, sexuality, gender, feminism, war, and popular culture, Keywords for African American Studies showcases the startling breadth that characterizes the field. Featuring an august group of contributors across the social sciences and the humanities, the keywords assembled within the pages of this volume exemplify the depth and range of scholarly inquiry into Black life in the United States. Connecting lineages of Black knowledge production to contemporary considerations of race, gender, class, and sexuality, Keywords for African American Studies provides a model for how the scholarship of the field can meet the challenges of our social world. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Dismantling Desegregation Gary Orfield, Susan E. Eaton, 1996 Discusses the reversal of desegration in public schools |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States Kermit L. Hall, 2005-05-19 The Supreme Court has continued to write constitutional history over the thirteen years since publication of the highly acclaimed first edition of The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court. Two new justices have joined the high court, more than 800 cases have been decided, and a good deal of new scholarship has appeared on many of the topics treated in the Companion. Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist presided over the impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton, and the Court as a whole played a decisive and controversial role in the outcome of the 2000 presidential election. Under Rehnquists's leadership, a bare majority of the justices have rewritten significant areas of the law dealing with federalism, sovereign immunity, and the commerce power. This new edition includes new entries on key cases and fully updated treatment of crucial areas of constitutional law, such as abortion, freedom of religion, school desegregation, freedom of speech, voting rights, military tribunals, and the rights of the accused. These developments make the second edition of this accessible and authoritative guide essential for judges, lawyers, academics, journalists, and anyone interested in the impact of the Court's decisions on American society. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Inside the Warren Court Bernard Schwartz, Stephan Lesher, 1983 |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools Annette Lareau, Kimberly Goyette, 2014-03-31 A series of policy shifts over the past decade promises to change how Americans decide where to send their children to school. In theory, the boom in standardized test scores and charter schools will allow parents to evaluate their assigned neighborhood school, or move in search of a better option. But what kind of data do parents actually use while choosing schools? Are there differences among suburban and urban families? How do parents’ choices influence school and residential segregation in America? Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools presents a breakthrough analysis of the new era of school choice, and what it portends for American neighborhoods. The distinguished contributors to Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools investigate the complex relationship between education, neighborhood social networks, and larger patterns of inequality. Paul Jargowsky reviews recent trends in segregation by race and class. His analysis shows that segregation between blacks and whites has declined since 1970, but remains extremely high. Moreover, white families with children are less likely than childless whites to live in neighborhoods with more minority residents. In her chapter, Annette Lareau draws on interviews with parents in three suburban neighborhoods to analyze school-choice decisions. Surprisingly, she finds that middle- and upper-class parents do not rely on active research, such as school tours or test scores. Instead, most simply trust advice from friends and other people in their network. Their decision-making process was largely informal and passive. Eliot Weinginer complements this research when he draws from his data on urban parents. He finds that these families worry endlessly about the selection of a school, and that parents of all backgrounds actively consider alternatives, including charter schools. Middle- and upper-class parents relied more on federally mandated report cards, district websites, and online forums, while working-class parents use network contacts to gain information on school quality. Little previous research has explored what role school concerns play in the preferences of white and minority parents for particular neighborhoods. Featuring innovative work from more than a dozen scholars, Choosing Homes, Choosing Schools adroitly addresses this gap and provides a firmer understanding of how Americans choose where to live and send their children to school. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Sundown Towns James W. Loewen, 2018-07-17 Powerful and important . . . an instant classic. —The Washington Post Book World The award-winning look at an ugly aspect of American racism by the bestselling author of Lies My Teacher Told Me, reissued with a new preface by the author In this groundbreaking work, sociologist James W. Loewen, author of the classic bestseller Lies My Teacher Told Me, brings to light decades of hidden racial exclusion in America. In a provocative, sweeping analysis of American residential patterns, Loewen uncovers the thousands of sundown towns—almost exclusively white towns where it was an unspoken rule that blacks weren't welcome—that cropped up throughout the twentieth century, most of them located outside of the South. Written with Loewen's trademark honesty and thoroughness, Sundown Towns won the Gustavus Myers Outstanding Book Award, received starred reviews in Publishers Weekly and Booklist, and launched a nationwide online effort to track down and catalog sundown towns across America. In a new preface, Loewen puts this history in the context of current controversies around white supremacy and the Black Lives Matter movement. He revisits sundown towns and finds the number way down, but with notable exceptions in exclusive all-white suburbs such as Kenilworth, Illinois, which as of 2010 had not a single black household. And, although many former sundown towns are now integrated, they often face second-generation sundown town issues, such as in Ferguson, Missouri, a former sundown town that is now majority black, but with a majority-white police force. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889-1918 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1919 |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Hidden Rules of Race Andrea Flynn, Susan R. Holmberg, Dorian T. Warren, Felicia J. Wong, 2017-09-08 This book explores the racial rules that are often hidden but perpetuate vast racial inequities in the United States. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Goddess of Anarchy Jacqueline Jones, 2017-12-05 From a prize-winning historian, a new portrait of an extraordinary activist and the turbulent age in which she lived Goddess of Anarchy recounts the formidable life of the militant writer, orator, and agitator Lucy Parsons. Born to an enslaved woman in Virginia in 1851 and raised in Texas-where she met her husband, the Haymarket martyr Albert Parsons-Lucy was a fearless advocate of First Amendment rights, a champion of the working classes, and one of the most prominent figures of African descent of her era. And yet, her life was riddled with contradictions-she advocated violence without apology, concocted a Hispanic-Indian identity for herself, and ignored the plight of African Americans. Drawing on a wealth of new sources, Jacqueline Jones presents not only the exceptional life of the famous American-born anarchist but also an authoritative account of her times-from slavery through the Great Depression. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Code-meshing as World English Vershawn Ashanti Young, Aja Y. Martinez, 2011 Although linguists have traditionally viewed code-switching as the simultaneous use of two language varieties in a single context, scholars and teachers of English have appropriated the term to argue for teaching minority students to monitor their languages and dialects according to context. For advocates of code-switching, teaching students to distinguish between home language and school language offers a solution to the tug-of-war between standard and nonstandard Englishes. This volume arises from concerns that this kind of code-switching may actually facilitate the illiteracy and academic failure that educators seek to eliminate and can promote resistance to Standard English rather than encouraging its use. The original essays in this collection offer various perspectives on why code-meshing--blending minoritized dialects and world Englishes with Standard English--is a better pedagogical alternative than code-switching in the teaching of reading, writing, listening, speaking, and visually representing to diverse learners. This collection argues that code-meshing rather than code-switching leads to lucid, often dynamic prose by people whose first language is something other than English, as well as by native English speakers who speak and write with accents and those whose home language or neighborhood dialects are deemed nonstandard. While acknowledging the difficulties in implementing a code-meshing pedagogy, editors Vershawn Ashanti Young and Aja Y. Martinez, along with a range of scholars from international and national literacy studies, English education, writing studies, sociolinguistics, and critical pedagogy, argue that all writers and speakers benefit when we demystify academic language and encourage students to explore the plurality of the English language in both unofficial and official spaces. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Underwriting Manual United States. Federal Housing Administration, 1936-04 |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Oration by Frederick Douglass. Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedmen's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1876, with an Appendix Frederick Douglass, 2024-06-14 Reprint of the original, first published in 1876. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Why Busing Failed Matthew F. Delmont, 2016-03 Busing, in which students were transported by school buses to achieve court-ordered or voluntary school desegregation, became one of the nation's most controversial civil rights issues in the decades after Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Examining battles over school desegregation in cities like Boston, Chicago, New York, and Pontiac, [this book posits that] school officials, politicians, courts, and the news media valued the desires of white parents more than the rights of black students, and how antibusing parents and politicians borrowed media strategies from the civil rights movement to thwart busing for school desegregation--Provided by publisher. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The New Negro Alain Locke, 1925 |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Atlanta Compromise Booker T. Washington, 2014-03 The Atlanta Compromise was an address by African-American leader Booker T. Washington on September 18, 1895. Given to a predominantly White audience at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia, the speech has been recognized as one of the most important and influential speeches in American history. The compromise was announced at the Atlanta Exposition Speech. The primary architect of the compromise, on behalf of the African-Americans, was Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee Institute. Supporters of Washington and the Atlanta compromise were termed the Tuskegee Machine. The agreement was never written down. Essential elements of the agreement were that blacks would not ask for the right to vote, they would not retaliate against racist behavior, they would tolerate segregation and discrimination, that they would receive free basic education, education would be limited to vocational or industrial training (for instance as teachers or nurses), liberal arts education would be prohibited (for instance, college education in the classics, humanities, art, or literature). After the turn of the 20th century, other black leaders, most notably W. E. B. Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter - (a group Du Bois would call The Talented Tenth), took issue with the compromise, instead believing that African-Americans should engage in a struggle for civil rights. W. E. B. Du Bois coined the term Atlanta Compromise to denote the agreement. The term accommodationism is also used to denote the essence of the Atlanta compromise. After Washington's death in 1915, supporters of the Atlanta compromise gradually shifted their support to civil rights activism, until the modern Civil rights movement commenced in the 1950s. Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 - November 14, 1915) was an African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community. Washington was of the last generation of black American leaders born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants, who were newly oppressed by disfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post-Reconstruction Southern states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1895 his Atlanta compromise called for avoiding confrontation over segregation and instead putting more reliance on long-term educational and economic advancement in the black community. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: By the People James W. Fraser, 2018 |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Age of Austerity Thomas Byrne Edsall, 2012-01-10 One of our most prescient political observers provides a sobering account of how pitched battles over scarce resources will increasingly define American politics in the coming years—and how we might avoid, or at least mitigate, the damage from these ideological and economic battles. In a matter of just three years, a bitter struggle over limited resources has enveloped political discourse at every level in the United States. Fights between haves and have-nots over health care, unemployment benefits, funding for mortgage write-downs, economic stimulus legislation—and, at the local level, over cuts in police protection, garbage collection, and in the number of teachers—have dominated the debate. Elected officials are being forced to make zero-sum choices—or worse, choices with no winners. Resource competition between Democrats and Republicans has left each side determined to protect what it has at the expense of the other. The major issues of the next few years—long-term deficit reduction; entitlement reform, notably of Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid; major cuts in defense spending; and difficulty in financing a continuation of American international involvement—suggest that your-gain-is-my-loss politics will inevitably intensify. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home , 2012-10-09 Available online via SciVerse ScienceDirect, or in print for a limited time only, The International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home, Seven Volume Set is the first international reference work for housing scholars and professionals, that uses studies in economics and finance, psychology, social policy, sociology, anthropology, geography, architecture, law, and other disciplines to create an international portrait of housing in all its facets: from meanings of home at the microscale, to impacts on macro-economy. This comprehensive work is edited by distinguished housing expert Susan J. Smith, together with Marja Elsinga, Ong Seow Eng, Lorna Fox O'Mahony and Susan Wachter, and a multi-disciplinary editorial team of 20 world-class scholars in all. Working at the cutting edge of their subject, liaising with an expert editorial advisory board, and engaging with policy-makers and professionals, the editors have worked for almost five years to secure the quality, reach, relevance and coherence of this work. A broad and inclusive table of contents signals (or tesitifes to) detailed investigation of historical and theoretical material as well as in-depth analysis of current issues. This seven-volume set contains over 500 entries, listed alphabetically, but grouped into seven thematic sections including methods and approaches; economics and finance; environments; home and homelessness; institutions; policy; and welfare and well-being. Housing professionals, both academics and practitioners, will find The International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home useful for teaching, discovery, and research needs. International in scope, engaging with trends in every world region The editorial board and contributors are drawn from a wide constituency, collating expertise from academics, policy makers, professionals and practitioners, and from every key center for housing research Every entry stands alone on its merits and is accessed alphabetically, yet each is fully cross-referenced, and attached to one of seven thematic categories whose ‘wholes' far exceed the sum of their parts |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Negro Motorist Green Book Victor H. Green, The Negro Motorist Green Book was a groundbreaking guide that provided African American travelers with crucial information on safe places to stay, eat, and visit during the era of segregation in the United States. This essential resource, originally published from 1936 to 1966, offered a lifeline to black motorists navigating a deeply divided nation, helping them avoid the dangers and indignities of racism on the road. More than just a travel guide, The Negro Motorist Green Book stands as a powerful symbol of resilience and resistance in the face of oppression, offering a poignant glimpse into the challenges and triumphs of the African American experience in the 20th century. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Sex and the Constitution: Sex, Religion, and Law from America's Origins to the Twenty-First Century Geoffrey R. Stone, 2017-03-21 A New York Times Book Review Editors’ Choice Selection A “volume of lasting significance” that illuminates how the clash between sex and religion has defined our nation’s history (Lee C. Bollinger, president, Columbia University). Lauded for “bringing a bracing and much-needed dose of reality about the Founders’ views of sexuality” (New York Review of Books), Geoffrey R. Stone’s Sex and the Constitution traces the evolution of legal and moral codes that have legislated sexual behavior from America’s earliest days to today’s fractious political climate. This “fascinating and maddening” (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette) narrative shows how agitators, moralists, and, especially, the justices of the Supreme Court have navigated issues as divisive as abortion, homosexuality, pornography, and contraception. Overturning a raft of contemporary shibboleths, Stone reveals that at the time the Constitution was adopted there were no laws against obscenity or abortion before the midpoint of pregnancy. A pageant of historical characters, including Voltaire, Thomas Jefferson, Anthony Comstock, Margaret Sanger, and Justice Anthony Kennedy, enliven this “commanding synthesis of scholarship” (Publishers Weekly) that dramatically reveals how our laws about sex, religion, and morality reflect the cultural schisms that have cleaved our nation from its founding. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: More Courageous Conversations About Race Glenn E. Singleton, 2013 Since the highly acclaimed Courageous Conversations About Race offered educators a frame work and tools for promoting racial equity, many schools have implemented the Courageous Conversations Protocol. Now ... in a book that's rich with anecdote, Singleton celebrates the successes, outlines the difficulties, and provides specific strategies for moving Courageous Conversations from racial equity theory to practice at every level, from the classroom to the school superintendent's office--Back cover. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: Introduction to Sociology 2e Nathan J. Keirns, Heather Griffiths, Eric Strayer, Susan Cody-Rydzewski, Gail Scaramuzzo, Sally Vyain, Tommy Sadler, Jeff D. Bry, Faye Jones, 2015-03-17 This text is intended for a one-semester introductory course.--Page 1. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: When Affirmative Action Was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America Ira Katznelson, 2006-08-17 A groundbreaking work that exposes the twisted origins of affirmative action. In this penetrating new analysis (New York Times Book Review) Ira Katznelson fundamentally recasts our understanding of twentieth-century American history and demonstrates that all the key programs passed during the New Deal and Fair Deal era of the 1930s and 1940s were created in a deeply discriminatory manner. Through mechanisms designed by Southern Democrats that specifically excluded maids and farm workers, the gap between blacks and whites actually widened despite postwar prosperity. In the words of noted historian Eric Foner, Katznelson's incisive book should change the terms of debate about affirmative action, and about the last seventy years of American history. |
| de facto segregation us history definition: The Age of Entitlement Christopher Caldwell, 2021-01-05 A major American intellectual and “one of the right’s most gifted and astute journalists” (The New York Times Book Review) makes the historical case that the reforms of the 1960s, reforms intended to make the nation more just and humane, left many Americans feeling alienated, despised, misled—and ready to put an adventurer in the White House. Christopher Caldwell has spent years studying the liberal uprising of the 1960s and its unforeseen consequences and his conclusion is this: even the reforms that Americans love best have come with costs that are staggeringly high—in wealth, freedom, and social stability—and that have been spread unevenly among classes and generations. Caldwell reveals the real political turning points of the past half-century, taking you on a roller-coaster ride through Playboy magazine, affirmative action, CB radio, leveraged buyouts, iPhones, Oxycotin, Black Lives Matter, and internet cookies. In doing so, he shows that attempts to redress the injustices of the past have left Americans living under two different ideas of what it means to play by the rules. Essential, timely, hard to put down, The Age of Entitlement “is an eloquent and bracing book, full of insight” (New York magazine) about how the reforms of the past fifty years gave the country two incompatible political systems—and drove it toward conflict. |
dn，DN，de，De之间的区别到底是什么？ - 知乎
Jun 19, 2020 · De是管道外径，数值表达的为准确的管道外径，一般后面会加上壁厚参数； de，通过管道任意一点横断面测量的外径。 对于这个问题，其实很多专业的人士都并不能分清，因 …
知乎 - 有问题，就会有答案
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
知乎 - 知乎
有问题，上知乎。知乎，可信赖的问答社区，以让每个人高效获得可信赖的解答为使命。知乎凭借认真、专业和友善的社区氛围，结构化、易获得的优质内容，基于问答的内容生产方式和独特 …
为什么用 DeepSeek 总是提示「服务器繁忙」？怎么解决？ - 知乎
最近使用deepseek时，不知道是不是问问题的方式不对还是服务器不稳定原因，很多问题半天也没有一个回答。
「的」「地」「得」的用法有何区别？ - 知乎
三个“de”最主要的功能都是连接前后两个词（或者词组，下面细说），那么我们只要看它们三个分别连接什么词就可以了。 地：后面是动词或形容词，前面是副词或形容词（词组），前面的 …
有问题，就会有答案 - 知乎
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
为什么《GTA5》要分两个版本？ - 知乎
虽然问题问的不够详细，但我能看明白题主想要表达的意思。 从2025年3月开始，pc版的《gta5》成了两个版本，一个传承版 ...
现在最火的论坛社区有哪些？ - 知乎
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业 …
2025年，还有适合入坑的端游mmorpg吗？ - 知乎
2025年是否还有适合入坑的端游MMORPG？本页面探讨了点卡和免费模式的可能性，月卡不被接受。
奶包的大叔 - 知乎
5 days ago · 楼下保安说，今天在小区门口听到几个学生模样的讨论：今年的高考作文很容易，全国一卷:虽然你很苦，你也要为我唱赞歌。
The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our
de facto segregation is perpetuated and described as a passive force outside the control of government. In this sense, the history of racial segregation is not so much “forgotten” as it is …
In remembrance of my parents, - Homework For You
Northeast did not budge much, and patterns of de facto segregation in the Northeast continue to rise slowly but steadily, such that today more than 50 percent of Black ... Roithmayr succinctly …
Is Separate Still Unequal? New Evidence on School …
school segregation and achievement gaps may be provide a biased estimate of the causal effect of segregation. However, we reason that if school segregation affects achievement gaps, we …
Is Separate Still Unequal? New Evidence on School Segregation
students’ educational success in a way that current de facto segregation does not. De jure segregation . Segregation and Achievement Gaps 3 also came with stark differences in school …
How does access to this work benefit you? Let us know!
de jure. and . de facto. segregation. De jure . segregation denoted the discriminatory laws, largely found in the South, that intentionally separated races under . Plessy v. Ferguson. De facto . …
Strom Thurmond was the principal instigator behind the …
allowed local school districts to determine segregation pol-icy, and almost every other state in the nation practiced some form of de facto public school segregation. The Supreme Court’s …
RESEARCH REPORT Dividing Lines - Urban Institute
Aug 27, 2018 · What is missing from the de facto segregation theory is the government’s role in setting the stage for sorting to take place. Segregation is caused not only by individual choices …
FACTS OF HISTORY: THE VESTIGES OF SEGREGATION
Courts applying this test have interpreted the definition of vestiges very narrowly, failing to recognize any aspects of present day schools as legacies of segregation. As a result, nearly …
Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University
1848, Mexicans and their descendants were subject to de facto segregation policies, discriminatory economic and social practices at the local and State levels, and numerous acts …
USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | …
Nov 4, 2021 · enslavement and segregation in American history, they only exist today because they have been perpetuated by ostensibly race-neutral policies and systems which have …
The Color of Law Discussion Guide - Lexington Public Library
, the author makes the case that racial segregation is a result of de jure practices (law or public policy) and gives numerous examples of how the government at all levels created and …
How New York changes the story of the Civil Rights Movement
New York challenges the prevailing assumption that segregation in the North is "de facto" a result of market forces or the private actions of whites, rather than government laws or public policy. …
AP® UNITED STATES HISTORY - College Board
• De facto/de jure segregation • New South — led to mill towns where African Americans and white people came into close contact Examples of unsuccessfully using evidence to address …
From Protest to Politics: Future of the civil Rights Movement.
also seen the rise of de facto segregation in our most fundamental socio-economic institutions. More Negroes are unemployed today than in 1954, and the unemployment gap between the …
Journal of Educational Controversy - cedar.wwu.edu
Seattle schools were not segregated by law, and no public official encouraged de facto segregation as occurred in Chicago and other major Northern cities. The ‘enemy’ in Seattle …
Youth Historians and the Radical Possibilities of Writing History
create writing history assignments that pushed them to develop, use, and question the tools of the discipline. But, what do we mean by writing history? For us, writing history meant engaging the …
SEGREGATING)CALIFORNIA'SFUTURE) - University of …
This report begins with a history of segregation and inequality in California’s schools. It analyzes the changes that have occurred in the California schools since the civil rights era of the l960s …
Against the Grain
As the History Channel stated, black codes and the . Jim Crow. ... The . Dred Scott . decision declared African Americans were not citizens. Plessy. made segregation the law of the land. …
60 Years After Brown: Trends and Consequences of School …
U.S. 483) outlawing de jure school segregation in American public schools, the patterns of residential and school segregation in the United States have changed dramatically. These …
Mendez v. Westminster: Race, Nationality and Segregation …
The increasing segregation of Mexican school children was part of a more general pattern of social separation between Mexicans and Anglos in Southern California.15 Segregation, …
I can explain that how since the Fourteenth Amendments
Exit Questions 1. What are privileges and immunities? Found in Article IV and Amendment 14; apply only to citizens of the United States. Concepts contained in the U.S. Constitution that …
Civil Rights in America: Racial Desegregation of Public …
civil rights history entitled, Civil Rights in America: A Framework for Identifying Significant Sites (2002, rev. 2008). The framework concluded that while a number of civil rights sites had ...
No. 22-0118 STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS
Apr 26, 2022 · 1. History of the Education Clause in the Minnesota Supreme Court ..... 25 2. The district court erred in requiring proof of De Jure Segregation or Intent to Segregate ..... 29 a. …
11th Grade American History Vocabulary Words - egcsd.org
Jun 11, 2016 · 11th Grade American History Vocabulary Words. Chapter 1: Chapter 6: Chapter 12: Nomadic Tariff Pardon . Migration Interest Carpetbagger ... Quota De jure Segregation . …
International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education
practices lead to the act of segregation that occurs in both . de jure. and . de facto. forms. De jure. segregation is a separation that is enforced by rule of law, such as pre-civil rights laws that …
Race, Real Confronting the Legacy of Estate, and “Separate …
Rarely do the public, community leaders, or policymakers engage the history of structural racialization. Despite this lack of public awareness, a large body of literature illustrates the …
The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and …
The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore Morgan Grove,* Laura Ogden,y Steward Pickett,z Chris Boone,x Geoff …
An Examination of Tiebout Sorting and Residential …
Oct 8, 2018 · 2 De facto segregation is commonly defined as: “Segregation that occurs without state authority.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1388 (8th ed. 2004). In contrast, de jure …
The use of seclusion, isolation and time out - NHS England
restrictive approach, and if it meets the definition of seclusion it would be considered to be a restriction of liberty as well. This could include putting adults or children with learning …
African Americans: From Segregation to Modern Institutional ...
The End of De Jure Segregation. A century ago, African Americans faced extreme inequality, relative powerlessness, and sharp limitations on their freedom. Their most visible enemy was …
What's in a Line? - JSTOR
separation of a sovereign state. This includes cases of de jure partition, in which a new internationally recognized state is formed as a result of a success-ful secession (e.g., …
Carl Nightingale Segregation: A Global History of Divided …
“residential segregation created by representatives of a single civilization… spread across the planet” (8); the worldwide high-water mark of segregation was in the early-twentieth century; …
Radical Social Work - ResearchGate
A history of discrimination and oppression has played a ... concise definition for this branch of social work. The challenge seems to ... The impact that de facto segregation has in the …
Racial Segregation in South Africa: Degrees and Kinds - JSTOR
kind. Each form of segregation fulfils different purposes from the viewpoint of the ruling albinocracy, and entails different consequences for South African society as a whole. Let us …
SEGREGATION’S IMPACT - texasappleseed.org
New York Appleseed to host four webinars about the long history of segregation in America.4 Through this series, we highlighted how de jure and de facto segregation influence how …
De Jure vs. De Facto Rights: A Response to "Human Rights:
action that secure rights practice. De jure instruments may codify human rights and enumerate them as important, but they do not carry the authority of enforcement. We argue that the …
The Rhetoric of Choice: Segregation, Desegregation, and …
De facto segregation provides a description, but lacks the rigor of a real causal explanation. De jure segregation, usually juxtaposed with de facto segregation, comes from state action in …
Level History - Essay Questions (US Civil Rights, 1850-2009)
A Level History - Essay Questions (US Civil Rights, 1850-2009) ... ‘In the 1930s, legal (de jure) segregation was a bigger problem for black Americans than de facto racial segregation.’ How …
Modern Segregation | Economic Policy Institute - ed
The notion of de facto segregation is a myth, although widely accepted in a national con-sensus that wants to avoid confronting our racial history. iii. De Jure Residential Segregation by …
Law, Society, Identity, and the Making of the Jim Crow South: …
nessee (the state that enacted the nation's first railroad segregation statute) in order to sketch out these themes, arguing that de jure segregation was brought about by a dialectic between …
School segregation - JSTOR
School segregation today Today, school segregation is enforced not by laws that require racial separation in schools (de jure segregation) but, instead, is indirectly enforced through housing …
The Journal of Negro Education, 83 (3), 300-310 No Blacks
trends reveal the unjust reality of segregation (de facto and de jure) in gifted education (see Ford, 2011, 2013a, 2013b). Several statistics exist for analyzing disproportionality or representation …
Segregation as Splitting, Segregation as Joining: Schools, …
guage of de facto segregation.5 The history of “community education” in Flint, Michigan, exemplifies the paired embrace of segregation as joining and segregation as splitting. In the …
OPRESTI O OT ELETE - Seton Hall University
consolidate school districts where “de facto” segregation exists.15 This Comment will also discuss the history of New Jersey public-school segregation to provide the necessary context of the …
Breaking Apart: Confronting Race in East Baton Rouge Parish
Court ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education. Clarence Thomas, a current African-American Supreme Court Justice, argued that …
ESEA and the Civil Rights Act: An Interbranch Approach to
Jan 3, 2015 · include de facto segregation, this issue was in-stead left unresolved—with long- lasting rami-fications for contemporary segregation. Today, urban, and increasingly sub …
THE 1963 CHICAGO SCHOOL BOYCOTT: A SOCIAL …
World War I that activists called de facto segregation. Group students into teams of four or five and give them access to a computer. Guide them to chapter 2, chapter 3, and chapter 4 of the …
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the …
tial segregation explains where, why, and in which groups the underclass arose. This argument is developed with simulations that replicate the economic conditions observed among blacks and …
Advancing Global Citizenship of Underrepresented and …
wrote extensively about the role classism, suburbanization, and de facto segregation at play in educational attainment, job security, and other socio-economic factors in the United States. In …
ANTI-BLACKNESS/ COLORISM - Boston University
legal and de facto segregation, mass incarceration and over-policing, voter disenfranchisement, and ongoing discrimination that continue to dominate both our history and our current reality, …
