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| definition of final solution: Final Solutions Benjamin A. Valentino, 2013-01-19 Benjamin A. Valentino finds that ethnic hatreds or discrimination, undemocratic systems of government, and dysfunctions in society play a much smaller role in mass killing and genocide than is commonly assumed. He shows that the impetus for mass killing usually originates from a relatively small group of powerful leaders and is often carried out without the active support of broader society. Mass killing, in his view, is a brutal political or military strategy designed to accomplish leaders' most important objectives, counter threats to their power, and solve their most difficult problems. In order to capture the full scope of mass killing during the twentieth century, Valentino does not limit his analysis to violence directed against ethnic groups, or to the attempt to destroy victim groups as such, as do most previous studies of genocide. Rather, he defines mass killing broadly as the intentional killing of a massive number of noncombatants, using the criteria of 50,000 or more deaths within five years as a quantitative standard. Final Solutions focuses on three types of mass killing: communist mass killings like the ones carried out in the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia; ethnic genocides as in Armenia, Nazi Germany, and Rwanda; and counter-guerrilla campaigns including the brutal civil war in Guatemala and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. Valentino closes the book by arguing that attempts to prevent mass killing should focus on disarming and removing from power the leaders and small groups responsible for instigating and organizing the killing. |
| definition of final solution: What Ifs of Jewish History Gavriel D. Rosenfeld, 2016-09-08 Counterfactual history of the Jewish past inviting readers to explore how the course of Jewish history might have been different. |
| definition of final solution: Nazi Europe and the Final Solution David Bankier, Israel Gutman, 2009 In recent years scholars and researchers have turned their attention to the attitudes of ordinary men [and women]A during the period of the persecution of the Jews in occupied Europe. This comprehensive work addresses the disturbing question of how people reacted when their neighbours were ostracized, humiliated, deported and later murdered. |
| definition of final solution: Hitler's Willing Executioners Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, 2007-12-18 This groundbreaking international bestseller lays to rest many myths about the Holocaust: that Germans were ignorant of the mass destruction of Jews, that the killers were all SS men, and that those who slaughtered Jews did so reluctantly. Hitler's Willing Executioners provides conclusive evidence that the extermination of European Jewry engaged the energies and enthusiasm of tens of thousands of ordinary Germans. Goldhagen reconstructs the climate of eliminationist anti-Semitism that made Hitler's pursuit of his genocidal goals possible and the radical persecution of the Jews during the 1930s popular. Drawing on a wealth of unused archival materials, principally the testimony of the killers themselves, Goldhagen takes us into the killing fields where Germans voluntarily hunted Jews like animals, tortured them wantonly, and then posed cheerfully for snapshots with their victims. From mobile killing units, to the camps, to the death marches, Goldhagen shows how ordinary Germans, nurtured in a society where Jews were seen as unalterable evil and dangerous, willingly followed their beliefs to their logical conclusion. Hitler's Willing Executioner's is an original, indeed brilliant contribution to the...literature on the Holocaust.--New York Review of Books The most important book ever published about the Holocaust...Eloquently written, meticulously documented, impassioned...A model of moral and scholarly integrity.--Philadelphia Inquirer |
| definition of final solution: Eichmann in Jerusalem Hannah Arendt, 2006-09-22 The controversial journalistic analysis of the mentality that fostered the Holocaust, from the author of The Origins of Totalitarianism Sparking a flurry of heated debate, Hannah Arendt’s authoritative and stunning report on the trial of German Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann first appeared as a series of articles in The New Yorker in 1963. This revised edition includes material that came to light after the trial, as well as Arendt’s postscript directly addressing the controversy that arose over her account. A major journalistic triumph by an intellectual of singular influence, Eichmann in Jerusalem is as shocking as it is informative—an unflinching look at one of the most unsettling (and unsettled) issues of the twentieth century. |
| definition of final solution: Wannsee Peter Longerich, 2021-10-14 The complete story of the Wannsee Conference, the meeting that paved the way for the Holocaust. On 20 January 1942, fifteen men arrived for a meeting in a luxurious villa on the shores of the Wannsee in the far-western outskirts of Berlin. They came at the invitation of Reinhard Heydrich and were almost all high-ranking Nazi Party, government, and SS officials. The exquisite position by the lake, the imposing driveway up to the villa, culminating in a generously sized roundabout in front of the house, the expansive, carefully landscaped park, the generous suite of rooms that opened on to the park and the lake, the three-level terrace that stretched the entire garden side of the house, and the winter garden with its marble fountain, all give today's visitor to the villa a good idea of its owner's aspiration to build a sophisticated, almost palatial structure as a testament to his cultivation and worldly success. But the beauty of the situation stood in stark contrast to the purpose of the meeting to which the fifteen had come in January 1942: the 'Final Solution of the Jewish Question'. According to the surviving records of the meeting, items on the agenda included the precise definition of exactly which group of people was to be affected, followed by a discussion of how upwards of eleven million people were to be deported and subjected to the toughest form of forced labour, and following on from this a discussion of how the survivors of this forced labour as well as those not capable of it were ultimately to be killed. The next item on the agenda was breakfast. |
| definition of final solution: Society's Final Solution Laura E. Randa, 1997 This book offers an in-depth examination of the historical perspective on the death penalty, discusses the process involved in the sentencing and administration of justice, and clarifies facets of an issue which is riddled with inequities and ambiguities that reflect gender bias, and racial and economic disparity. For example, of the 3028 people on 'death row' as of August 1995, only 15% were women. Of those who are on 'death row' today, virtually all are poor, a significant number are mentally retarded or otherwise mentally disabled, more than 40% are African-American, and a disproportionate number are Native American, Latino and Asian. These facts need to be carefully weighed against the grief, pain, and anguish caused by the untimely death of a murder victim with regard to the family members, as well as the related legal costs to society. |
| definition of final solution: On The Jewish Question Karl Marx, “On The Jewish Question” (OTJQ) was written by Karl Marx and exposes his anti-Semitism. The complete work is here in its entirety for your analysis. It was an inspiration to Adolf Hitler. OTJQ and other work (e.g. the term “Aryan” used by Marx repeatedly in his “Ethnological Notebooks”) were the same ideas that motivated Hitler to gain power in Germany. Top mind-blowing discoveries of the 21st Century were revealed by Marx and his OTJQ (thanks to the academic critique of Professor Rex Curry). Many revelations came to light years after Marx’s death. Some are enumerated in the following paragraphs. For example, the following facts (with credit to Dr. Curry) will be news to most readers: 1. Marx’s anti-Semitism (and his Christian background) inspired Hitler’s anti-Semitism and Hitler’s use of Christian cross symbolism including the SWASTIKA (the Hakenkreuz or “hooked cross”); Iron Cross; Balkenkreuz; Krückenkreuz; and the common Christian cross. The symbols signified commonality with Marx’s opposition to Judaism, and they promoted Christianity as the “alternative” thereto. The Swastika was also used to represent “S” letter shapes for “SOCIALISM” (Marx’s underlying dogma). 2. NEW SWASTIKA DISCOVERY: Hitler’s symbol is the reason why Hitler renamed his political party from DAP to NSDAP - National Socialist German Workers Party - because he needed the word Socialist in his party's name so that Hitler could use swastikas as S-letter shaped logos for SOCIALIST as the party's emblem. The party's name had to fit in Hitler's socialist branding campaign that used the swastika and many other similar alphabetical symbols, including the “NSV and SA” and “SS” and “VW” etc. 3. NEW LENIN’S SWASTIKA REVELATION: Vladimir Lenin’s swastika is exposed herein. The impact of Lenin’s swastikas was reinforced at that time with additional swastikas on ruble money (paper currency) under Soviet socialism. The swastika became a symbol of socialism under Lenin. It’s influence upon Adolf Hitler is explained in this book. Lenin’s Christian background was similar to Marx’s. Marx’s anti-Semitism (and his religious upbringing) inspired Lenin’s anti-Semitism and the use of the SWASTIKA as Christian cross symbolism after 1917. The swastika symbol signified commonality with Marx’s opposition to Judaism. Judaism was banned by Soviet socialists. Under Lenin, the Russian Orthodox Church remained powerful (then Stalin became tyrant in 1922). The Swastika was also used to represent “S” letter shapes for “SOCIALISM” (Marx’s underlying dogma). 4. Marx, Hitler and their supporters self-identified as “socialists” by the very word in voluminous speeches and writings. The term Socialist appears throughout Mein Kampf as a self-description by Hitler. (Marx also used the term “Communist”). 5. Hitler was heavily influenced by Marx. Many socialists in the USA were also shaped by Marx. Two famous American socialists (the cousins Edward Bellamy and Francis Bellamy) were heavily influenced by Marx. The American socialists returned the favor: Francis Bellamy created the “Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag” that produced Nazi salutes and Nazi behavior. The Bellamy cousins were American national socialists. 6. Hitler never called himself a Nazi. There was no “Nazi Germany.” There was no “Nazi Party.” 7. Hitler never called himself a “Fascist.” Modern socialists use “Nazi” and “Fascist” to hide how Hitler and his comrades self-identified: SOCIALIST. 9. The term “Nazi” isn’t in Mein Kampf nor in Triumph of the Will. 10. The term “Fascist” never appears in Mein Kampf as a self-description by Hitler. 11. The term “swastika” never appears in the original Mein Kampf. 12. There is no evidence that Hitler ever used the word “swastika.” 13. The symbol that Hitler did use was intended to represent “S”-letter shapes for “socialist.” 14. Hitler altered his own signature to show his “S-shapes for socialism” logo branding. |
| definition of final solution: The Origins of the Final Solution Christopher R. Browning, 2007-05-01 This groundbreaking work is the most detailed, carefully researched, and comprehensive analysis of the evolution of Nazi policy from the persecution and ethnic cleansing of Jews in 1939 to the Final Solution of the Holocaust in 1942. |
| definition of final solution: The Night of Broken Glass Uta Gerhardt, Thomas Karlauf, 2021-09-11 November 9th 1938 is widely seen as a violent turning point in Nazi Germany’s assault on the Jews. An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Thousands more fled their homelands in Germany and Austria, shocked by what they had seen, heard and experienced. What they took with them was not only the pain of saying farewell but also the memory of terrible scenes: attacks by mobs of drunken Nazis, public humiliations, burning synagogues, inhuman conditions in overcrowded prison cells and concentration camp barracks. The reactions of neighbours and passersby to these barbarities ranged from sympathy and aid to scorn, mockery, and abuse. In 1939 the Harvard sociologist Edward Hartshorne gathered eyewitness accounts of the Kristallnacht from hundreds of Jews who had fled, but Hartshorne joined the Secret Service shortly afterwards and the accounts he gathered were forgotten – until now. These eyewitness testimonies – published here for the first time with a Foreword by Saul Friedländer, the Pulitzer Prize historian and Holocaust survivor – paint a harrowing picture of everyday violence in one of Europe’s darkest moments. This unique and disturbing document will be of great interest to anyone interested in modern history, Nazi Germany and the historical experience of the Jews. |
| definition of final solution: The Final Solution David Cesarani, 2002-09-11 The Final Solution clarifies the key questions surrounding the attempt by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews. Drawing on important new research, these authoritative essays focus on the preconditions and antecedents for the 'Final Solution' and examine the immediate origins of the genocidal decision. Contributors also examine the responses of peoples and governments in Germany, occupied Europe, the USA and among Jews worldwide. The controversial conversions of this study challenge many of our accepted ideas about the period. |
| definition of final solution: The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution Richard Breitman, 2022-09-05 “[A] historian’s carefully researched work, based on a vast array of sources, documenting Hitler’s and Himmler’s responsibility for the murder of European Jewry. The book details the planning and the improvisations, but emphasizes the former and Himmler’s fanatical hatred of the Jewish race as the determinative cause of the Holocaust. Dealing with a charged controversy, Breitman makes a powerful case that by March 1941 ‘the Final Solution was just a matter of time — and timing,’ i.e., that the Holocaust was not a reflex of Hitler’s fear that the war in Russia could not be won. Breitman argues that the Wannsee Conference merely ratified the plans and instructed other agencies to cooperate. Breitman records the instances of resistance or opposition, but notes that of course the cooperation of thousands (many still alive and never tried) and the complicity or silence of millions were needed to carry out the murder... the book concludes that Himmler’s ‘brutality was more learned than instinctive or emotional’ — a methodical murderer impelled by racist dogma.” — Foreign Affairs “Breitman’s book is decisively important... [It] should serve for years to come as required reading for all who wish to make sense of the Holocaust.” — Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, The New Republic “Looking nothing like the Nordic ideal he advocated, Heinrich Himmler, chief of the Nazi SS, was short, flabby and balding — his dull, pedantic exterior disguising the caustic, cowardly, Machiavellian, immensely cruel master of deceit within. Breitman... presents compelling evidence that the extermination of Jews was an early goal of Himmler, a Bavarian and lapsed Catholic, and his boss Adolf Hitler. Drawing on previously untapped German records, as well as other source materials... this engrossing, detailed study constitutes a powerful refutation of revisionist scholars who claim that Hitler did not plan the Final Solution in advance but instead improvised it out of either military or political frustration.” — Publishers Weekly “A truly path-breaking book, one of the few that will have a lasting impact on historical research of the period. It shows both the primacy of Hitler as the motivating force in the mass murder, and the way in which his initiatives were accepted and internalized by the SS, on the basis of ideology.” — Holocaust and Genocide Studies “Chilling, expert history.” — Kirkus “[A]n eminently sensible and judicious study that could well serve as a textbook on the topic.” — The Historian “Breitman’s research [is] meticulous. Especially valuable are his novel insights into the full and frequent communication between Himmler and Hitler, who, it is known, seldom signed an order. Mr. Breitman presents his arguments cogently.” — Michael H. Kater, The New York Times “An absorbing, important book [that] addresses the sequence of steps leading to the Final Solution.” — Financial Times “As Breitman persuasively demonstrates, the situation kept changing, but Hitler was always in charge, and his goals always included ridding his empire of the Jews.” — Los Angeles Times “Breitman is on the hunt for smoking guns. He finds the goods littered throughout Himmler’s speeches and conversations... Breitman shows that people knew.” — Washington Post Book World “The book is chillingly good on the uses and abuses of language to mask atrocity.” — Newsday “Breitman’s study is an important addition to [the] literature [on the origins of the Nazi genocide], one that provides the most likely scenario and settles important disputed questions... Breitman’s study is a major step forward in our understanding of how the Nazis initiated mass murder.” — German Studies Review “[An] important book... I much admire this work, particularly for its resourceful combing of primary material... there is much to learn from this book about the Final Solution, its origins, its implementation, and its hate-inspired architect” — The American Historical Review |
| definition of final solution: The End of the Holocaust Jon Bridgman, 1990 |
| definition of final solution: Mein Kampf Adolf Hitler, 2024-02-26 Madman, tyrant, animal—history has given Adolf Hitler many names. In Mein Kampf (My Struggle), often called the Nazi bible, Hitler describes his life, frustrations, ideals, and dreams. Born to an impoverished couple in a small town in Austria, the young Adolf grew up with the fervent desire to become a painter. The death of his parents and outright rejection from art schools in Vienna forced him into underpaid work as a laborer. During the First World War, Hitler served in the infantry and was decorated for bravery. After the war, he became actively involved with socialist political groups and quickly rose to power, establishing himself as Chairman of the National Socialist German Worker's party. In 1924, Hitler led a coalition of nationalist groups in a bid to overthrow the Bavarian government in Munich. The infamous Munich Beer-hall putsch was unsuccessful, and Hitler was arrested. During the nine months he was in prison, an embittered and frustrated Hitler dictated a personal manifesto to his loyal follower Rudolph Hess. He vented his sentiments against communism and the Jewish people in this document, which was to become Mein Kampf, the controversial book that is seen as the blue-print for Hitler's political and military campaign. In Mein Kampf, Hitler describes his strategy for rebuilding Germany and conquering Europe. It is a glimpse into the mind of a man who destabilized world peace and pursued the genocide now known as the Holocaust. |
| definition of final solution: The Final Solution Donald Bloxham, 2009-09-10 The first ever study to combine a detailed re-appraisal of the development of the genocide of Europe's Jews with full consideration of Nazi policies against other population groups and a comparative analysis of other genocides from the twentieth century. |
| definition of final solution: Bystanders Victoria Barnett, 1999-06-30 A systematic study of bystanders during the Holoaust which analyzes why individuals, institutions and the international community remained passive while millions died. The work illustrates the terrible consequences of indifference and passivity towards the persecution of others. |
| definition of final solution: Model Rules of Professional Conduct American Bar Association. House of Delegates, Center for Professional Responsibility (American Bar Association), 2007 The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts. |
| definition of final solution: The Gestapo Carsten Dams, Michael Stolle, 2014-05 The true story of the Gestapo - the Nazis' secret police force and the most feared instrument of political terror in the Third Reich. |
| definition of final solution: 'Final Solution' Götz Aly, 1999 Making extensive use of archives, Aly provides a detailed reconstruction of the Final Solution. He illustrated the lunacy of Nazi race policy and the variety of agencies that went into the gradual shaping of a policy of all-out genocide. |
| definition of final solution: The Devil's Arithmetic Jane Yolen, 1990-10-01 A triumphantly moving book. —Kirkus Reviews, starred review Hannah dreads going to her family's Passover Seder—she's tired of hearing her relatives talk about the past. But when she opens the front door to symbolically welcome the prophet Elijah, she's transported to a Polish village in the year 1942. Why is she there, and who is this Chaya that everyone seems to think she is? Just as she begins to unravel the mystery, Nazi soldiers come to take everyone in the village away. And only Hannah knows the unspeakable horrors that await. A critically acclaimed novel from multi-award-winning author Jane Yolen. [Yolen] adds much to understanding the effects of the Holocaust, which will reverberate throughout history, today and tomorrow. —SLJ, starred review Readers will come away with a sense of tragic history that both disturbs and compels. —Booklist Winner of the National Jewish Book Award An American Bookseller Pick of the Lists |
| definition of final solution: On War Carl von Clausewitz, 1908 |
| definition of final solution: Man's Search For Meaning Viktor E Frankl, 2013-12-09 Over 16 million copies sold worldwide 'Every human being should read this book' Simon Sinek One of the outstanding classics to emerge from the Holocaust, Man's Search for Meaning is Viktor Frankl's story of his struggle for survival in Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps. Today, this remarkable tribute to hope offers us an avenue to finding greater meaning and purpose in our own lives. |
| definition of final solution: Eichmann in Jerusalem Hannah Arendt, 1963 Hannah Arendts authoritative report on the trial of Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann includes further factual material that came to light after the trial, as well as Arendts postscript directly addressing the controversy that arose over her account. |
| definition of final solution: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| definition of final solution: The Holocaust and Historical Methodology Dan Stone, 2012 This book is timely and necessary and often extremely challenging. It brings together an impressive cast of scholars, spanning several academic generations. Anyone interested in writing about the Holocaust should read this book and consider the implications of what is written here for their own work. There seems to me little doubt that Holocaust history writing stands at something of a cross roads, and the ways forward that this volume points to are extremely thought provoking. -- Tom Lawson, University of Winchester. |
| definition of final solution: Denying the Holocaust Deborah E. Lipstadt, 2012-12-18 The denial of the Holocaust has no more credibility than the assertion that the earth is flat. Yet there are those who insist that the death of six million Jews in Nazi concentration camps is nothing but a hoax perpetrated by a powerful Zionist conspiracy. Sixty years ago, such notions were the province of pseudohistorians who argued that Hitler never meant to kill the Jews, and that only a few hundred thousand died in the camps from disease; they also argued that the Allied bombings of Dresden and other cities were worse than any Nazi offense, and that the Germans were the “true victims” of World War II. For years, those who made such claims were dismissed as harmless cranks operating on the lunatic fringe. But as time goes on, they have begun to gain a hearing in respectable arenas, and now, in the first full-scale history of Holocaust denial, Deborah Lipstadt shows how—despite tens of thousands of living witnesses and vast amounts of documentary evidence—this irrational idea not only has continued to gain adherents but has become an international movement, with organized chapters, “independent” research centers, and official publications that promote a “revisionist” view of recent history. Lipstadt shows how Holocaust denial thrives in the current atmosphere of value-relativism, and argues that this chilling attack on the factual record not only threatens Jews but undermines the very tenets of objective scholarship that support our faith in historical knowledge. Thus the movement has an unsuspected power to dramatically alter the way that truth and meaning are transmitted from one generation to another. |
| definition of final solution: "The Good Old Days" Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, Volker Riess, 1991 One of the most painfully riveting books of our time. A first hand account of the greatest mass murder in history as told by the active and passive participants in genocide. What is different about this book is that it contains carefully compiled letters, journal entries and voluminous correspondence that prove beyond doubt that more members of the German population than ever before admitted to, knew about the Holocaust while it was happening. |
| definition of final solution: Medical and Dental Expenses , 1990 |
| definition of final solution: Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka Yitzhak Arad, 1999-03-22 . . . Mr. Arad reports as a controlled and effective witness for the prosecution. . . . Mr. Arad's book, with its abundance of horrifying detail, reminds us of how far we have to go.—New York Times Book Review . . . some of the most gripping chapters I have ever read. . . . the authentic, exhaustive, definitive account of the least known death camps of the Nazi era. —Raul Hilberg Arad, historian and principal prosecution witness at the Israeli trial of John Demjanjuk (accused of being Treblinka's infamous Ivan the Terrible), uses primary materials to reveal the complete story of these Nazi death camps. |
| definition of final solution: The Hedgehog and the Fox Isaiah Berlin, 2013-06-02 The fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing. This ancient Greek aphorism, preserved in a fragment from the poet Archilochus, describes the central thesis of Isaiah Berlin's masterly essay on Leo Tolstoy and the philosophy of history, the subject of the epilogue to War and Peace. Although there have been many interpretations of the adage, Berlin uses it to mark a fundamental distinction between human beings who are fascinated by the infinite variety of things and those who relate everything to a central, all-embracing system. Applied to Tolstoy, the saying illuminates a paradox that helps explain his philosophy of history: Tolstoy was a fox, but believed in being a hedgehog. One of Berlin's most celebrated works, this extraordinary essay offers profound insights about Tolstoy, historical understanding, and human psychology. This new edition features a revised text that supplants all previous versions, English translations of the many passages in foreign languages, a new foreword in which Berlin biographer Michael Ignatieff explains the enduring appeal of Berlin's essay, and a new appendix that provides rich context, including excerpts from reviews and Berlin's letters, as well as a startling new interpretation of Archilochus's epigram. |
| definition of final solution: Ten Years to Midnight Blair H. Sheppard, 2020-08-04 “Shows how humans have brought us to the brink and how humanity can find solutions. I urge people to read with humility and the daring to act.” —Harpal Singh, former Chair, Save the Children, India, and former Vice Chair, Save the Children International In conversations with people all over the world, from government officials and business leaders to taxi drivers and schoolteachers, Blair Sheppard, global leader for strategy and leadership at PwC, discovered they all had surprisingly similar concerns. In this prescient and pragmatic book, he and his team sum up these concerns in what they call the ADAPT framework: Asymmetry of wealth; Disruption wrought by the unexpected and often problematic consequences of technology; Age disparities--stresses caused by very young or very old populations in developed and emerging countries; Polarization as a symptom of the breakdown in global and national consensus; and loss of Trust in the institutions that underpin and stabilize society. These concerns are in turn precipitating four crises: a crisis of prosperity, a crisis of technology, a crisis of institutional legitimacy, and a crisis of leadership. Sheppard and his team analyze the complex roots of these crises--but they also offer solutions, albeit often seemingly counterintuitive ones. For example, in an era of globalization, we need to place a much greater emphasis on developing self-sustaining local economies. And as technology permeates our lives, we need computer scientists and engineers conversant with sociology and psychology and poets who can code. The authors argue persuasively that we have only a decade to make headway on these problems. But if we tackle them now, thoughtfully, imaginatively, creatively, and energetically, in ten years we could be looking at a dawn instead of darkness. |
| definition of final solution: Final Solution David Cesarani, 2016-11-08 David Cesarani’s Final Solution is a magisterial work of history that chronicles the fate of Europe’s Jews. Based on decades of scholarship, documentation newly available from the opening of Soviet archives, declassification of Western intelligence service records, as well as diaries and reports written in the camps, Cesarani provides a sweeping reappraisal that challenges accepted explanations for the anti-Jewish politics of Nazi Germany and the inevitability of the “final solution.” The persecution of the Jews, as Cesarani sees it, was not always the Nazis’ central preoccupation, nor was it inevitable. He shows how, in German-occupied countries, it unfolded erratically, often due to local initiatives. For Cesarani, war was critical to the Jewish fate. Military failure denied the Germans opportunities to expel Jews into a distant territory and created a crisis of resources that led to the starvation of the ghettos and intensified anti-Jewish measures. Looking at the historical record, he disputes the iconic role of railways and deportation trains. From prisoner diaries, he exposes the extent of sexual violence and abuse of Jewish women and follows the journey of some Jewish prisoners to displaced persons camps. David Cesarani’s Final Solution is the new standard chronicle of the fate of a heroic people caught in the hell that was Hitler’s Germany. |
| definition of final solution: Eavesdropping on Hell Robert J. Hanyok, 2005-01-01 This official government publication investigates the impact of the Holocaust on the Western powers' intelligence-gathering community. It explains the archival organization of wartime records accumulated by the U.S. Army's Signal Intelligence Service and Britain's Government Code and Cypher School. It also summarizes Holocaust-related information intercepted during the war years. |
| definition of final solution: IBM and the Holocaust Edwin Black, 2021-05-15 |
| definition of final solution: The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu Maurice Joly, 2003 Joly's (1831-78) Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu is the major source of one of the world's most infamous and damaging forgeries, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. That, however, was concocted some two decades after he died, and American political scientist Waggoner points to Joly's own text for evidence that he was not anti-semitic and was an intransigent enemy of the kind of tyranny the forgery served during the 1930s. He translates the text and discusses Joly's intentions in writing it and his contribution to the understanding of modern politics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR. |
| definition of final solution: Fahrenheit 451 Ray Bradbury, 1968 A fireman in charge of burning books meets a revolutionary school teacher who dares to read. Depicts a future world in which all printed reading material is burned. |
| definition of final solution: Kristallnacht Martin Gilbert, 2007-05-29 In the early hours of November 10, 1938, Nazi storm troopers and Hitler Youth rampaged through Jewish neighborhoods across Germany, leaving behind them a horrifying trail of terror and destruction. More than a thousand synagogues and many thousands of Jewish shops were destroyed, while thirty thousand Jews were rounded up and sent to concentration camps. Kristallnacht—the Night of Broken Glass—was a decisive stage in the systematic eradication of a people who traced their origins in Germany to Roman times and was a sinister forewarning of the Holocaust. With rare insight and acumen, Martin Gilbert examines this night and day of terror, presenting readers with a meticulously researched, masterfully written, and eye-opening study of one of the darkest chapters in human history. |
| definition of final solution: Teaching about the Holocaust in English Secondary Schools Alice Pettigrew, University of London. Institute of Education. Department of Arts and Humanities, 2009 The ground-breaking report Teaching About the Holocaust in English Secondary Schools: An empirical study of national trends, perspectives and practice explores when, where, how and why the Holocaust is taught in state-maintained secondary schools in England.The challenges and issues identified have been used to design and develop the world's first research-informed programme of teacher professional development in Holocaust education. The landmark national research that underpins this report employed a two-phase mixed methodology. This comprised an online survey which was completed by more than 2,000 respondents and follow-up interviews with 68 teachers in 24 different schools throughout England. The report is the largest endeavour of its kind in the United Kingdom in both scope and scale. The authors hope it will be of considerable value to all those concerned with the advancement and understanding of Holocaust education both in the UK and internationally. |
| definition of final solution: Holocaust and Human Behavior Facing History and Ourselves, 2017-03-24 Holocaust and Human Behavior uses readings, primary source material, and short documentary films to examine the challenging history of the Holocaust and prompt reflection on our world today |
| definition of final solution: The Nazis Laurence Rees, 1998 This history of the rise and fall of the Nazis addresses questions which have been raised over the past 50 years, and aims to dispel some of the myths. The book sets out to show that the reality of history is more painful and harder to accept than the popular perception of a nation led astray by Hitler, the man of destiny, and to offer an understanding of the Nazi movement and of how the German people were seduced by it. |
Final Solution - Yad Vashem
Final Solution Code-name for the Nazis' plan to solve the "Jewish question" by murdering all the Jews in Europe. The "Final Solution" was the culmination of many years of evolving Nazi …
THE “FINAL SOLUTION” - University of Southern California
A new phase in the reign of terror was reached when the “Final Solution” was formulated, and extermination camps were constructed with the expressed purpose of killing Jews. Unlike …
Interpretations of the Holocaust
the core element of Hitler's world view and the Final Solution emerged in 1941 from a series of decisions taken by Hitler to achieve these long-held and connected goals at the same time.[4]
and methods in the representation of Nazism and the "Final …
Each of the resulting volumes' illus- trates a different approach to the question of representing Nazism and the "Final Solution," in particular regarding the issue of the Holocaust's singularity …
Level II Vocabulary
“Final Solution”- The Nazi name for the killing of every Jewish person in Europe. Other solutions to “the Jewish problem” had been debated but WWII provided the cover for Germany to carry …
Did the Nazis plan to extend the final solution beyond Europe ...
It argues for a strictly pan-European interpretation of the Final Solution policy as it unfolded in history, while acknowledging the implications of the Nazi Weltanschauung for Jews around the …
IMPLEMENTING THE FINAL SOLUTION - JSTOR
Final Solution.5 A leading German functionalist, Hans Mommsen, has emphasized that an understanding of the complex road to Auschwitz must include analysis of the process of …
INTRODUCTION - Echoes & Reflections
The policy of systematically mass murdering the Jews came to be called the “Final Solution” by the Nazis. Current research shows that mass systematic killing of Jewish men in the Soviet …
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
Aug 23, 2005 · BEFORE THE “FINAL SOLUTION”: NAZI GHETTOIZATION POLICY IN POLAND (1940–1941) Christopher R. Browning On August 2, 1941, Hinrich Lohse, the Reichskommisar …
by Ian Kershaw - JSTOR
Nazis called 'the Final Solution of the Jewish Question'-the systematic attempt to exterminate the whole of European Jewry-the precise course of development of Nazi anti-Jewish policy in the …
16.842: Design solution definition process - dspace.mit.edu
Design Solution Definition • As alternative concepts are considered, the Design Solution Definition Process includes: – Transforming the defined logical decomposition models and their …
Guideline on Manufacture of the Finished Dosage Form
The objective of the guideline on the manufacture of the finished dosage form is to provide clarification on the type and level of information that should be included in the CTD Module 3 …
German Society, Hitler and the “Final Solution” - Yad …
Q- Was the “Final Solution” ultimately a project undertaken by the German nation as a whole? – that is, did everyone know and were there many participants, either directly or indirectly?
LECTURE: TOWARD THE “FINAL SOLUTION’ - University …
The Final Solution: The third or “final solution,” the annihilation of the Jews, began with the start of World War II in 1939. 1939: Germans started killing Jews in Poland when they invaded that …
The Definition and Numerical Method of Final Value Problem …
Definition 1 The endpoint-value problem is an ordinary differential equation problem together with the value on the endpoint(s) (either initial point or final point, or both) of the interval, …
Elemental Analysis Manual - Section 3.4 Version 3.1 …
Add diluent so that final solution mass (e.g., to 100 g) provides the required element level. The level of each element in the final solution is calculated as follows:
Wannsee Protocol January 20, 1942; Translation - University …
The following persons took part in the discussion about the final solution of the Jewish question which took place in Berlin, am Grossen Wannsee No. 56/58 on 20 January 1942.
Proposal Form Clarification on TO Final Sums definition
What is the solution and when will it come into effect? Proposer’s solution: To amend the STC legal text such that the TO Final Sums definition in Section J Clause 3 is clear about including …
Plans for the Final Solution in Early 1941 - JSTOR
This controversy has often focused on a seemingly small matter of timing: determination of the date when the SS moved to a continentwide program of mass murder, which they …
The Final Solution - JSTOR
The term "Final Solution" was coined in I938 by Franz Stuckart, then Undersecretary of the Reich's Ministry of Interior, who recently passed away in his comfortable home in Hanover. He …
Final Solution - Yad Vashem
Final Solution Code-name for the Nazis' plan to solve the "Jewish question" by murdering all the Jews in Europe. The "Final Solution" was the culmination of many years of evolving Nazi …
THE “FINAL SOLUTION” - University of Southern California
A new phase in the reign of terror was reached when the “Final Solution” was formulated, and extermination camps were constructed with the expressed purpose of killing Jews. Unlike …
Interpretations of the Holocaust
the core element of Hitler's world view and the Final Solution emerged in 1941 from a series of decisions taken by Hitler to achieve these long-held and connected goals at the same time.[4]
and methods in the representation of Nazism and the "Final …
Each of the resulting volumes' illus- trates a different approach to the question of representing Nazism and the "Final Solution," in particular regarding the issue of the Holocaust's singularity …
Level II Vocabulary
“Final Solution”- The Nazi name for the killing of every Jewish person in Europe. Other solutions to “the Jewish problem” had been debated but WWII provided the cover for Germany to carry …
Did the Nazis plan to extend the final solution beyond …
It argues for a strictly pan-European interpretation of the Final Solution policy as it unfolded in history, while acknowledging the implications of the Nazi Weltanschauung for Jews around the …
IMPLEMENTING THE FINAL SOLUTION - JSTOR
Final Solution.5 A leading German functionalist, Hans Mommsen, has emphasized that an understanding of the complex road to Auschwitz must include analysis of the process of …
INTRODUCTION - Echoes & Reflections
The policy of systematically mass murdering the Jews came to be called the “Final Solution” by the Nazis. Current research shows that mass systematic killing of Jewish men in the Soviet …
UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM
Aug 23, 2005 · BEFORE THE “FINAL SOLUTION”: NAZI GHETTOIZATION POLICY IN POLAND (1940–1941) Christopher R. Browning On August 2, 1941, Hinrich Lohse, the Reichskommisar …
by Ian Kershaw - JSTOR
Nazis called 'the Final Solution of the Jewish Question'-the systematic attempt to exterminate the whole of European Jewry-the precise course of development of Nazi anti-Jewish policy in the …
16.842: Design solution definition process - dspace.mit.edu
Design Solution Definition • As alternative concepts are considered, the Design Solution Definition Process includes: – Transforming the defined logical decomposition models and their …
Guideline on Manufacture of the Finished Dosage Form
The objective of the guideline on the manufacture of the finished dosage form is to provide clarification on the type and level of information that should be included in the CTD Module 3 …
German Society, Hitler and the “Final Solution” - Yad …
Q- Was the “Final Solution” ultimately a project undertaken by the German nation as a whole? – that is, did everyone know and were there many participants, either directly or indirectly?
LECTURE: TOWARD THE “FINAL SOLUTION’ - University of …
The Final Solution: The third or “final solution,” the annihilation of the Jews, began with the start of World War II in 1939. 1939: Germans started killing Jews in Poland when they invaded that …
The Definition and Numerical Method of Final Value …
Definition 1 The endpoint-value problem is an ordinary differential equation problem together with the value on the endpoint(s) (either initial point or final point, or both) of the interval, …
Elemental Analysis Manual - Section 3.4 Version 3.1 …
Add diluent so that final solution mass (e.g., to 100 g) provides the required element level. The level of each element in the final solution is calculated as follows:
Wannsee Protocol January 20, 1942; Translation
The following persons took part in the discussion about the final solution of the Jewish question which took place in Berlin, am Grossen Wannsee No. 56/58 on 20 January 1942.
Proposal Form Clarification on TO Final Sums definition
What is the solution and when will it come into effect? Proposer’s solution: To amend the STC legal text such that the TO Final Sums definition in Section J Clause 3 is clear about including …
Plans for the Final Solution in Early 1941 - JSTOR
This controversy has often focused on a seemingly small matter of timing: determination of the date when the SS moved to a continentwide program of mass murder, which they …
The Final Solution - JSTOR
The term "Final Solution" was coined in I938 by Franz Stuckart, then Undersecretary of the Reich's Ministry of Interior, who recently passed away in his comfortable home in Hanover. He …
