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| define conditioning in psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Health and Behavior Institute of Medicine, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Committee on Health and Behavior: Research, Practice and Policy, 2001-10-18 Health and Behavior reviews our improved understanding of the complex interplay among biological, psychological, and social influences and explores findings suggested by recent research-including interventions at multiple levels that we can employ to improve human health. The book covers three main areas: What do biological, behavioral, and social sciences contribute to our understanding of healthâ€including cardiovascular, immune system and brain functioning, behaviors that influence health, the role of social networks and socioeconomic status, and more. What can we learn from applied research on interventions to improve the health of individuals, families, communities, organizations, and larger populations? How can we expeditiously translate research findings into application? |
| define conditioning in psychology: Theories of Development William Crain, 2015-10-02 The result of extensive scholarship and consultation with leading scholars, this text introduces students to twenty-four theorists and compares and contrasts their theories on how we develop as individuals. Emphasizing the theories that build upon the developmental tradition established by Rousseau, this text also covers theories in the environmental/learning tradition. |
| define conditioning in psychology: How People Learn National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on Developments in the Science of Learning with additional material from the Committee on Learning Research and Educational Practice, 2000-08-11 First released in the Spring of 1999, How People Learn has been expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. Like the original edition, this book offers exciting new research about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and teaching methodsâ€to help children learn most effectively? New evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on what people see and absorb. How People Learn examines these findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it, and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education system. Topics include: How learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain. How existing knowledge affects what people notice and how they learn. What the thought processes of experts tell us about how to teach. The amazing learning potential of infants. The relationship of classroom learning and everyday settings of community and workplace. Learning needs and opportunities for teachers. A realistic look at the role of technology in education. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Psychology For Dummies Adam Cash, 2013-06-21 Understand why you feel and act the way you do Psychology For Dummies is a fun, user-friendly guide to the basics of human behavior and mental processes. In plain English—and using lots of everyday examples—psychologist Dr. Adam Cash cuts through the jargon to explain what psychology is all about and what it tells you about why you do the things you do. With this book as your guide, you'll: gain profound insights into human nature; understand yourself better; make sense of individual and group behaviors; explore different approaches in psychology; recognize problems in yourself and others; make informed choices when seeking psychological counseling; and much more. Shows you how understanding human psychology can help you make better decisions, avoid things that cause stress, manage your time to a greater degree, and set goals Helps you make informed choices when seeking psychological counseling Serves as an invaluable supplement to classroom learning From Freud to forensics, anorexia to xenophobia, Psychology For Dummies takes you on a fascinating journey of self discovery. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Categories of Human Learning Arthur W. Melton, 2014-05-12 Categories of Human Learning covers the papers presented at the Symposium on the Psychology of Human Learning, held at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor on January 31 and February 1, 1962. The book focuses on the different classifications of human learning. The selection first offers information on classical and operant conditioning and the categories of learning and the problem of definition. Discussions focus on classical and instrumental conditioning and the nature of reinforcement; comparability of the forms of human learning; conditioning experiments with human subjects; and subclasses of classical and instrumental conditioning. The text then takes a look at the representativeness of rote verbal learning and centrality of verbal learning. The publication ponders on probability learning, evaluation of stimulus sampling theory, and short-term memory and incidental learning. Topics include short-term retention, stimulus variation experiments, reinforcement schedules and mean response, systematic interpretations, and methodological approaches. The book then examines the behavioral effects of instruction to learning, verbalizations and concepts, and the generality of research on transfer functions. The selection is highly recommended for psychologists and educators wanting to conduct studies on the categories of human learning. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Verbal Behavior Burrhus Frederic Skinner, 1957 |
| define conditioning in psychology: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology Amy Wenzel, 2017-03-16 Abnormal and clinical psychology courses are offered in psychology programs at universities worldwide, but the most recent major encyclopedia on the topic was published many years ago. Although general psychology handbooks and encyclopedias include essays on abnormal and clinical psychology, such works do not provide students with an accessible reference for understanding the full scope of the field. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Abnormal and Clinical Psychology, a 7-volume, A-Z work (print and electronic formats), will be such an authoritative work. Its more than 1,400 entries will provide information on fundamental approaches and theories, various mental health disorders, assessment tools and psychotherapeutic interventions, and the social, legal, and cultural frameworks that have contributed to debates in abnormal and clinical psychology. Key features include: 1,400 signed articles contained in 7 volumes and available in choice of print and/or electronic formats Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping related entries thematically Back matter includes a Chronology, Resource Guide, Bibliography, and detailed Index Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References between and among entries all combine to provide robust search-and-browse features in the electronic version. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Schedules of Reinforcement B. F. Skinner, C. B. Ferster, 2015-05-20 The contingent relationship between actions and their consequences lies at the heart of Skinner’s experimental analysis of behavior. Particular patterns of behavior emerge depending upon the contingencies established. Ferster and Skinner examined the effects of different schedules of reinforcement on behavior. An extraordinary work, Schedules of Reinforcement represents over 70,000 hours of research primarily with pigeons, though the principles have now been experimentally verified with many species including human beings. At first glance, the book appears to be an atlas of schedules. And so it is, the most exhaustive in existence. But it is also a reminder of the power of describing and explaining behavior through an analysis of measurable and manipulative behavior-environment relations without appealing to physiological mechanisms in the brain. As en exemplar and source for the further study of behavioral phenomena, the book illustrates the scientific philosophy that Skinner and Ferster adopted: that a science is best built from the ground up, from a firm foundation of facts that can eventually be summarized as scientific laws. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Science And Human Behavior B.F Skinner, 2012-12-18 The psychology classic—a detailed study of scientific theories of human nature and the possible ways in which human behavior can be predicted and controlled—from one of the most influential behaviorists of the twentieth century and the author of Walden Two. “This is an important book, exceptionally well written, and logically consistent with the basic premise of the unitary nature of science. Many students of society and culture would take violent issue with most of the things that Skinner has to say, but even those who disagree most will find this a stimulating book.” —Samuel M. Strong, The American Journal of Sociology “This is a remarkable book—remarkable in that it presents a strong, consistent, and all but exhaustive case for a natural science of human behavior…It ought to be…valuable for those whose preferences lie with, as well as those whose preferences stand against, a behavioristic approach to human activity.” —Harry Prosch, Ethics |
| define conditioning in psychology: What Shamu Taught Me About Life, Love, and Marriage Amy Sutherland, 2008-02-12 While observing exotic animal trainers for her acclaimed book Kicked, Bitten, and Scratched, journalist Amy Sutherland had an epiphany: What if she used these training techniques with the human animals in her own life–namely her dear husband, Scott? In this lively and perceptive book, Sutherland tells how she took the trainers’ lessons home. The next time her forgetful husband stomped through the house in search of his mislaid car keys, she asked herself, “What would a dolphin trainer do?” The answer was: nothing. Trainers reward the behavior they want and, just as important, ignore the behavior they don’t. Rather than appease her mate’s rising temper by joining in the search, or fuel his temper by nagging him to keep better track of his things in the first place, Sutherland kept her mouth shut and her eyes on the dishes she was washing. In short order, Scott found his keys and regained his cool. “I felt like I should throw him a mackerel,” she writes. In time, as she put more training principles into action, she noticed that she became more optimistic and less judgmental, and their twelve-year marriage was better than ever. What started as a goofy experiment had such good results that Sutherland began using the training techniques with all the people in her life, including her mother, her friends, her students, even the clerk at the post office. In the end, the biggest lesson she learned is that the only animal you can truly change is yourself. Full of fun facts, fascinating insights, hilarious anecdotes, and practical tips, What Shamu Taught Me About Life, Love, and Marriage describes Sutherland’s Alice-in-Wonderland experience of stumbling into a world where cheetahs walk nicely on leashes and elephants paint with watercolors, and of leaving a new, improved Homo sapiens. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it John Broadus Watson, 1913 |
| define conditioning in psychology: Conditioning Behavior and Psychiatry Thomas Arthur Ban, Conditioning is one of the core methods of psychiatry. It is a behavioral method, with a stimulus-response constellation. The stimulus itself can be measured, changed, and combined, and the responses can be measured qualitatively and quantitatively. Conditioning uses the conditional reflex phenomenon. During the conditioning procedure, responses to certain stimuli are acquired where no responses existed previously. Over time behavioral conditioning expanded to include neurophysiological aspects and has been correlated with psychic manifestations. This comprehensive work deals with the conditioning method, covering fully its behavioral, neurophysiological, and psychiatric aspects. The volume is divided into five parts. Part I summarizes present-day knowledge on the neurophysiology of conditioning. Part II sets out the historical sequence in the correlation between psychopathology and pathological brain functions. Part III describes the best-known conditioning techniques applied in human testing, particularly those which are applicable for diagnostic purposes, is discussed. Part IV is concerned with clinical applications of the method and discusses the findings and the implications that it has for psychopathology and therapy or, in general, for psychiatry. Part V contains a critical evaluation of the matter presented, followed by a bibliography and index. Conditioning Behavior and Psychiatry describes the development of conditioning procedures since the concept was first introduced. It is primarily concerned with the analysis of elementary and complex behavioral observations, of neurophysiological and neuropathological discoveries as seen from the standpoint of psychiatric disorders. The psychiatric view presented is, not purely the Pavlovian, but a modern approach to psychiatry stemming from a Pavlovian orientation. Thomas A. Ban is professor emeritus of psychiatry at Vanderbilt University. His research has dealt with schizophrenia and psychophamacology. He is the author of Depression and the Tricyclic Andidepressants, Assessment of Depression and Psychopharmacology among others. W. Horsley Gantt was founder of the Pavlovian Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He wrote numerous articles and books and is credited with translating several of Ivan Pavlov's works into English and introduced theories of the higher nervous system into British and American psychiatry. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Principles of Psychology Marc Breedlove, 2015-01-02 Organized around four well-established core principles, Principles of Psychology provides students with a framework to understand the science of behavior. Written in a conversational style, the text is organized around the following four well-established principles that serve as touchstones for the field of psychology: --The mind is a process at work in a physical machine, the brain. --We are consciously aware of only a fraction of our mental activity. --We constantly modify our behavior, beliefs, and attitudes according to what we perceive about the people around us. --Experience physically alters the structure and function of the brain. With these four principles as a framework for the text, Principles of Psychology emphasizes that psychology is a science through discussion of relevant big-picture and proven concepts and cutting-edge research-based investigations that examine behavioral, psychological, and neuroscience experiments. By presenting data and facts from other scientific disciplines, as well as real-world vignettes and stories, Marc Breedlove teaches the reader how to think critically and scientifically about the underlying mechanisms of behavior. In-Text Features --Vignette Each chapter begins with a story, an instance when behavior has a big impact on someone's life. The chapter returns to the vignette several times as we cover findings that relate to that particular case. --Researchers at Work In every chapter, important discoveries are explained and illustrated to highlight the process of experimentation and hypothesis testing. Over the course of the book, the progression of experiments provides an increasingly sharper picture of the factors shaping behavior. --Skeptic at Large Intended to sharpen the student's critical thinking skills, these boxes explore a widespread misconception and demonstrate how scientific research disproves it. The exploration of scientific experimentation also reinforces the Researchers at Work feature. --Psychology in Everyday Life These are topics where knowledge of psychology might be applicable to everyday life, such as whether people with schizophrenia are violent, the importance of blind auditions for musicians, how to stop smoking, or how conditioned taste aversion might cause you to stop eating sushi when you used to love it. --The Cutting Edge Just prior to the end of every chapter, this feature explores an exciting report of current research. Showing students these vibrant and bold experiments will emphasize that psychology research remains alive and well. --Think Like a Psychologist: Principles in Action To close each chapter, each principle is related back to the vignette to show the student that when they observe an interesting behavior they can recall and apply the four principles. If they can do this, they will indeed be thinking like a psychologist. |
| define conditioning in psychology: The Case Formulation Approach to Cognitive-Behavior Therapy Jacqueline B. Persons, 2012-10-22 A major contribution for all clinicians committed to understanding and using what really works in therapy, this book belongs on the desks of practitioners, students, and residents in clinical psychology, psychiatry, counseling, and social work. It will serve as a text in graduate-level courses on cognitive-behavior therapy and in clinical practica. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Social Learning In Animals Cecilia M. Heyes, Bennett G. Galef Jr., 1996-05-23 The increasing realization among behaviorists and psychologists is that many animals learn by observation as members of social systems. Such settings contribute to the formation of culture. This book combines the knowledge of two groups of scientists with different backgrounds to establish a working consensus for future research. The book is divided into two major sections, with contributions by a well-known, international, and interdisciplinary team which integrates these growing areas of inquiry. - Integrates the broad range of scientific approaches being used in the studies of social learning and imitation, and society and culture - Provides an introduction to this field of study as well as a starting point for the more experienced researcher - Chapters are succinct reviews of innovative discoveries and progress made during the past decade - Includes statements of varied theoretical perspectives on controversial topics - Authoritative contributions by an international team of leading researchers |
| define conditioning in psychology: Performance Psychology Markus Raab, Babett Lobinger, Sven Hoffmann, Alexandra Pizzera, Sylvain Laborde, 2015-09-24 This book integrates findings from across domains in performance psychology to focus on core research on what influences peak and non-peak performance. The book explores basic and applied research identifying cognition-action interactions, perception-cognition interactions, emotion-cognition interactions, and perception-action interactions. The book explores performance in sports, music, and the arts both for individuals and teams/groups, looking at the influence of cognition, perception, personality, motivation and drive, attention, stress, coaching, and age. This comprehensive work includes contributions from the US, UK, Canada, Germany, and Australia. - Integrates research findings found across domains in performance psychology - Includes research from sports, music, the arts, and other applied settings - Identifies conflicts between cognition, action, perception, and emotion - Explores influences on both individual and group/team performance - Investigates what impacts peak performance and error production |
| define conditioning in psychology: Psychology Lester A. Lefton, Linda Brannon, 2006 From decolonization and democratization to religion and gender, Politics and Culture in the Developing World is a comprehensive survey of the global context of development. With in-depth and current examples from Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East, this text examines the central political themes in the developing world. Throughout, Politics and Culture in the Developing World demonstrates how globalization both accelerates change and increases interdependence between developing and developed countries. Book jacket. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Quiet Susan Cain, 2013-01-29 #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Experience the book that started the Quiet Movement and revolutionized how the world sees introverts—and how introverts see themselves—by offering validation, inclusion, and inspiration “Superbly researched, deeply insightful, and a fascinating read, Quiet is an indispensable resource for anyone who wants to understand the gifts of the introverted half of the population.”—Gretchen Rubin, author of The Happiness Project NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY People • O: The Oprah Magazine • Christian Science Monitor • Inc. • Library Journal • Kirkus Reviews At least one-third of the people we know are introverts. They are the ones who prefer listening to speaking; who innovate and create but dislike self-promotion; who favor working on their own over working in teams. It is to introverts—Rosa Parks, Chopin, Dr. Seuss, Steve Wozniak—that we owe many of the great contributions to society. In Quiet, Susan Cain argues that we dramatically undervalue introverts and shows how much we lose in doing so. She charts the rise of the Extrovert Ideal throughout the twentieth century and explores how deeply it has come to permeate our culture. She also introduces us to successful introverts—from a witty, high-octane public speaker who recharges in solitude after his talks, to a record-breaking salesman who quietly taps into the power of questions. Passionately argued, impeccably researched, and filled with indelible stories of real people, Quiet has the power to permanently change how we see introverts and, equally important, how they see themselves. Now with Extra Libris material, including a reader’s guide and bonus content |
| define conditioning in psychology: The Principles of Learning & Behavior Michael Domjan, Barbara Burkhard, 1986 This popular text gives students a comprehensive and readable introduction to contemporary issues in learning and behaviour, while providing balanced coverage of classical and instrumental conditioning. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Hilgard and Marquis' Conditioning and Learning Ernest Ropiequet Hilgard, 1961 |
| define conditioning in psychology: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward Jay A. Gottfried, 2011-03-28 Synthesizing coverage of sensation and reward into a comprehensive systems overview, Neurobiology of Sensation and Reward presents a cutting-edge and multidisciplinary approach to the interplay of sensory and reward processing in the brain. While over the past 70 years these areas have drifted apart, this book makes a case for reuniting sensation a |
| define conditioning in psychology: Undisputed Truth Mike Tyson, 2014-10-28 Be sure to check out IRON AMBITION: My Life with Cus D’Amato by Mike Tyson “Raw, powerful and disturbing—a head-spinning take on Mr. Tyson's life.”—Wall Street Journal Philosopher, Broadway headliner, fighter, felon—Mike Tyson has defied stereotypes, expectations, and a lot of conventional wisdom during his three decades in the public eye. Bullied as a boy in the toughest, poorest neighborhood in Brooklyn, Tyson grew up to become one of the most ferocious boxers of all time—and the youngest heavyweight champion ever. But his brilliance in the ring was often compromised by reckless behavior. Yet—even after hitting rock bottom—the man who once admitted being addicted “to everything” fought his way back, achieving triumphant success as an actor and newfound happiness and stability as a father and husband. Brutal, honest, raw, and often hilarious, Undisputed Truth is the singular journey of an inspiring American original. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura, General Learning Corporation, 1973 |
| define conditioning in psychology: Simply Psychology Michael W. Eysenck, 2012-12-06 This textbook provides a comprehensive account of psychology for all those with little or no previous knowledge of the subject. It covers the main areas of psychology, including social psychology, developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, personality, intelligence, and biological psychology.; Each chapter contains definitions of key terms, together with several multiple-choice questions and answers, and semi- structured essay questions. In addition, every chapter contains a Personal Viewpoint section, which encourages the reader to compare his or her views on psychology with the relevant findings of psychologists. The last chapter is devoted to study skills, and provides numerous practical hints for readers who want to study more effectively. |
| define conditioning in psychology: The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning Frances K. McSweeney, Eric S. Murphy, 2014-06-23 This combined survey of operant and classical conditioning provides professional and academic readers with an up-to-date, inclusive account of a core field of psychology research, with in-depth coverage of the basic theory, its applications, and current topics including behavioral economics. Provides comprehensive coverage of operant and classical conditioning, relevant fundamental theory, and applications including the latest techniques Features chapters by leading researchers, professionals, and academicians Reviews a range of core literature on conditioning Covers cutting-edge topics such as behavioral economics |
| define conditioning in psychology: Principles of Numerical Taxonomy Robert R. Sokal, Peter Henry Andrews Sneath, 1963 |
| define conditioning in psychology: Contingencies of Reinforcement B. F. Skinner, 2014-07-01 B. F. Skinner titled this book, Contingencies of Reinforcement, after the heart of his science of behavior. Contingencies relate classes of actions to postcedent events and to the contexts in which those action-postcedent relations occur. The basic processes seem straightforward, but many people do not know or understand the underlying theory. Skinner believed that ‘a theory is essential to the scientific understanding of behavior as a subject matter”. This book presents some of Skinner’s most sophisticated statements about theoretical issues. To his original articles, he added notes to clarify and expand subtle points. The book thus provides an overview of Skinner’s thinking about theory and the philosophy underpinning the science he began. |
| define conditioning in psychology: The Behavior of Organisms B. F. Skinner, 1990 |
| define conditioning in psychology: Punishment and Aversive Behavior Byron A. Campbell, Russell M. Church, 1969 May serve as supplementary textbook for advanced undergraduate courses in learning and for graduate seminars in learning and motivation. |
| define conditioning in psychology: The Dictionary of Psychology Ray Corsini, 2016-12-05 With more than three times as many defined entries, biographies, illustrations, and appendices than any other dictionary of psychology ever printed in the English language, Raymond Corsini's Dictionary of Psychology is indeed a landmark resource. The most comprehensive, up-to-date reference of its kind, the Dictionary also maintains a user-friendliness throughout. This combination ensures that it will serve as the definitive work for years to come. With a clear and functional design, and highly readable style, the Dictionary offers over 30,000 entries (including interdisciplinary terms and contemporary slang), more than 125 illustrations, as well as extensive cross-referencing of entries. Ten supportive appendices, such as the Greek Alphabet, Medical Prescription Terms, and biographies of more than 1,000 deceased contributors to psychology, further augment the Dictionary's usefulness. Over 100 psychologists as well as numerous physicians participated as consulting editors, and a dozen specialist consulting editors reviewed the material. Dr. Alan Auerbach, the American Psychological Association's de facto dictionary expert, served as the senior consulting editor. As a final check for comprehensiveness and accuracy, independent review editors were employed to re-examine, re-review, and re-approve every entry. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Personality Theory in a Cultural Context Mark D. Kelland, 2010-07-19 |
| define conditioning in psychology: A Brief History of Psychology Michael Wertheimer, 2012 This edition approaches psychology as a discipline with antecedents in philosophical speculation and early scientific experimentation. It covers these early developments, 19th-century German experimental psychology and empirical psychology in tradition of William James, the 20th century dubbed the age of schools and dominated by psychoanalysis, behavioralism, structuralism, and Gestalt psychology, as well as the return to empirical methods and active models of human agency. Finally it evaluates psychology in the new millennium and developments in terms of women in psychology, industrial psychology and social justice |
| define conditioning in psychology: Conditioned Emotional Reactions John B. Watson, Rosalie Rayner, 2013-01-10 Psychology Classics: The Case of Little Albert Conditioned Emotional Reactions by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner is one of the most influential, infamous and iconic research articles ever published in the history of psychology. Commonly referred to as The Case of Little Albert this psychology classic attempted to show how fear could be induced in an infant through classical conditioning. Originally published in 1920, Conditioned Emotional Reactions remains among the most frequently cited journal articles in introductory psychology courses and textbooks. A psychology classic is by definition a must read. However, most seminal texts within the discipline remain unread by a majority of psychology students. A detailed, well written description of a classic study is fine to a point, but there is absolutely no substitute for understanding and engaging with the issues under review than by reading the authors unabridged ideas, thoughts and findings in their entirety. Bonus Material: One of the most dramatic aspects of Watson and Rayner's original study was that they had planned to test a number of methods by which they could remove Little Albert's conditioned fear responses. However, as Watson noted Unfortunately Albert was taken from the hospital the day the above tests were made. Hence the opportunity of building up an experimental technique by means of which we could remove the conditioned emotional responses was denied us. This unforeseen turn of events was something that obviously stayed with Watson, as under his guidance some three years later, Mary Cover Jones conducted a follow-up study - A Laboratory Study of Fear: The Case of Peter - which illustrated how fear may be removed under laboratory conditions. This additional and highly relevant article is also presented in full. The Case of Little Albert has been produced as part of an initiative by the website All About Psychology to make important psychology publications widely available. www.all-about-psychology.com |
| define conditioning in psychology: Effects of Punishment on Human Behavior Saul Axelrod, 2013-10-22 The Effects of Punishment on Human Behavior is a collection of essays that discusses the procedural and ethical issues of the use of electric shock as a treatment for severe behavior problems. The book presents the different types of extraneous aversives and undesirable side effects of punishment. It demonstrates the effectiveness of punishment procedures. The text describes the various aspects of punishment, as applied to human beings. It discusses the ethical and legal issues that challenge the use of punishment. Another topic of interest is the salient characteristics and influences affecting the success of overcorrection. The section that follows describes the types of punishment. The text also provides a conceptual and methodological analysis of a technique called timeout. The book will provide valuable insights for psychologists, teachers, students, and researchers in the field of behavioral science. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Learning & Memory John H. Byrne, 2003 Contains alphabetically arranged articles that provide information on key topics in learning and memory, written by experts in the field, and includes biographical sketches of notable individuals, now deceased, who have contributed to the understanding of learning and memory. |
| define conditioning in psychology: Modern Perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism James T. Todd, Edward K. Morris, 1994 This volume reassesses the role of classical behaviourism in 20th-century psychology, providing modern perspectives that correct the standard views of John B. Watson. This historical analysis includes comprehensive bibliographies of Watson's published works and important related studies. |
| define conditioning in psychology: The Symbolic Foundations of Conditioned Behavior Charles R. Gallistel, John Gibbon, 2002-03-01 The goal of this book is to persuade students of animal learning that cognitive theorizing is essential for an understanding of the phenomena revealed by conditioning experiments. The authors also hope to persuade the cognitive psychology community that conditioning phenomena offer such a strong empirical foundation for a rigorous brand of cognitive psychology that the study of animal learning should reclaim a more central place in the field of psychology. |
Conditioning | Definition, Examples, Pavlov, & Facts | Britannica
Conditioning is a form of learning in which either (1) a given stimulus (or signal) becomes increasingly effective in evoking a response or (2) a response occurs with increasing regularity …
Conditioning - Psychologist World
What Pavlov's dogs experiment teaches us about how we learn. Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a theory that the reaction ("response") to an object or event ("stimulus") by a …
APA Dictionary of Psychology
Apr 19, 2018 · n. the process by which certain kinds of experience make particular actions more or less likely. See classical conditioning; instrumental conditioning; operant conditioning. A …
Classical Conditioning: How It Works With Examples - Simply Psychology
Feb 1, 2024 · In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. John B. Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning …
Conditioning: Definition, Types, & Psychology - The Berkeley …
In this article, we’ll learn about the science of conditioning, exploring its various forms and mechanisms as well as the profound influence it exerts on the human psyche.
Explaining Behaviorism: Operant & Classical Conditioning - Psychology Today
Feb 28, 2014 · Operant and classical conditioning are two different ways in which organisms come to reflect the order of the environment around them. They are not perfect processes and they …
What is CONDITIONING? definition of ... - Psychology Dictionary
Apr 7, 2013 · Psychology Definition of CONDITIONING: the manner in which specific types of experience make certain behaviors more or less probably.
Conditioning: Psychology Definition, History & Examples - Dr.
Conditioning, a fundamental concept in psychology, refers to the process by which behavioral responses become associated with specific environmental stimuli. This phenomenon is crucial …
Classical Conditioning | Definition, Principles & Examples
Nov 21, 2023 · Classical conditioning, sometimes called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, is a form of associative learning that modifies behavior. It does this by creating associations …
What is conditioning psychology? - California Learning Resource …
Jan 5, 2025 · What is Conditioning Psychology? Conditioning psychology, also known as classical conditioning, is a fundamental concept in the field of psychology that was first introduced by …
Conditioning | Definition, Examples, Pavlov, & Facts | Britannica
Conditioning is a form of learning in which either (1) a given stimulus (or signal) becomes increasingly effective in evoking a response or (2) a response occurs with increasing regularity …
Conditioning - Psychologist World
What Pavlov's dogs experiment teaches us about how we learn. Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a theory that the reaction ("response") to an object or event ("stimulus") by a …
APA Dictionary of Psychology
Apr 19, 2018 · n. the process by which certain kinds of experience make particular actions more or less likely. See classical conditioning; instrumental conditioning; operant conditioning. A trusted …
Classical Conditioning: How It Works With Examples - Simply Psychology
Feb 1, 2024 · In simple terms, two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. John B. Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning …
Conditioning: Definition, Types, & Psychology - The Berkeley …
In this article, we’ll learn about the science of conditioning, exploring its various forms and mechanisms as well as the profound influence it exerts on the human psyche.
Explaining Behaviorism: Operant & Classical Conditioning - Psychology Today
Feb 28, 2014 · Operant and classical conditioning are two different ways in which organisms come to reflect the order of the environment around them. They are not perfect processes and they …
What is CONDITIONING? definition of ... - Psychology Dictionary
Apr 7, 2013 · Psychology Definition of CONDITIONING: the manner in which specific types of experience make certain behaviors more or less probably.
Conditioning: Psychology Definition, History & Examples - Dr.
Conditioning, a fundamental concept in psychology, refers to the process by which behavioral responses become associated with specific environmental stimuli. This phenomenon is crucial …
Classical Conditioning | Definition, Principles & Examples
Nov 21, 2023 · Classical conditioning, sometimes called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning, is a form of associative learning that modifies behavior. It does this by creating associations …
What is conditioning psychology? - California Learning Resource …
Jan 5, 2025 · What is Conditioning Psychology? Conditioning psychology, also known as classical conditioning, is a fundamental concept in the field of psychology that was first introduced by …
