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| define unit of analysis: Research Methods William M. K. Trochim, 2005 From an expert in the research methods field, Research Methods: The Concise Knowledge Base was written specifically for undergraduates. Trochim streamlined and clarified explanations of fundamental, yet difficult, concepts in his familiar, engaging style. With this text, students will learn about the relationship between theory and practice, which will help them become better researchers and better consumers of research. From an expert in the research methods field, Research Methods: The Concise Knowledge Base was written specifically for undergraduates. Trochim streamlined and clarified explanations of fundamental, yet difficult, concepts in his familiar, engaging style. With this text, students will learn about the relationship between theory and practice, which will help them become better researchers and better consumers of research. |
| define unit of analysis: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| define unit of analysis: Applied Qualitative Research Design Margaret R. Roller, Paul J. Lavrakas, 2015-02-23 This unique text provides a comprehensive framework for creating, managing, and interpreting qualitative research studies that yield valid and useful information. Examples of studies from a wide range of disciplines illustrate the strengths, limitations, and applications of the primary qualitative methods: in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, ethnography, content analysis, and case study and narrative research. Following a consistent format, chapters show students and researchers how to implement each method within a paradigm-neutral and flexible Total Quality Framework (TQF) comprising four interrelated components: Credibility, Analyzability, Transparency, and Usefulness. Unlike other texts that relegate quality issues to one or two chapters, detailed discussions of such crucial topics as construct validity, interresearcher reliability, researcher bias, and verification strategies are featured throughout. The book also addresses applications of the TQF to the writing, review, and evaluation of qualitative research proposals and manuscripts. Pedagogical Features *Summary tables that highlight important content, such as the application of a method to vulnerable or hard-to-reach populations. *Case studies that illustrate TQF standards in practice for each method. *Guidelines for effective documentation (via thick descriptions) of each type of study. *End-of-chapter discussion topics, exercises, and suggested further reading and Web resources. *Chapters open with a preview and close with a bulleted summary of key ideas. *Extensive glossary. 2021 Winner--American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) Book Award |
| define unit of analysis: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
| define unit of analysis: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| define unit of analysis: Development Research in Practice Kristoffer Bjärkefur, Luíza Cardoso de Andrade, Benjamin Daniels, Maria Ruth Jones, 2021-07-16 Development Research in Practice leads the reader through a complete empirical research project, providing links to continuously updated resources on the DIME Wiki as well as illustrative examples from the Demand for Safe Spaces study. The handbook is intended to train users of development data how to handle data effectively, efficiently, and ethically. “In the DIME Analytics Data Handbook, the DIME team has produced an extraordinary public good: a detailed, comprehensive, yet easy-to-read manual for how to manage a data-oriented research project from beginning to end. It offers everything from big-picture guidance on the determinants of high-quality empirical research, to specific practical guidance on how to implement specific workflows—and includes computer code! I think it will prove durably useful to a broad range of researchers in international development and beyond, and I learned new practices that I plan on adopting in my own research group.†? —Marshall Burke, Associate Professor, Department of Earth System Science, and Deputy Director, Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University “Data are the essential ingredient in any research or evaluation project, yet there has been too little attention to standardized practices to ensure high-quality data collection, handling, documentation, and exchange. Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook seeks to fill that gap with practical guidance and tools, grounded in ethics and efficiency, for data management at every stage in a research project. This excellent resource sets a new standard for the field and is an essential reference for all empirical researchers.†? —Ruth E. Levine, PhD, CEO, IDinsight “Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is an important resource and a must-read for all development economists, empirical social scientists, and public policy analysts. Based on decades of pioneering work at the World Bank on data collection, measurement, and analysis, the handbook provides valuable tools to allow research teams to more efficiently and transparently manage their work flows—yielding more credible analytical conclusions as a result.†? —Edward Miguel, Oxfam Professor in Environmental and Resource Economics and Faculty Director of the Center for Effective Global Action, University of California, Berkeley “The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is a must-read for any data-driven researcher looking to create credible research outcomes and policy advice. By meticulously describing detailed steps, from project planning via ethical and responsible code and data practices to the publication of research papers and associated replication packages, the DIME handbook makes the complexities of transparent and credible research easier.†? —Lars Vilhuber, Data Editor, American Economic Association, and Executive Director, Labor Dynamics Institute, Cornell University |
| define unit of analysis: SAGE Research Methods Foundations Paul Anthony Atkinson, Sara Delamont, Richard A. Williams, Alexandru Cernat, Joseph Sakshaug, 2021-05-05 |
| define unit of analysis: Qualitative Text Analysis Udo Kuckartz, 2014-01-23 How can you analyse narratives, interviews, field notes, or focus group data? Qualitative text analysis is ideal for these types of data and this textbook provides a hands-on introduction to the method and its theoretical underpinnings. It offers step-by-step instructions for implementing the three principal types of qualitative text analysis: thematic, evaluative, and type-building. Special attention is paid to how to present your results and use qualitative data analysis software packages, which are highly recommended for use in combination with qualitative text analysis since they allow for fast, reliable, and more accurate analysis. The book shows in detail how to use software, from transcribing the verbal data to presenting and visualizing the results. The book is intended for Master’s and Doctoral students across the social sciences and for all researchers concerned with the systematic analysis of texts of any kind. |
| define unit of analysis: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
| define unit of analysis: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods Paul J. Lavrakas, 2008-09-12 To the uninformed, surveys appear to be an easy type of research to design and conduct, but when students and professionals delve deeper, they encounter the vast complexities that the range and practice of survey methods present. To complicate matters, technology has rapidly affected the way surveys can be conducted; today, surveys are conducted via cell phone, the Internet, email, interactive voice response, and other technology-based modes. Thus, students, researchers, and professionals need both a comprehensive understanding of these complexities and a revised set of tools to meet the challenges. In conjunction with top survey researchers around the world and with Nielsen Media Research serving as the corporate sponsor, the Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods presents state-of-the-art information and methodological examples from the field of survey research. Although there are other how-to guides and references texts on survey research, none is as comprehensive as this Encyclopedia, and none presents the material in such a focused and approachable manner. With more than 600 entries, this resource uses a Total Survey Error perspective that considers all aspects of possible survey error from a cost-benefit standpoint. Key Features Covers all major facets of survey research methodology, from selecting the sample design and the sampling frame, designing and pretesting the questionnaire, data collection, and data coding, to the thorny issues surrounding diminishing response rates, confidentiality, privacy, informed consent and other ethical issues, data weighting, and data analyses Presents a Reader′s Guide to organize entries around themes or specific topics and easily guide users to areas of interest Offers cross-referenced terms, a brief listing of Further Readings, and stable Web site URLs following most entries The Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods is specifically written to appeal to beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of survey-based information. |
| define unit of analysis: Foundations of Multimethod Research John Brewer, Albert Hunter, 2006 'Foundations of Multimethod Research' offers an explanation of how a planned synthesis of various research techniques can be purposefully used to improve social science knowledge. |
| define unit of analysis: Doing Meta-Analysis with R Mathias Harrer, Pim Cuijpers, Toshi A. Furukawa, David D. Ebert, 2021-09-15 Doing Meta-Analysis with R: A Hands-On Guide serves as an accessible introduction on how meta-analyses can be conducted in R. Essential steps for meta-analysis are covered, including calculation and pooling of outcome measures, forest plots, heterogeneity diagnostics, subgroup analyses, meta-regression, methods to control for publication bias, risk of bias assessments and plotting tools. Advanced but highly relevant topics such as network meta-analysis, multi-three-level meta-analyses, Bayesian meta-analysis approaches and SEM meta-analysis are also covered. A companion R package, dmetar, is introduced at the beginning of the guide. It contains data sets and several helper functions for the meta and metafor package used in the guide. The programming and statistical background covered in the book are kept at a non-expert level, making the book widely accessible. Features • Contains two introductory chapters on how to set up an R environment and do basic imports/manipulations of meta-analysis data, including exercises • Describes statistical concepts clearly and concisely before applying them in R • Includes step-by-step guidance through the coding required to perform meta-analyses, and a companion R package for the book |
| define unit of analysis: The Behavioral and Social Sciences National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Basic Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1988-02-01 This volume explores the scientific frontiers and leading edges of research across the fields of anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, sociology, history, business, education, geography, law, and psychiatry, as well as the newer, more specialized areas of artificial intelligence, child development, cognitive science, communications, demography, linguistics, and management and decision science. It includes recommendations concerning new resources, facilities, and programs that may be needed over the next several years to ensure rapid progress and provide a high level of returns to basic research. |
| define unit of analysis: Qualitative Data Analysis Ian Dey, 2003-09-02 Qualitative Data Analysis shows that learning how to analyse qualitative data by computer can be fun. Written in a stimulating style, with examples drawn mainly from every day life and contemporary humour, it should appeal to a wide audience. |
| define unit of analysis: The Cambridge Handbook of Group Interaction Analysis Elisabeth Brauner, Margarete Boos, Michaela Kolbe, 2018-08-02 This Handbook provides a compendium of research methods that are essential for studying interaction and communication across the behavioral sciences. Focusing on coding of verbal and nonverbal behavior and interaction, the Handbook is organized into five parts. Part I provides an introduction and historic overview of the field. Part II presents areas in which interaction analysis is used, such as relationship research, group research, and nonverbal research. Part III focuses on development, validation, and concrete application of interaction coding schemes. Part IV presents relevant data analysis methods and statistics. Part V contains systematic descriptions of established and novel coding schemes, which allows quick comparison across instruments. Researchers can apply this methodology to their own interaction data and learn how to evaluate and select coding schemes and conduct interaction analysis. This is an essential reference for all who study communication in teams and groups. |
| define unit of analysis: The SAGE Handbook of Research Methods in Political Science and International Relations Luigi Curini, Robert Franzese, 2020-04-09 The SAGE Handbook of Research Methods in Political Science and International Relations offers a comprehensive overview of research processes in social science — from the ideation and design of research projects, through the construction of theoretical arguments, to conceptualization, measurement, & data collection, and quantitative & qualitative empirical analysis — exposited through 65 major new contributions from leading international methodologists. Each chapter surveys, builds upon, and extends the modern state of the art in its area. Following through its six-part organization, undergraduate and graduate students, researchers and practicing academics will be guided through the design, methods, and analysis of issues in Political Science and International Relations: Part One: Formulating Good Research Questions & Designing Good Research Projects Part Two: Methods of Theoretical Argumentation Part Three: Conceptualization & Measurement Part Four: Large-Scale Data Collection & Representation Methods Part Five: Quantitative-Empirical Methods Part Six: Qualitative & Mixed Methods |
| define unit of analysis: Approaches to Discourse Analysis Cynthia Gordon, 2021 Approaches to Discourse Analysis demonstrates the importance of the diverse perspectives that various approaches to discourse bring to bear on human communication. Linguists and other readers interested in the interplay of language and culture will gain new insight and understanding from this rich compilation. |
| define unit of analysis: Content Analysis Klaus Krippendorff, 2004 The Second Edition of Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology is a definitive sourcebook of the history and core principles of content analysis as well as an essential resource for present and future studies. The book introduces readers to ways of analyzing meaningful matter such as texts, images, voices - that is, data whose physical manifestations are secondary to the meanings that a particular population of people brings to them. Organized into three parts, the book examines the conceptual and methodological aspects of content analysis and also traces several paths through content analysis protocols. The author has completely revised and updated the Second Edition, integrating new information on computer-aided text analysis. The book also includes a practical guide that incorporates experiences in teaching and how to advise academic and commercial researchers. In addition, Krippendorff clarifies the epistemology and logic of content analysis as well as the methods for achieving its aims. Intended as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students across the social sciences, Content Analysis, Second Edition will also be a valuable resource for practitioners in a variety of disciplines. |
| define unit of analysis: Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning Carl Patton, David Sawicki, Jennifer Clark, 2015-08-26 Updated in its 3rd edition, Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning presents quickly applied methods for analyzing and resolving planning and policy issues at state, regional, and urban levels. Divided into two parts, Methods which presents quick methods in nine chapters and is organized around the steps in the policy analysis process, and Cases which presents seven policy cases, ranging in degree of complexity, the text provides readers with the resources they need for effective policy planning and analysis. Quantitative and qualitative methods are systematically combined to address policy dilemmas and urban planning problems. Readers and analysts utilizing this text gain comprehensive skills and background needed to impact public policy. |
| define unit of analysis: Understanding Social Research Jennifer Mason, Angela Dale, 2010-12-10 Jennifer Mason and Angela Dale′s book seeks to set out cutting-edge developments in the field of social research and to encourage students and researchers to consider ways of learning from different approaches and perspectives in such a way as to make their own research richer, more insightful and more rewarding. Social Researching brings together a wide variety of research methods - both qualitative and quantitative - to help students and researchers to consider the relative benefits of adopting different approaches for their own research work. The authors clearly identify the most appropriate methods for different research questions and also highlight areas where it might be fruitful to compliment different methods with each other or exploit creative tensions between them. The book is therefore a highly practical guide which also seeks to draw readers outside their methodological comfort zones. This book includes: - Critical coverage of issues in research design; - Expert experience in many methodological fields; - An overview of the many different ways to approach similar research problems; - Coverage of the tensions between different methodological approaches; - Examples of excellence in research design and practice; - An examination of how to turn methodological tensions into richer research practice. The methods covered include highly innovative, ′cutting-edge′ approaches and they are demonstrated in terms of their transferability between the different social sciences. This inter-disciplinary approach is complimented by a wide range of strategically chosen examples which demonstrate the authors′ pragmatic and creative take on research design. |
| define unit of analysis: Statistical modeling : a fresh approach Daniel Theodore Kaplan, 2011 Statistical Modeling: A Fresh Approach introduces and illuminates the statistical reasoning used in modern research throughout the natural and social sciences, medicine, government, and commerce. It emphasizes the use of models to untangle and quantify variation in observed data. By a deft and concise use of computing coupled with an innovative geometrical presentation of the relationship among variables. A Fresh Approach reveals the logic of statistical inference and empowers the reader to use and understand techniques such as analysis of covariance that appear widely in published research but are hardly ever found in introductory texts.-- book cover |
| define unit of analysis: Reproducibility and Replicability in Science National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy, Board on Research Data and Information, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on Reproducibility and Replicability in Science, 2019-10-20 One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science. |
| define unit of analysis: Syntactic Structures Noam Chomsky, 2020-05-18 No detailed description available for Syntactic Structures. |
| define unit of analysis: Management Research Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks, Ana Isabel Canhoto, 2014-07-25 For many post-graduate students undertaking a research project for the first time is a daunting prospect. Gaining the knowledge and skills needed to do research typically has to be done alongside carrying out the project itself. Students often have to conduct their research independently, perhaps with limited tutor contact. What is needed in such situations is a resource that supports the new researcher on every step of the research journey, from defining the project to communicating its findings. Management Research: Applying the Principles provides just such a resource. Structured around the key stages of a research project, it is designed to provide answers to the questions faced by new researchers but without neglecting the underlying principles of good research. Each chapter includes ‘next steps’ activities to help readers apply the content to their own live research project. The companion website provides extensive resources, including video tutorials, to support the development of practical research skills. The text reflects the richness and variety of current business and management research both in its presentation of methods and techniques and its choice of examples drawn from different subject disciplines, industries and organizations. Management Research: Applying the Principles combines diversity of coverage with a singularity of purpose: to help students complete their research project to a rigorous standard. |
| define unit of analysis: General Theory Of Employment , Interest And Money John Maynard Keynes, 2016-04 John Maynard Keynes is the great British economist of the twentieth century whose hugely influential work The General Theory of Employment, Interest and * is undoubtedly the century's most important book on economics--strongly influencing economic theory and practice, particularly with regard to the role of government in stimulating and regulating a nation's economic life. Keynes's work has undergone significant revaluation in recent years, and Keynesian views which have been widely defended for so long are now perceived as at odds with Keynes's own thinking. Recent scholarship and research has demonstrated considerable rivalry and controversy concerning the proper interpretation of Keynes's works, such that recourse to the original text is all the more important. Although considered by a few critics that the sentence structures of the book are quite incomprehensible and almost unbearable to read, the book is an essential reading for all those who desire a basic education in economics. The key to understanding Keynes is the notion that at particular times in the business cycle, an economy can become over-productive (or under-consumptive) and thus, a vicious spiral is begun that results in massive layoffs and cuts in production as businesses attempt to equilibrate aggregate supply and demand. Thus, full employment is only one of many or multiple macro equilibria. If an economy reaches an underemployment equilibrium, something is necessary to boost or stimulate demand to produce full employment. This something could be business investment but because of the logic and individualist nature of investment decisions, it is unlikely to rapidly restore full employment. Keynes logically seizes upon the public budget and government expenditures as the quickest way to restore full employment. Borrowing the * to finance the deficit from private households and businesses is a quick, direct way to restore full employment while at the same time, redirecting or siphoning |
| define unit of analysis: Handbook of Developmental Research Methods Brett Laursen, Todd D. Little, Noel A. Card, 2012-02-01 Appropriate for use in developmental research methods or analysis of change courses, this is the first methods handbook specifically designed to meet the needs of those studying development. Leading developmental methodologists present cutting-edge analytic tools and describe how and when to use them, in accessible, nontechnical language. They also provide valuable guidance for strengthening developmental research with designs that anticipate potential sources of bias. Throughout the chapters, research examples demonstrate the procedures in action and give readers a better understanding of how to match research questions to developmental methods. The companion website (www.guilford.com/laursen-materials) supplies data and program syntax files for many of the chapter examples. |
| define unit of analysis: Approaches to Class Analysis Erik Olin Wright, 2005-07-01 Few themes have been as central to sociology as 'class' and yet class remains a perpetually contested idea. Sociologists disagree not only on how best to define the concept of class but on its general role in social theory and indeed on its continued relevance to the sociological analysis of contemporary society. Some people believe that classes have largely dissolved in contemporary societies; others believe class remains one of the fundamental forms of social inequality and social power. Some see class as a narrow economic phenomenon whilst others adopt an expansive conception that includes cultural dimensions as well as economic conditions. This 2005 book explores the theoretical foundations of six major perspectives of class with each chapter written by an expert in the field. It concludes with a conceptual map of these alternative approaches by posing the question: 'If class is the answer, what is the question?' |
| define unit of analysis: Approaches to Social Research Royce Singleton, Bruce C. Straits, Margaret Miller Straits, 1993 Thoroughly revised and updated, this remarkably successful text offers a sophisticated introduction to social research methods in a variety of fields. It provides balanced, comprehensive treatment of four major approaches--experimentation, survey research, field research, and the use of available data--with extensive substantive examples and a clarity of exposition that recommend it to students with no background. |
| define unit of analysis: Analytics, Innovation, and Excellence-Driven Enterprise Sustainability Elias G. Carayannis, Stavros Sindakis, 2017-04-19 This book offers a unique view of how innovation and competitiveness improve when organizations establish alliances with partners who have strong capabilities and broad social capital, allowing them to create value and growth as well as technological knowledge and legitimacy through new knowledge resources. Organizational intelligence integrates the technology variable into production and business systems, establishing a basis to advance decision-making processes. When strategically integrated, these factors have the power to promote enterprise resilience, robustness, and sustainability. This book provides a unique perspective on how knowledge, information, and data analytics create opportunities and challenges for sustainable enterprise excellence. It also shows how the value of digital technology at both personal and industrial levels leads to new opportunities for creating experiences, processes, and organizational forms that fundamentally reshape organizations. |
| define unit of analysis: The Content Analysis Guidebook Kimberly A. Neuendorf, 2017 Content analysis is a complex research methodology. This book provides an accessible text for upper level undergraduates and graduate students, comprising step-by-step instructions and practical advice. |
| define unit of analysis: Analyzing Quantitative Data Norman Blaikie, 2003-03-06 For social researchers who need to know what procedures to use under what circumstances in practical research projects, this book does not require an indepth understanding of statistical theory. |
| define unit of analysis: Sampling Essentials Johnnie Daniel, 2011-04-25 Written for students taking research methods courses, this text provides a thorough overview of sampling principles. The author gives detailed, nontechnical descriptions and guidelines with limited presentation of formulas to help students reach basic research decisions, such as whether to choose a census or a sample, as well as how to select sample size and sample type. Intended for students and researchers in the social and behavioral sciences, public health research, marketing research, and related areas, the text provides nonstatisticians with the concepts and techniques they need to do quality work and make good sampling choices. |
| define unit of analysis: Narrative Inquiry D. Jean Clandinin, F. Michael Connelly, 2004-08-13 The literature on narrative inquiry has been, until now, widely scattered and theoretically incomplete. Clandinin and Connelly have created a major tour de force. This book is lucid, fluid, beautifully argued, and rich in examples. Students will find a wealth of arguments to support their research, and teaching faculty will find everything they need to teach narrative inquiry theory and methods.--Yvonna S. Lincoln, professor, Department of Educational Administration, Texas A&M University Understanding experience as lived and told stories--also known as narrative inquiry--has gained popularity and credence in qualitative research. Unlike more traditional methods, narrative inquiry successfully captures personal and human dimensions that cannot be quantified into dry facts and numerical data. In this definitive guide, Jean Clandinin and Michael Connelly draw from more than twenty years of field experience to show how narrative inquiry can be used in educational and social science research. Tracing the origins of narrative inquiry in the social sciences, they offer new and practical ideas for conducting fieldwork, composing field notes, and conveying research results. Throughout the book, stories and examples reveal a wide range of narrative methods. Engaging and easy to read, Narrative Inquiry is a practical resource from experts who have long pioneered the use of narrative in qualitative research. |
| define unit of analysis: Research Methods in Education Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, 2007-05-07 This fully updated sixth edition of the international bestseller Research Methods in Education covers the whole range of methods currently employed by educational research at all stages. It is divided into five main parts: the context of educational research; planning educational research; styles of educational research; strategies for data collection and researching; and data analysis. The book also contains references to a comprehensive dedicated website of accompanying materials. The sixth edition includes new material on: complexity theory, ethics, sampling and sensitive educational research experimental research, questionnaire design and administration with practical guidance qualitative and quantitative data analysis, with practical examples internet based research. Research Methods in Education is essential reading for the professional researcher and continues to be the standard text for students and lecturers in educational research. To access the dedicated website of accompanying materials, please visit: www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415368780. |
| define unit of analysis: Case Study Research John Gerring, 2016-12-24 Case Study Research: Principles and Practices provides a general understanding of the case study method as well as specific tools for its successful implementation. These tools are applicable in a variety of fields including anthropology, business and management, communications, economics, education, medicine, political science, psychology, social work, and sociology. Topics include: a survey of case study approaches; a methodologically tractable definition of 'case study'; strategies for case selection, including random sampling and other algorithmic approaches; quantitative and qualitative modes of case study analysis; and problems of internal and external validity. The second edition of this core textbook is designed to be accessible to readers who are new to the subject and is thoroughly revised and updated, incorporating recent research, numerous up-to-date studies and comprehensive lecture slides. |
| define unit of analysis: The Craft of Business Research Dr Raman K Attri, 2023-08-18 Embark on a transformative voyage of research discovery through the pages of this comprehensive guidebook! Unveil the latent prowess of a successful corporate researcher within you, as you traverse a meticulously outlined showcase of the entire business research process. Tailored with precision for business leaders who may find themselves lacking extensive research backgrounds or formal training in research methodologies, this book serves as an all-encompassing compass to equip you with the essential tools and techniques required to conduct impactful, practice-oriented corporate research that addresses the most pressing issues faced by organizations. Perfectly suited for professionals, practitioners, and corporate managers embarking on the journey of corporate research or pursuing advanced doctoral-level programs, this book stands as your definitive resource—a roadmap that unravels a systematic research process in a manner that is both accessible and implementable. Rooted deeply in the qualitative domain, this guidebook delves into a comprehensive exploration of strategies and principles, each meticulously demonstrated through a comprehensive organizational research study that serves as the backbone of the narrative. Rich with real-world, full-scale examples, every chapter guides you through the intricacies: from the initial stages of selecting a pertinent research topic and crafting a research blueprint, to skillfully gathering high-quality data and conducting profound analysis. Empower yourself with invaluable insights to deftly position your own research within the most suitable paradigm, forge connections with participants, construct and present models, rigorously test outcomes, and delve into so much more. All of this under the expert guidance of an award-winning accelerated learning scientist and a seasoned business leader, ensuring you're in capable hands as you navigate the research landscape. Catering to a diverse audience ranging from practitioners, managers, executives, scholars, students, professors, teachers, and researchers, this book is an indispensable companion, with a shared goal of advancing their understanding of research excellence. Whether you're a practitioner yearning to enhance your decision-making acumen, a manager driven to infuse innovation into your organization, or a scholar on an unrelenting quest for academic distinction, this indispensable guide will serve as your steadfast companion, propelling your research endeavors to unprecedented heights. |
| define unit of analysis: Narrative Analysis Catherine Kohler Riessman, 2022-05-06 Recipient of the 1994 Critics′ Choice Award from the American Educational Studies Association People tell stories to help organize and make sense of their lives. In the past, their narratives have often been torn apart by social scientists looking for themes, variables, and specific answers to specific questions. But in recent years, the development of narrative analysis has given life to the study of the narrative as a form of information for social research. Why are they constructed as they are? How does one dissect a narrative to understand the lived experience of the narrator? What steps can the researcher take to translate these tales and life stories into usable research? Catherine Kohler Riessman provides a detailed primer on the use of narrative analysis, its theoretical underpinnings and worldview, and the methods it uses. Replete with examples and transcriptions from previous narrative studies, Narrative Analysis is a useful introduction to this growing body of literature. |
| define unit of analysis: Collecting Qualitative Data Greg Guest, Emily E. Namey, Marilyn L. Mitchell, 2013 Provides a very practical and step-by-step guide to collecting and managing qualitative data, |
| define unit of analysis: The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers Johnny Saldana, 2009-02-19 The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers is unique in providing, in one volume, an in-depth guide to each of the multiple approaches available for coding qualitative data. In total, 29 different approaches to coding are covered, ranging in complexity from beginner to advanced level and covering the full range of types of qualitative data from interview transcripts to field notes. For each approach profiled, Johnny Saldaña discusses the method’s origins in the professional literature, a description of the method, recommendations for practical applications, and a clearly illustrated example. |
| define unit of analysis: Case Study Methods in Education Gary Thomas, 2013-06-05 This four-volume major work collates and contextualises key papers on the use of case study in education. The collection brings together methodological publications and publications which provide exemplars of case study. The methodological material provides both critical analyses of case study and those which champion its use, offering at the same time a chronological map of the development of case study from its earliest uses to today. Framed by an introductory passage in each volume which seeks to provide a synopsis of the methodological discussion and a commentary on the exemplary material, this set provides for serious students in education original source material to appraise the method together with exemplary sample material to help them plan and organize their case studies. Volume One: Methodological issues around the use of case studies in social science Volume Two: Methodological issues around the use of case studies in education Volume Three: The case study in practice - general issues and specific examples Volume Four: Examples of case studies in education |
What is the Unit of Analysis in a Review? - SAGE Journals
The rationale for using studies as the unit of analysis is two-fold: First, we can only include the same study sample once in a review. Including more than one article from the same study in a …
Let’s the Stop the Madness: Understanding the Difference …
One of the first steps in deciding how you will analyze the data is to define a unit of analysis (Trochim, 2006). Your unit of analysis is the “who” or the “what” that you are analyzing...
The Unit of Analysis in Learning Research: Approaches for
We pose that the unit of analysis, in essence, the what, where, who, or when of learning (Säljö, 2009) is to be decided/explained in accordance with the nature the learning phenomenon in …
Qualitative Analysis of Content - University of Texas at Austin
Step 2: Define the Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis refers to the basic unit of text to be classified during content analysis. Messages have to be unitized before they can be coded, …
Qualitative Research: Analysis
unit of analysis keeping in mind that broad, contextually rich units of analysis — maintained throughout coding, category and theme development, and interpretation — are crucial to …
Describing Populations and Samples in Doctoral Student …
This article provides clear definitions of the population structures essential to research, with examples of how these structures, beginning with the unit of analysis, are described within …
Conducting Qualitative Data Analysis: Reading Line-by-Line, …
One of the biggest challenges in conducting qualitative data analysis is deciding on what piece of the data constitutes a meaningful unit to analyze. A unit by definition is “a single undivided …
SCIENCE FORUM Unit of analysis issues in laboratory-based …
Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we …
Understanding Different Issues of Unit of Analysis in a
In this paper different levels of unit of analysis are described. The relation between the unit of analysis and unit of observation is explained. Faulty reasoning about the unit of...
Appendix A The Poverty Universe and Unit of Analysis - NYC.gov
2. Unit of Analysis and Unit Size. Poverty is determined at the family unit; the threshold is a function of family size and income is the sum of all family members’ income. The inclusion of …
7 Steps - aimlcommunity.com
Define Unit Analysis 1. Define unit analysis from the data (unit that represents a row / what does every row mean) 2. The row should be consistent throughout dataset 3. It’s derived from …
UNITS OF ANALYSIS IN PSYCHOLOGY - Trinity College
Many thinkers have searched for the proper unit of analysis for psychology. From Descartes' sensations, to Locke's ideas, to punctate stimuli, cues, features, templates. and structural …
A GENERAL THEORY OF UNITS OF ANALYSIS FOR CULTURAL …
“What unit of analysis does my sample represent?” In this paper I provide a general theory of units of analysis and how they can be applied to research, particularly cultural research.
Design and Analysis of Experiments - University of Washington
What are the experimental units? How does the experimenter apply the treatments to the available experimental units and then observe the responses? Can the resulting design be …
The Unit of Analysis in Learning Research: Approaches for
The unit of analysis is a central piece in any methodology - it determines the object of the inquiry, constituting thus a worldview on what we can and cannot discover about learning in any …
Chapter 6 Statistical Units and Data Items Section A ... - UNSD
unit is an analytical statistical unit and is defined as an enterprise or part of an enterprise that engages in only one kind of productive activity or in which the principal productive...
What is analysis - The University of Sydney
In this module we will look at these four requirements and investigate what they mean and how to develop these skills in your own writing. The module is structured into units which are …
Appendix A The Poverty Universe and Unit of Analysis - NYC.gov
Unit of Analysis A measure of poverty must establish a threshold – a line that demarcates the poor om fr the esr t of society. It must also define what resources a family can draw upon to …
B Unit Analysis and Conversion - National Registry of …
B Unit Analysis and Conversion . 1 Apply the basic units of measure encountered by radiation technicians including relationships between each system . 2 Demonstrate the ability to apply …
Unit Cancellation and Unit Conversion Dimensional Analysis
Steps When Solving Problems involving Unit Conversions 1. Identify the given measurement/amount. 2. Identify the unit that the measurement must be converted to. 3. Use …
What is the Unit of Analysis in a Review? - SAGE Journals
The rationale for using studies as the unit of analysis is two-fold: First, we can only include the same study sample once in a review. Including more than one article from the same study in a …
Let’s the Stop the Madness: Understanding the Difference …
One of the first steps in deciding how you will analyze the data is to define a unit of analysis (Trochim, 2006). Your unit of analysis is the “who” or the “what” that you are analyzing...
The Unit of Analysis in Learning Research: Approaches for
We pose that the unit of analysis, in essence, the what, where, who, or when of learning (Säljö, 2009) is to be decided/explained in accordance with the nature the learning phenomenon in …
Qualitative Analysis of Content - University of Texas at Austin
Step 2: Define the Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis refers to the basic unit of text to be classified during content analysis. Messages have to be unitized before they can be coded, …
Qualitative Research: Analysis
unit of analysis keeping in mind that broad, contextually rich units of analysis — maintained throughout coding, category and theme development, and interpretation — are crucial to …
Describing Populations and Samples in Doctoral Student …
This article provides clear definitions of the population structures essential to research, with examples of how these structures, beginning with the unit of analysis, are described within …
Conducting Qualitative Data Analysis: Reading Line-by …
One of the biggest challenges in conducting qualitative data analysis is deciding on what piece of the data constitutes a meaningful unit to analyze. A unit by definition is “a single undivided …
SCIENCE FORUM Unit of analysis issues in laboratory-based …
Failure to recognise this as a problem is often referred to in the statistical literature as a unit of analysis (UoA) issue. Here, by analysing two example datasets in a simulation study, we …
Understanding Different Issues of Unit of Analysis in a
In this paper different levels of unit of analysis are described. The relation between the unit of analysis and unit of observation is explained. Faulty reasoning about the unit of...
Appendix A The Poverty Universe and Unit of Analysis
2. Unit of Analysis and Unit Size. Poverty is determined at the family unit; the threshold is a function of family size and income is the sum of all family members’ income. The inclusion of …
7 Steps - aimlcommunity.com
Define Unit Analysis 1. Define unit analysis from the data (unit that represents a row / what does every row mean) 2. The row should be consistent throughout dataset 3. It’s derived from …
UNITS OF ANALYSIS IN PSYCHOLOGY - Trinity College
Many thinkers have searched for the proper unit of analysis for psychology. From Descartes' sensations, to Locke's ideas, to punctate stimuli, cues, features, templates. and structural …
A GENERAL THEORY OF UNITS OF ANALYSIS FOR CULTURAL …
“What unit of analysis does my sample represent?” In this paper I provide a general theory of units of analysis and how they can be applied to research, particularly cultural research.
Design and Analysis of Experiments - University of …
What are the experimental units? How does the experimenter apply the treatments to the available experimental units and then observe the responses? Can the resulting design be …
The Unit of Analysis in Learning Research: Approaches for
The unit of analysis is a central piece in any methodology - it determines the object of the inquiry, constituting thus a worldview on what we can and cannot discover about learning in any …
Chapter 6 Statistical Units and Data Items Section A ... - UNSD
unit is an analytical statistical unit and is defined as an enterprise or part of an enterprise that engages in only one kind of productive activity or in which the principal productive...
What is analysis - The University of Sydney
In this module we will look at these four requirements and investigate what they mean and how to develop these skills in your own writing. The module is structured into units which are …
Appendix A The Poverty Universe and Unit of Analysis
Unit of Analysis A measure of poverty must establish a threshold – a line that demarcates the poor om fr the esr t of society. It must also define what resources a family can draw upon to …
B Unit Analysis and Conversion - National Registry of …
B Unit Analysis and Conversion . 1 Apply the basic units of measure encountered by radiation technicians including relationships between each system . 2 Demonstrate the ability to apply …
Unit Cancellation and Unit Conversion Dimensional Analysis
Steps When Solving Problems involving Unit Conversions 1. Identify the given measurement/amount. 2. Identify the unit that the measurement must be converted to. 3. Use …
