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| define valence in psychology: Darwinian Hedonism and the Epidemic of Unhealthy Behavior David M. Williams, 2019-03-21 Provides a new approach to psychological hedonism and applies it to the growing global epidemic of unhealthy behavior. |
| define valence in psychology: Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning Dmitry Leontiev, 2016-03-17 What are the ways in which we can understand the meaning of the psychology of meaning in people’s lives? In the last century mainstream psychology has largely neglected the topic of meaning. More recently, the concept has become an academically legitimate one within positive psychology and in some other speciality areas of psychology. This book contains a collection of theoretical, methodological and empirical papers written by the acknowledged experts systematically working on the problems of personal meaning within the positive psychology framework. The authors investigate the possibilities and limitations of a scientific study of personal meaning and new perspectives that this concept brings to the field. This book was originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Positive Psychology. |
| define valence in psychology: Introduction to Psychology Jennifer Walinga, Charles Stangor, This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section. |
| define valence in psychology: The Emotions Peter Goldie, 2002-08 Peter Goldie opens the path to a deeper understanding of our emotional lives through a lucid philosophical exploration of this surprisingly neglected topic. He illuminates the phenomena of emotion by drawing not only on philosophy but also on literature and science. He considers the roles of culture and evolution in the development of our emotional capabilities. He examines the links between emotion, mood, and character, and places the emotions in the context of such related phenomena as consciousness, thought, feeling, and imagination. He explains how it is that we are able to make sense of our own and other people's emotions, and how we can explain the very human things which emotions lead us to do. A key theme of The Emotions is the idea of a personal perspective or point of view, contrasted with the impersonal stance of the empirical sciences. Goldie argues that it is only from the personal point of view that thoughts, reasons, feelings, and actions come into view. He suggests that there is a tendency for philosophers to over-intellectualize the emotions, and investigates how far it is possible to explain emotions in terms of rationality. Over-intellectualizing can also involve neglecting the centrality of feelings, and Goldie shows how to put them where they belong, as part of the intentionality of emotional experience, directed towards the world from a point of view. Goldie argues that the various elements of emotional experience—including thought, feeling, bodily change, and expression—are tied together in a narrative structure. To make sense of one's emotional life one has to see it as part of a larger unfolding narrative. The narrative is not simply an interpretative framework of a life: it is what that life is. Goldie concludes by applying these ideas in a close study of one particular emotion: jealousy. This fascinating book gives an accessible but penetrating exploration of a subject that is important but mysterious to all of us. Any reader interested in emotion, and its role in our understanding of our lives, will find much to think about here. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Guilt Steven T. Griggs, Ph.D., 2018-06-23 I've been a practicing psychologist in an outpatient setting for over thirty-two years. I run into eight conditions almost every day (addictions, anxiety, ADHD/learning disabilities, assertiveness, children’s behaviors, mood disorders, relationships and self-esteem). Guilt is not a major mental illness, but it is a condition we all experience. If you are reading this, chances are either you feel guilt or you know someone who is trying to make you feel that way, or you know someone who feels their own guilt. You probably know, first hand, the difficulties this condition creates. The symptoms vary but usually include an uneasy feeling, accompanied by anxiety and conflict. The conflicts might not be within your awareness, hence the difficulty resolving the ambivalence. Yes, guilt is a form of ambivalence--a more painful form than the first--Procrastination, but usually not as deep as the third form--Forgiveness, which is the subject of the last in this series of three ebooks. Resolving ambivalence is no easy feat, but understanding this underlying dynamic is necessary if you want guilt to go away. In this ebook, I start out with some definitions (there are many), and then highlight the good and bad aspects of guilt. Yes, there are actually a few good things associated with guilt, but these are not the main focus of this ebook, because we all tend to focus on the uncomfortable parts. There's a discussion of guilt in the literature, divided into four parts--Evolutionary, Neurological, Social and Clinical. What is the difference between guilt and shame? Guilt and Procrastination? Guilt and Anxiety? What are its specific dynamics? (Think sins of omission and sins of commission). I discuss common situations that create guilt--how others create guilt in you--and how to think about them so that guilt is just one possible experience, not the only one. I list at least a dozen irrational beliefs that make you vulnerable and another ten or so questions you can ask yourself to make these conscious. Then I list another dozen or more approaches to guilt described by other psychologists. (I didn't think of everything myself...) What are the functions of punishment? Pennance? Rationalization? Denial? Assertiveness? How do you sabotage assertivensss? (I list eight ways.) And last, I talk about guilt in relation to religion. I sprinkle quotes throughout the text and include over two pages of them at the end. Some of them are thought-provoking, some are just funny. I like quotes because it makes text more readable, plus gives the reader a broader perspective. But, since I am a psychologist, the emphasis is on your experience of guilt and how to deal with it. Clients are very enthusiastic about this ebook, probably because everyone can use some work on this issue, especially if you happen to be in a relationship. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Forgiveness Steven T. Griggs, Ph.D., |
| define valence in psychology: The Definition, Practice, and Psychology of Vedanā John Peacock, Martine Batchelor, 2020-06-09 This book examines the importance of the topic of ‘feeling tone’ (vedanā) as it appears in early Buddhist texts and practice, and also within contemporary, secular, mindfulness-based interventions. The volume aims to highlight the crucial nature of the ‘feeling tone’ or ‘taste of experience’ in determining mental reactivity, behaviour, character, and ethics. In the history of Buddhism, and in its reception in contemporary discourse, vedanā has often been a much-neglected topic, with greater emphasis being accorded to other meditational focuses, such as body and mind. However, ‘feeling tone’ (vedanā) can be seen as a crucial pivotal point in understanding the cognitive process, both in contemporary mindfulness and meditation practice within more traditional forms of Buddhism. The taste of experience, it is claimed, comes as pleasant, unpleasant, and neither pleasant nor unpleasant – and these ‘tones’ or ‘tastes’ inevitably follow from humans being embodied sensory beings. That experience comes in this way is unavoidable, but what follows can be seen in terms of reactivity or responsiveness. This book was originally published as a special issue of Contemporary Buddhism. |
| define valence in psychology: The Subtlety of Emotions Aaron Ben-Ze'Ev, 2001-08-24 An informal yet rigorous exploration of human emotions in all their complexity and subtlety. Why do we cry at the movies? What is the best way to manage destructive feelings such as jealousy? Although emotions pervade our lives, their nature, causes, and effects have only recently been studied by social scientists and philosophers. Despite growing scientific interest in the subject, empirical findings have not yet caught up with our intuitive knowledge. In this book Aaron Ben-Ze'ev carries out what he calls a careful search for general patterns in the primeval jungle of emotions. In an engaging, informal style he draws on a variety of theoretical approaches and popular sources to produce a coherent account of emotions in all their subtlety. All of the ideas are illustrated with examples drawn from everyday life. The book is organized into two parts. The first presents an overall conceptual framework for understanding emotions. It looks at the typical characteristics and components of emotions, distinguishes emotions from other affective phenomena, classifies the emotions, and covers such related issues as emotional intelligence, regulating emotions, and emotions and morality. The second part discusses individual emotions, including envy, jealousy, pleasure-in-others'-misfortune, pity, compassion, anger, hate, disgust, love, sexual desire, happiness, sadness, pride, regret, and shame. The text is laced with insightful and often amusing quotations from sources ranging from Mae West to Montesquieu. |
| define valence in psychology: Second Wave Positive Psychology Itai Ivtzan, Tim Lomas, Kate Hefferon, Piers Worth, 2015-10-23 Positive psychology is currently equated with theory and research on the positive aspects of life. The reality could not be further from the truth. Positive psychology investigates and researches some of the most difficult and painful experiences. Second Wave Positive Psychology: Embracing the Dark Side of Life is an innovative and groundbreaking textbook that explores a variety of topics we consider to be part of the ‘dark’ side of life while emphasising their role in our positive functioning and transformation as human beings. This more nuanced approach to the notions of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ can be described as the ‘second wave' of Positive Psychology. Positive Psychology is one of the fastest growing and least understood branches of psychology. Exploring topics at the heart of Positive Psychology, such as meaning, resilience, human development, mortality, change, suffering, and spirituality, this book engages with so-called ‘negative’ matters from a Positive Psychology angle, showing how the path of personal development can involve experiences which, while challenging, can lead to growth, insight, healing and transformation. Containing useful resources, case studies, practical exercises and chapter summaries, Second Wave Positive Psychology is an essential guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying positive psychology, as well as clinicians wanting to know more about the subject. It will also be relevant to the layperson who is interested in positive psychology. |
| define valence in psychology: Multilevel Modeling for Social and Personality Psychology John B Nezlek, 2011-03-04 Psychophysiology methods have become very important in the past decade or so with the increase in the understanding of the relationship between human physiology and behavior. As social behavior research has ventured further into biological waters, more detailed understanding of these methods has become necessary. This volume meets this need in a very accessible way for the advanced level student upwards. Written by a team of well recognized and well-published social psychophysiologists, it leads the reader through some complex but essential areas of understanding for anyone needing to investigate the human biological system and social behavior including the autonomic nervous system, endocrine measures and electromyography. This text will be perfect for all advanced students and researchers in social and personality psychology using social psychophysiological methods as part of their studies or research. |
| define valence in psychology: How and why Thoughts Change Ian M. Evans, 2015 In How and Why Thoughts Change, Dr. Ian Evans deconstructs the nature of cognitive therapy by examining the cognitive element of CBT, that is, how and why thoughts change behavior and emotion. There are a number of different approaches to cognitive therapy, including the classic Beck approach, the late Albert Ellis's rational-emotive psychotherapy, Young's schema-focused therapy, and newer varieties such as mindfulness training, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and problem-solving strategies. Evans identifies the common principles underlying these methods, attempts to integrate them, and makes suggestions as to how our current cognitive therapies might be improved. He draws on a broad survey of contemporary research on basic cognitive processes and integrates these with therapeutic approaches. |
| define valence in psychology: The Neuroscience of Emotion Ralph Adolphs, David J. Anderson, 2018-06-05 A new framework for the neuroscientific study of emotions in humans and animals The Neuroscience of Emotion presents a new framework for the neuroscientific study of emotion across species. Written by Ralph Adolphs and David J. Anderson, two leading authorities on the study of emotion, this accessible and original book recasts the discipline and demonstrates that in order to understand emotion, we need to examine its biological roots in humans and animals. Only through a comparative approach that encompasses work at the molecular, cellular, systems, and cognitive levels will we be able to comprehend what emotions do, how they evolved, how the brain shapes their development, and even how we might engineer them into robots in the future. Showing that emotions are ubiquitous across species and implemented in specific brain circuits, Adolphs and Anderson offer a broad foundation for thinking about emotions as evolved, functionally defined biological states. The authors discuss the techniques and findings from modern neuroscientific investigations of emotion and conclude with a survey of theories and future research directions. Featuring color illustrations throughout, The Neuroscience of Emotion synthesizes the latest in neuroscientific work to provide deeper insights into how emotions function in all of us. |
| define valence in psychology: Aesthetic Experience Richard Shusterman, Adele Tomlin, 2008 Examines the notion of aesthetic experience as well as its value. This title brings together major voices that have directly theorised the concept of aesthetic experience or indirectly worked on topics connected to it. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change Gregory R. Maio, Geoffrey Haddock, 2009 Written by two world-leading academics in the field of attitudes research, is a brand new textbook that gets to the very heart of this fascinating and far-reaching field. Greg Maio and Geoffrey Haddock describe how scientific methods have been used to better understand attitudes and how they change. With the aid of a few helpful metaphors, the text provides readers with a grasp of the fundamental concepts for understanding attitudes and an appreciation of the scientific challenges that lay ahead. |
| define valence in psychology: Theories of Emotion Robert Plutchik, Henry Kellerman, 2013-10-22 Emotion: Theory, Research, and Experience, Volume 1: Theories of Emotion, presents broad theoretical perspectives representing all major schools of thought in the study of the nature of emotion. The contributions contained in the book are characterized under three major headings - evolutionary context, psychophysiological context, and dynamic context. Subjects that are discussed include general psycho-evolutionary theory of emotion; the affect system; the biology of emotions and other feelings; and emotions as transitory social roles. Psychologists, sociobiologists, sociologists, psychiatrists, ethologists, and students the allied fields will find the text a good reference material. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychological Construction of Emotion Lisa Feldman Barrett, James A. Russell, 2014-10-29 This volume presents cutting-edge theory and research on emotions as constructed events rather than fixed, essential entities. It provides a thorough introduction to the assumptions, hypotheses, and scientific methods that embody psychological constructionist approaches. Leading scholars examine the neurobiological, cognitive/perceptual, and social processes that give rise to the experiences Western cultures call sadness, anger, fear, and so on. The book explores such compelling questions as how the brain creates emotional experiences, whether the ingredients of emotions also give rise to other mental states, and how to define what is or is not an emotion. Introductory and concluding chapters by the editors identify key themes and controversies and compare psychological construction to other theories of emotion. |
| define valence in psychology: Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition David Yun Dai, Robert J. Sternberg, 2004-07-13 The central argument of this book is that cognition is not the whole story in understanding intellectual functioning and development. To account for inter-individual, intra-individual, and developmental variability in actual intellectual performance, it is necessary to treat cognition, emotion, and motivation as inextricably related. Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition: Integrative Perspectives on Intellectual Functioning and Development: *represents a new direction in theory and research on intellectual functioning and development; *portrays human intelligence as fundamentally constrained by biology and adaptive needs but modulated by social and cultural forces; and *encompasses and integrates a broad range of scientific findings and advances, from cognitive and affective neurosciences to cultural psychology, addressing fundamental issues of individual differences, developmental variability, and cross-cultural differences with respect to intellectual functioning and development. By presenting current knowledge regarding integrated understanding of intellectual functioning and development, this volume promotes exchanges among researchers concerned with provoking new ideas for research and provides educators and other practitioners with a framework that will enrich understanding and guide practice. |
| define valence in psychology: Psychology of Self-Regulation Joseph P. Forgas, Francis Eppes Eminent Scholar and Professor of Psychology Roy F Baumeister, PhD, Roy F. Baumeister, Dianne M. Tice, 2011-02-25 The ability to regulate and control our behaviors is a key accomplishment of the human species, yet the psychological mechanisms involved in self-regulation remain incompletely understood. This book presents contributions from leading international researchers who survey the most recent developments in this fascinating area. The chapters shed new light on the subtle and often subconscious ways that the people seek to regulate their thoughts, feelings and behaviors in everyday social life. The contributions seek answers to such intriguing questions as: How can we improve our ability to control our actions? How do people make decisions about which goals to pursue? How do we maintain and manage goal-oriented behavior? What happens when we run out of self-regulation resources? Can we match people and the regulatory demands of to specific tasks so as to optimize performance? What role does self-regulation play in sports performance, in maintaining successful relationships, and in managing work situations? The book offers a highly integrated and representative coverage of this important field, and is suitable as a core textbook in advanced courses dealing with social behavior and the applications of psychology to real-life problems. |
| define valence in psychology: Cognition and Emotion Jan de Houwer, Dirk Hermans, 2010-05-09 Emotions are complex and multifaceted phenomena. Although they have been examined from a variety of perspectives, the study of the interaction between cognition and emotion has always occupied a unique position within emotion research. Many philosophers and psychologists have been fascinated by the relationship between thinking and feeling. During the past 30 years, research on the relationship between cognition and emotion has boomed and so many studies on this topic have been published that it is difficult to keep track of the evidence. This book fulfils the need for a review of the existing evidence on particular aspects of the interplay between cognition and emotion. The book assembles a collection of state-of-the-art reviews of the most important topics in cognition and emotion research: emotion theories, feeling and thinking, the perception of emotion, the expression of emotion, emotion regulation, emotion and memory, and emotion and attention. By bringing these reviews together, this book presents a unique overview of the knowledge that has been generated in the past decades about the many and complex ways in which cognition and emotion interact. As such, it provides a useful tool for both students and researchers alike, in the fields of social, clinical and cognitive psychology. |
| define valence in psychology: Components of Emotional Meaning Johnny R. J. Fontaine, Klaus R. Scherer, Cristina Soriano, 2013-08 When using emotion terms such as anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and contempt, it is assumed that the terms used in the native language of the researchers, and translated into English, are completely equivalent in meaning. This is often not the case. This book presents an extensive cross-cultural/linguistic review of the meaning of emotion words |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Procrastination Steven T. Griggs, Ph.D., 2018-07-01 I've been a practicing psychologist in an outpatient setting for over thirty-two years. I run into eight conditions almost every day (addictions, anxiety, ADHD/learning disabilities, assertiveness, children’s behaviors, mood disorders, relationships and self-esteem). Procrastination is not a major mental illness, but it is a condition we all experience. Its especially difficult when someone else procrastinates and we depend upon them to complete something on time. If you are reading this, chances are either you procrastinate or someone you know does. You probably know, first hand, the difficulties you encounter, or hear about it from others. The symptoms vary but usually include waiting until the last minute, setting appointments too late, filing taxes at midnight on April 15th, driving the car into the ground before changing the oil, putting off that term-paper until the day before its due, and getting used to the mess in the house because cleaning can wait until tomorrow. Are there dishes still in the sink from three days ago? How about that laundry? These are all the warning signs of procrastination. Some are more dramatic and harmful, like not completing the project on time at work. Others are chronic and annoying. If you have any of these signs, this ebook is for you. In this ebook, I start out with a discussion of misconceptions about procrastinators. For example, procrastinators are really not lazy. But they do have great difficulty seeking help (besides getting around to making that appointment...). Next, I delve into the underlying dynamics. It turns out that procrastination is really a deficiency in resolving ambivalence, as are two other common conditions (guilt and failure to forgive). So, I examine ambivalence in depth, especially in regards to values, feelings, thoughts as they play out in our either conscious or unconscious experience. Ambivalence and its manifestations are about the conflict(s) between these elements. The indecision and anxiety that sits atop the ambivalence is central to procrastination, in this case playing out in behavior. Understand this and you will trick yourself less and do more, more often. This leads to a discussion of suppression and repression, in relation to time. There are lots of small examples sprinkled in the text. These are included so the reader can determine what is normal behavior and what is not. This will help in case you are considering seeing a professional. Many folks like a little background, so next I delve into what the researchers have found about procrastination. Its not what you think. It has to do with how we think about thinking. Here you will find terms such as hyperbolic reasoning, metacognition, present bias and time inconsistency. These are in contrast to what most people think of procrastinators--that they are immature, impulsive and passive-aggressive. (Some are, some aren't). There are some ingenious experiments that have been done that I cover. Find out about the Stupid Monkey Brain. Next I look at the clinical side, and how to fix procrastination. What questions to ask, and at what depth. There follows a discussion of the techniques to externalize the findings in ways that undermine procrastination. Last, I provide two in-depth examples and go through the process of figuring out what might be going on.. Lastly, there is a reader submitted example, that is sort of a final test. (No grades are given). Clients are very enthusiastic about this ebook, probably because everyone can use some work on this issue, especially if you happen to be in a relationship. (Living or working with a procrastinator is sometimes quite a challenge...) Like my other publications, this ebook has no fat. It has about 30 pages. Think of it as a Cliffs Notes publication. It's sort of a quick read (about two hours for the first reading), because I have to explain some stuff using terms you probably haven't heard before. But its all laid out in everyday language, just like what you're reading now. Nobody has published what I present as the glue that makes these concepts work. I think this is why my ebook does a better job. It's process as well as content driven. The theory I espouse is different from standard explanations or other literature in this field. It works better. I know, because I've been using it with clients for years. I've put together a hard hitting, direct How To manual. My research has not turned up another ebook that does what mine does. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations Fritz Heider, 1982 First Published in 1982. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| define valence in psychology: Psychology of Personality Ross Stagner, 1948 |
| define valence in psychology: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations F. Heider, 2013-05-13 Published in the year 1982, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations is a valuable contribution to the field of Social Psychology. |
| define valence in psychology: Circumplex Model David Olson, Candyce Smith Russell, Douglas H Sprenkle, 2014-04-23 This functional new volume introduces professionals to the Circumplex Model of Family Systems--one of the most respected and widely used approaches of its kind in family studies. Internationally known scholar/practitioners in the marriage and family therapy field demonstrate how the model can be used to assess couple and family dynamics and plan treatment interventions. They extend the use of the Circumplex Model for treating problem families using a range of clinical interventions at both the family level and broader social system level--including specific treatment populations--sex offenders, juvenile delinquents, truants, and multi-problem families. Designed as a multidisciplinary resource, this authoritative and accurate volume will assist social workers, psychologists, pastoral counselors, family therapists, and other mental health professionals who work with individuals in a family treatment context. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Facial Expression James A. Russell, José Miguel Fernández-Dols, 1997-03-28 It reviews current research and provides guidelines for future exploration of facial expression. |
| define valence in psychology: Theories of Mood and Cognition Leonard L. Martin, Gerald L. Clore, 2013-06-17 Approaching the topic from a social psychological viewpoint, this book provides a forum for some currently active theorists to provide concise descriptions of their models in a way that addresses four of the most central issues in the field: How does affect influence memory, judgment, information processing, and creativity? Each presentation includes a concise description of the theory's underlying assumptions, an application of these assumptions to the four central issues, and some answers to questions posed by the other theorists. Thus, in one volume, the reader is presented with a single authoritative source for current theories of affect and information processing and is given a chance to listen in on a conversation among the theorists in the form of questions and answers related to each theory. Students and researchers alike will benefit from the clarity and brevity of this volume. |
| define valence in psychology: Components of emotional meaning Johnny J. R. Fontaine, Klaus R. Scherer, Cristina Soriano, 2013-08-01 Publications on emotion (and the affective sciences in general) have exploded in the last decade. Numerous research teams and individual scholars from many different disciplines have published research papers or books about many different aspects of emotions and their role in behaviour and society. However, One aspect of emotional research that has been somewhat neglected, is the way in which emotional terms translate into other languages. When using terms like anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and joy for so-called basic emotions, as well as terms like shame, guilt, pride, regret and contempt for more complex emotions, it is naturally assumed that the emotion terms used for research in the native language of the researchers and translated into English are completely equivalent in meaning. However, this is not generally the case. In many cases there is no direct one to one relationship between an English term and a term in an alternative language. In fact, there can be significant differences in the way that these seemingly similar emotional terms can be applied across various languages, with important implications for how we review and appraise this work. This book presents an extensive cross-cultural and cross-linguistic review of the meaning of emotion words, adopting a novel methodological approach. Based on the Component Process Model, the authors developed a new instrument to assess the meaning of emotion terms. This instrument, the GRID questionnaire, consists of a grid of 24 emotion terms spanning the emotion domain and 142 emotion features that operationalize five emotion components (Appraisals, Bodily reactions, Expressions, Action tendencies, and Feelings). For the operationalization of these five emotion components, very different emotion models from the Western and the cultural-comparative emotion literature were taken into account. 'Components of Emotional Meaning' includes contributions from psychological, cultural-comparative, and linguistic perspectives demonstrating how this new instrument can be used to empirically study very different research questions on the meaning of emotion terms. The implications of the results for major theoretical debates on emotion are also discussed. For all researchers in the affective sciences, this book is an important new reference work. |
| define valence in psychology: Cultural-Existential Psychology Daniel Sullivan, 2016-04-06 Bridging cultural and experimental existential psychology, this book offers a synthetic understanding of how culture shapes psychological threat. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Fatigue Robert Hockey, 2013-05-16 Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and well-being, yet is poorly understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its origins or functions, and different types of fatigue (mental, physical, sleepiness) are routinely confused. The widespread interpretation of fatigue as a negative consequence of work may be true only for externally imposed goals; meaningful or self-initiated work is rarely tiring and often invigorating. In the first book dedicated to the systematic treatment of fatigue for over sixty years, Robert Hockey examines its many aspects - social history, neuroscience, energetics, exercise physiology, sleep and clinical implications - and develops a new motivational control theory, in which fatigue is treated as an emotion having a fundamental adaptive role in the management of goals. He then uses this new perspective to explore the role of fatigue in relation to individual motivation, working life and well-being. |
| define valence in psychology: An Introduction to Social Psychology Miles Hewstone, Wolfgang Stroebe, Klaus Jonas, 2012-05-14 The fifth edition of this highly successful text, An Introduction to Social Psychology has been fully revised and updated. Accessibility for students has been improved, including better illustrations, greater use of colour and a more approachable format, as well as a wealth of online resources. Combining its traditional academic rigour with a contemporary level of cohesion, accessibility, pedagogy and instructor support, the fifth edition of An Introduction to Social Psychology provides the definitive treatment of social psychology-- |
| define valence in psychology: Emotion in the Mind and Body Maital Neta, Ingrid J. Haas, 2019-11-18 As the 66th volume in the prestigious Nebraska Series on Motivation, this book focuses on understanding emotion and motivation as two factors that not only influence social and cognitive processes, but also shape the way we navigate our social world. Research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades, pulling from scholarship in psychology, neuroscience, medicine, political science, sociology, and even computer science. This volume is informed by the growing momentum in the resulting interdisciplinary field of affective science, and examines the role of emotion and motivation in our perceptions, decision-making, and social interactions, and attempts to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that support these processes across the lifespan in both healthy and clinical populations. Included among the chapters: Emotion concept development from childhood to adulthood Evolving psychological and neural models for the regulation of emotion Pathways to motivational impairments in psychopathology A valuation systems perspective on motivation Reproducible, generalizable brain models of affective processes Emotion in the Mind and Body is a comprehensive and compelling rendering of the current state of the interdisciplinary field of affective science, and will be of interest to researchers and students working in psychology and neuroscience, as well as medicine, political science, and sociology. |
| define valence in psychology: The Neuropsychology of Emotion Joan C. Borod, 2000-05-18 This comprehensive review of the neuropsychology of emotion and the underlying neural mechanisms, is divided into four sections: background and general techniques, theoretical perspectives, emotional disorders, and clinical implications. |
| define valence in psychology: Handbook of Psychology, Biological Psychology Michela Gallagher, Randy J. Nelson, 2003-03-11 Includes established theories and cutting-edge developments. Presents the work of an international group of experts. Presents the nature, origin, implications, an future course of major unresolved issues in the area. |
| define valence in psychology: The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice Fiona Kate Barlow, Chris G. Sibley, 2018-10-11 This concise student edition of The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice includes new pedagogical features and instructor resources. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Emotions Carroll E. Izard, 1991-10-31 Emotions are a part of personality and essential to all human relationships, but how well do we understand what they really are? What are the processes by which they occuer and influence us? How do they affect the way we perceive and interact with the world? In The Psychology of Emotions, author Carroll E. Izard provides a timely overview that focuses on the relevance of emotions to our daily lives as he addresses these and other fundamental questions on the activation, expression, experience, and functions of emotions. |
| define valence in psychology: The Psychology of Attitudes and Attitude Change Greg Maio, Geoffrey Haddock, 2015-01-30 What are your attitudes on climate change? Do you have opinions on how political parties should be funded? Or indeed, celebrity misadventure? Written by two world-leading academics in the field of attitudes research, this textbook gets to the very heart of this fascinating and far-reaching field. In the 2nd Edition, Greg Maio and Geoffrey Haddock expand on how scientific methods have been used to better understand attitudes and how they change, with updates to reflect the most recent findings. With the aid of a few helpful metaphors, the text provides readers with a grasp of the fundamental concepts for understanding attitudes and an appreciation of the scientific challenges that lay ahead. With plenty of learning aids to help with revision and a new companion website, this textbook is a valuable resource for anyone interested in learning or teaching about attitudes. Key features of the new edition: Key Terms, Key Points and a Glossary Research Highlights that illustrate interesting and important case studies and their findings Useful recaps of ′What we have learned′ and ′What do you think?′ questions at the end of chapters to get students thinking A new Companion Website (study.sagepub.com/maiohaddock) with useful material for both instructors and students |
| define valence in psychology: Health Psychology Regan A. R. Gurung, 2018-09-07 Health Psychology: Well-Being in a Diverse World introduces students to the main topics and issues in health psychology through a unique perspective focused on diversity. Using a conversational tone, author Regan A. R. Gurung explores the key determinants of behavior—such as family, environment, ethnicity, and religion—and connects concepts to personal experiences for students to gain a deeper understanding and appreciation of the material. Extensively updated based on over 1,000 new articles cited, and with a new chapter on research methods, the Fourth Edition reflects the latest cutting-edge research in the field to explain more thoroughly how context and culture are important predictors of healthy behavior. . |
| define valence in psychology: Gut Reactions Jesse J. Prinz, 2004-08-12 Gut Reactions is an interdisciplinary defense of the claim that emotions are perceptions in a double sense. First of all, they are perceptions of changes in the body, but, through the body, they also allow us to literally perceive danger, loss, and other matters of concern. This proposal, which Prinz calls the embodied appraisal theory, reconciles the long standing debate between those who say emotions are cognitive and those who say they are noncognitive. The basic idea behind embodied appraisals is captured in the familiar notion of a gut reaction, which has been overlooked by much emotion research. Prinz also addresses emotional valence, emotional consciousness, and the debate between evolutionary psychologists and social constructionists. |
DEFINE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DEFINE is to determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning of. How to use define in a sentence.
DEFINE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Define definition: to state or set forth the meaning of (a word, phrase, etc.).. See examples of DEFINE used in a sentence.
DEFINE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DEFINE definition: 1. to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is: 2. to explain and describe the…. Learn more.
DEFINE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you define something, you show, describe, or state clearly what it is and what its limits are, or what it is like. We were unable to define what exactly was wrong with him. [ VERB wh ]
Define - definition of define by The Free Dictionary
define - show the form or outline of; "The tree was clearly defined by the light"; "The camera could define the smallest object"
DEFINE - Definition & Meaning - Reverso English Dictionary
Define definition: state the meaning of a word or phrase. Check meanings, examples, usage tips, pronunciation, domains, related words.
define - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
May 13, 2025 · define (third-person singular simple present defines, present participle defining, simple past and past participle defined) To determine with precision; to mark out with …
Define: Definition, Meaning, and Examples - usdictionary.com
Dec 24, 2024 · The word "define" means to explain or clarify the meaning of something or to establish boundaries and parameters. It is a versatile word used in many contexts, from …
Define Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Define Sentence Examples The child's eagerness and interest carry her over many obstacles that would be our undoing if we stopped to define and explain everything. It will not be welfare (or, …
DEFINITION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DEFINITION is a statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol. How to use definition in a sentence.
DEFINE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DEFINE is to determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning of. How to use define in a sentence.
DEFINE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Define definition: to state or set forth the meaning of (a word, phrase, etc.).. See examples of DEFINE used in a sentence.
DEFINE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DEFINE definition: 1. to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is: 2. to explain and describe the…. Learn more.
DEFINE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you define something, you show, describe, or state clearly what it is and what its limits are, or what it is like. We were unable to define what exactly was wrong with him. [ VERB wh ]
Define - definition of define by The Free Dictionary
define - show the form or outline of; "The tree was clearly defined by the light"; "The camera could define the smallest object"
DEFINE - Definition & Meaning - Reverso English Dictionary
Define definition: state the meaning of a word or phrase. Check meanings, examples, usage tips, pronunciation, domains, related words.
define - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
May 13, 2025 · define (third-person singular simple present defines, present participle defining, simple past and past participle defined) To determine with precision; to mark out with …
Define: Definition, Meaning, and Examples - usdictionary.com
Dec 24, 2024 · The word "define" means to explain or clarify the meaning of something or to establish boundaries and parameters. It is a versatile word used in many contexts, from …
Define Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Define Sentence Examples The child's eagerness and interest carry her over many obstacles that would be our undoing if we stopped to define and explain everything. It will not be welfare (or, …
DEFINITION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DEFINITION is a statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol. How to use definition in a sentence.
