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| definition of bias in biology: The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, Dietram Scheufele, 2017 On topics from genetic engineering and mad cow disease to vaccination and climate change, this Handbook draws on the insights of 57 leading science of science communication scholars who explore what social scientists know about how citizens come to understand and act on what is known by science. |
| definition of bias in biology: The Optimism Bias Tali Sharot, 2011-06-14 Psychologists have long been aware that most people maintain an irrationally positive outlook on life—but why? Turns out, we might be hardwired that way. In this absorbing exploration, Tali Sharot—one of the most innovative neuroscientists at work today—demonstrates that optimism may be crucial to human existence. The Optimism Bias explores how the brain generates hope and what happens when it fails; how the brains of optimists and pessimists differ; why we are terrible at predicting what will make us happy; how emotions strengthen our ability to recollect; how anticipation and dread affect us; how our optimistic illusions affect our financial, professional, and emotional decisions; and more. Drawing on cutting-edge science, The Optimism Bias provides us with startling new insight into the workings of the brain and the major role that optimism plays in determining how we live our lives. |
| definition of bias in biology: Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution Julia Koricheva, Jessica Gurevitch, Kerrie Mengersen, 2013-04-21 Meta-analysis is a powerful statistical methodology for synthesizing research evidence across independent studies. This is the first comprehensive handbook of meta-analysis written specifically for ecologists and evolutionary biologists, and it provides an invaluable introduction for beginners as well as an up-to-date guide for experienced meta-analysts. The chapters, written by renowned experts, walk readers through every step of meta-analysis, from problem formulation to the presentation of the results. The handbook identifies both the advantages of using meta-analysis for research synthesis and the potential pitfalls and limitations of meta-analysis (including when it should not be used). Different approaches to carrying out a meta-analysis are described, and include moment and least-square, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian approaches, all illustrated using worked examples based on real biological datasets. This one-of-a-kind resource is uniquely tailored to the biological sciences, and will provide an invaluable text for practitioners from graduate students and senior scientists to policymakers in conservation and environmental management. Walks you through every step of carrying out a meta-analysis in ecology and evolutionary biology, from problem formulation to result presentation Brings together experts from a broad range of fields Shows how to avoid, minimize, or resolve pitfalls such as missing data, publication bias, varying data quality, nonindependence of observations, and phylogenetic dependencies among species Helps you choose the right software Draws on numerous examples based on real biological datasets |
| definition of bias in biology: Foundations of Epidemiology Marit L. Bovbjerg, 2020-10 Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening. Concepts are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from contemporary and historical public health issues. |
| definition of bias in biology: Good Research Practice in Non-Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedicine Anton Bespalov, Martin C. Michel, Thomas Steckler, 2020-01-01 This open access book, published under a CC BY 4.0 license in the Pubmed indexed book series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, provides up-to-date information on best practice to improve experimental design and quality of research in non-clinical pharmacology and biomedicine. |
| definition of bias in biology: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| definition of bias in biology: Reproducibility and Replicability in Science National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy, Board on Research Data and Information, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, Division on Earth and Life Studies, Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on Reproducibility and Replicability in Science, 2019-10-20 One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science. |
| definition of bias in biology: Sexual Selection Regina H. Macedo, Glauco Machado, 2013-09-25 Sexual Selection: Perspectives and Models from the Neotropics presents new sexual selection research based upon neotropical species. As neotropical regions are destroyed at an alarming rate, with an estimated 140 species of rainforest plants and animals going extinct every day, it is important to bring neotropical research to the fore now. Sexual selection occurs when the male or female of a species is attracted by certain characteristics such as form, color or behavior. When those features lead to a greater probability of successful mating, they become more prominent in the species. Although most theoretical concepts concerning sexual selection and reproductive strategies are based upon North American and European fauna, the Neotropical region encompasses much more biodiversity, with as many as 15,000 plant and animal species in a single acre of rain forest. This book illustrates concepts in sexual selection through themes ranging from female cryptic choice in insects, sexual conflict in fish, interaction between sexual selection and the immune system, nuptial gifts, visual and acoustic sexual signaling, parental investment, to alternative mating strategies, among others. These approaches distinguish Sexual Selection from current publications in sexual selection, mainly because of the latitudinal and taxonomic focus, so that readers will be introduced to systems mostly unknown outside the tropics, several of which bring into question some well-established patterns for temperate regions. - Synthesizes sexual selection research on species from the Neotropics - Combines different perspectives and levels of analysis using a broad taxonomic basis, introducing readers to systems mostly unknown outside the tropics and bringing into question well-established patterns for temperate regions - Includes contributions exploring concepts and theory as well as discussions on a variety of Neotropical vertebrates and invertebrates, such as insects, fish, arthropods and birds |
| definition of bias in biology: Concepts of Epidemiology Raj S. Bhopal, 2016 First edition published in 2002. Second edition published in 2008. |
| definition of bias in biology: The Bias of Science Brian Martin, 1979 |
| definition of bias in biology: Companion to Women's and Gender Studies Nancy A. Naples, 2020-03-26 A comprehensive overview of the interdisciplinary field of Women's and Gender Studies, featuring original contributions from leading experts from around the world The Companion to Women's and Gender Studies is a comprehensive resource for students and scholars alike, exploring the central concepts, theories, themes, debates, and events in this dynamic field. Contributions from leading scholars and researchers cover a wide range of topics while providing diverse international, postcolonial, intersectional, and interdisciplinary insights. In-depth yet accessible chapters discuss the social construction and reproduction of gender and inequalities in various cultural, social-economic, and political contexts. Thematically-organized chapters explore the development of Women's and Gender Studies as an academic discipline, changes in the field, research directions, and significant scholarship in specific, interrelated disciplines such as science, health, psychology, and economics. Original essays offer fresh perspectives on the mechanisms by which gender intersects with other systems of power and privilege, the relation of androcentric approaches to science and gender bias in research, how feminist activists use media to challenge misrepresentations and inequalities, disparity between men and women in the labor market, how social movements continue to change Women's and Gender Studies, and more. Filling a significant gap in contemporary literature in the field, this volume: Features a broad interdisciplinary and international range of essays Engages with both individual and collective approaches to agency and resistance Addresses topics of intense current interest and debate such as transgender movements, gender-based violence, and gender discrimination policy Includes an overview of shifts in naming, theoretical approaches, and central topics in contemporary Women's and Gender Studies Companion to Women's and Gender Studies is an ideal text for instructors teaching courses in gender, sexuality, and feminist studies, or related disciplines such as psychology, history, education, political science, sociology, and cultural studies, as well as practitioners and policy makers working on issues related to gender and sexuality. |
| definition of bias in biology: Anthropic Bias Nick Bostrom, 2013-10-11 Anthropic Bias explores how to reason when you suspect that your evidence is biased by observation selection effects--that is, evidence that has been filtered by the precondition that there be some suitably positioned observer to have the evidence. This conundrum--sometimes alluded to as the anthropic principle, self-locating belief, or indexical information--turns out to be a surprisingly perplexing and intellectually stimulating challenge, one abounding with important implications for many areas in science and philosophy. There are the philosophical thought experiments and paradoxes: the Doomsday Argument; Sleeping Beauty; the Presumptuous Philosopher; Adam & Eve; the Absent-Minded Driver; the Shooting Room. And there are the applications in contemporary science: cosmology (How many universes are there?, Why does the universe appear fine-tuned for life?); evolutionary theory (How improbable was the evolution of intelligent life on our planet?); the problem of time's arrow (Can it be given a thermodynamic explanation?); quantum physics (How can the many-worlds theory be tested?); game-theory problems with imperfect recall (How to model them?); even traffic analysis (Why is the 'next lane' faster?). Anthropic Bias argues that the same principles are at work across all these domains. And it offers a synthesis: a mathematically explicit theory of observation selection effects that attempts to meet scientific needs while steering clear of philosophical paradox. |
| definition of bias in biology: Biological Individuality Scott Lidgard, Lynn K Nyhart, 2017-05-24 Individuals are things that everybody knows—or thinks they do. Yet even scholars who practice or analyze the biological sciences often cannot agree on what an individual is and why. One reason for this disagreement is that the many important biological individuality concepts serve very different purposes—defining, classifying, or explaining living structure, function, interaction, persistence, or evolution. Indeed, as the contributors to Biological Individuality reveal, nature is too messy for simple definitions of this concept, organisms too quirky in the diverse ways they reproduce, function, and interact, and human ideas about individuality too fraught with philosophical and historical meaning. Bringing together biologists, historians, and philosophers, this book provides a multifaceted exploration of biological individuality that identifies leading and less familiar perceptions of individuality both past and present, what they are good for, and in what contexts. Biological practice and theory recognize individuals at myriad levels of organization, from genes to organisms to symbiotic systems. We depend on these notions of individuality to address theoretical questions about multilevel natural selection and Darwinian fitness; to illuminate empirical questions about development, function, and ecology; to ground philosophical questions about the nature of organisms and causation; and to probe historical and cultural circumstances that resonate with parallel questions about the nature of society. Charting an interdisciplinary research agenda that broadens the frameworks in which biological individuality is discussed, this book makes clear that in the realm of the individual, there is not and should not be a direct path from biological paradigms based on model organisms through to philosophical generalization and historical reification. |
| definition of bias in biology: Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology Jayati Das-Munshi, Tamsin Ford, Matthew Hotopf, Martin Prince, Robert Stewart, 2020-04-30 Epidemiology has been defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health states or events in defined populations and its application to the control of health problems. Psychiatric epidemiology has continued to develop and apply these core principles in relation to mental health and mental disorders. This long-awaited second edition of Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology covers all of the considerable new developments in psychiatric epidemiology that have occurred since the first edition was published. It includes new content on key topics such as life course epidemiology, gene/environment interactions, bioethics, patient and public involvement in research, mixed methods research, new statistical methods, case registers, policy, and implementation. Looking to the future of this rapidly evolving scientific discipline and how it will to respond to the emerging opportunities and challenges posed by 'big data', new technologies, open science and globalisation, this new edition will continue to serve as an invaluable reference for clinicians in practice and in training. It will also be of interest to researchers in mental health and people studying or teaching psychiatric epidemiology at undergraduate or postgraduate level. |
| definition of bias in biology: A Bias Radar for Responsible Policy-Making Lieve Van Woensel, 2020-01-24 Policymakers prepare society for the future and this book provides a practical toolkit for preparing pro-active, future-proof scientific policy advice for them. It explains how to make scientific advisory strategies holistic. It also explains how and where biases, which interfere with the proper functioning of the entire science-policy ecosystem, arise and investigates how emotions and other biases affect the understanding and assessment of scientific evidence. The book advocates explorative foresight, systems thinking, interdisciplinarity, bias awareness and the anticipation of undesirable impacts in policy advising, and it offers practical guidance for them. Written in an accessible style, the book offers provocative reflections on how scientific policy advice should be sensitive to more than scientific evidence. It is both an appealing introductory text for everyone interested in science-based policy and a valuable guide for the experienced scientific adviser and policy scholar. This book is a valuable read for all stakeholders in the scientific advisory ecosystem. Lieve Van Woensel offers concrete methods to bridge the gap between scientific advice and policy making, to assess the possible societal impacts of complex scientific and technological developments, and to support decision-makers’ more strategic understanding of the issues they have to make decisions about. I was privileged to see them proove their value as I worked with Lieve on the pilot project of the Scientific Foresight unit for The European Parliament’s STOA panel.” - Kristel Van der Elst, CEO, The Global Foresight Group; Executive Head, Policy Horizons Canada “A must-read for not only scientific policy advisers, but also those interested in the ethics of scientific advisory processes. Lieve Van Woensel walks readers through a well-structured practical toolkit that bases policy advice on more than scientific evidence by taking into account policies’ potential effects on society and the environment.” - Dr Paul Rübig, Former Member of the European Parliament and former Chair of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology |
| definition of bias in biology: Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences, 2001-07-02 It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers. |
| definition of bias in biology: Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data Timothy L. Lash, Matthew P. Fox, Aliza K. Fink, 2011-04-14 Bias analysis quantifies the influence of systematic error on an epidemiology study’s estimate of association. The fundamental methods of bias analysis in epi- miology have been well described for decades, yet are seldom applied in published presentations of epidemiologic research. More recent advances in bias analysis, such as probabilistic bias analysis, appear even more rarely. We suspect that there are both supply-side and demand-side explanations for the scarcity of bias analysis. On the demand side, journal reviewers and editors seldom request that authors address systematic error aside from listing them as limitations of their particular study. This listing is often accompanied by explanations for why the limitations should not pose much concern. On the supply side, methods for bias analysis receive little attention in most epidemiology curriculums, are often scattered throughout textbooks or absent from them altogether, and cannot be implemented easily using standard statistical computing software. Our objective in this text is to reduce these supply-side barriers, with the hope that demand for quantitative bias analysis will follow. |
| definition of bias in biology: Developing Theories of Mind Janet W. Astington, Paul L. Harris, David R. Olson, 1988 A collection of empirical reports and conceptual analyses written by leading researchers in an exciting new area of the cognitive sciences. The book examines a fundamental change that occurs in children's cognition between the ages of two and six. |
| definition of bias in biology: Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being Fuschia M Sirois, Timothy A Pychyl, 2016-06-29 Research on procrastination has grown exponentially in recent years. Studies have revealed that procrastination is an issue of self-regulation failure, and specifically misregulation of emotional states—not simply a time management problem as often presumed. This maladaptive coping strategy is a risk factor not only for poor mental health, but also poor physical health and other aspects of well-being. Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being brings together new and established researchers and theorists who make important connections between procrastination and health. The first section of the book provides an overview of current conceptualizations and philosophical issues in understanding how procrastination relates to health and well-being including a critical discussion of the assumptions and rationalizations that are inherent to procrastination. The next section of the book focuses on current theory and research highlighting the issues and implications of procrastination for physical health and health behaviors, while the third section presents current perspectives on the interrelationships between procrastination and psychological well-being. The volume concludes with an overview of potential areas for future research in the growing field of procrastination, health, and well-being. - Reviews interdisciplinary research on procrastination - Conceptualizes procrastination as an issue of self-regulation and maladaptive coping, not time management - Identifies the public and private health implications of procrastination - Explores the guilt and shame that often accompany procrastination - Discusses temporal views of the stress and chronic health conditions associated with procrastination |
| definition of bias in biology: Communicating Science Effectively National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on the Science of Science Communication: A Research Agenda, 2017-03-08 Science and technology are embedded in virtually every aspect of modern life. As a result, people face an increasing need to integrate information from science with their personal values and other considerations as they make important life decisions about medical care, the safety of foods, what to do about climate change, and many other issues. Communicating science effectively, however, is a complex task and an acquired skill. Moreover, the approaches to communicating science that will be most effective for specific audiences and circumstances are not obvious. Fortunately, there is an expanding science base from diverse disciplines that can support science communicators in making these determinations. Communicating Science Effectively offers a research agenda for science communicators and researchers seeking to apply this research and fill gaps in knowledge about how to communicate effectively about science, focusing in particular on issues that are contentious in the public sphere. To inform this research agenda, this publication identifies important influences †psychological, economic, political, social, cultural, and media-related †on how science related to such issues is understood, perceived, and used. |
| definition of bias in biology: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| definition of bias in biology: Biology, Religion, and Philosophy Michael Peterson, Dennis Venema, 2021-04-08 A comprehensive and accessible survey of the major issues at the biology-religion interface. |
| definition of bias in biology: Fostering Integrity in Research National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on Science, Engineering, Medicine, and Public Policy, Committee on Responsible Science, 2018-01-13 The integrity of knowledge that emerges from research is based on individual and collective adherence to core values of objectivity, honesty, openness, fairness, accountability, and stewardship. Integrity in science means that the organizations in which research is conducted encourage those involved to exemplify these values in every step of the research process. Understanding the dynamics that support †or distort †practices that uphold the integrity of research by all participants ensures that the research enterprise advances knowledge. The 1992 report Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process evaluated issues related to scientific responsibility and the conduct of research. It provided a valuable service in describing and analyzing a very complicated set of issues, and has served as a crucial basis for thinking about research integrity for more than two decades. However, as experience has accumulated with various forms of research misconduct, detrimental research practices, and other forms of misconduct, as subsequent empirical research has revealed more about the nature of scientific misconduct, and because technological and social changes have altered the environment in which science is conducted, it is clear that the framework established more than two decades ago needs to be updated. Responsible Science served as a valuable benchmark to set the context for this most recent analysis and to help guide the committee's thought process. Fostering Integrity in Research identifies best practices in research and recommends practical options for discouraging and addressing research misconduct and detrimental research practices. |
| definition of bias in biology: Quality Assurance Implementation in Research Labs Akshay Anand, 2021-08-17 This book is a comprehensive and timely compilation of strategy, methods, and implementation of a proof of concept modified quality module of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). This text provides a historical overview of GLP and related standards of quality assurance practices in clinical testing laboratories as well as basic research settings. It specifically discusses the need and challenges in audit, documentation, and strategies for its implications in system-dependent productivity striving research laboratories. It also describes the importance of periodic training of study directors as well as the scholars for standardization in research processes. This book describes different documents required at various time points of a successful Ph.D and post-doc tenure along with faculty training besides entire lab establishments. Various other areas including academic social responsibility and quality assurance in the developing world, lab orientations, and communication, digitization in data accuracy, auditability and back traceability have also been discussed. This book will be a preferred source for principal investigators, research scholars, and industrial research centers globally. From the foreword by Ratan Tata, India “This book will be a guide for students and professionals alike in quality assurance practices related to clinical research labs. The historical research and fundamental principles make it a good tool in clinical research environments. The country has a great need for such a compilation in order to increase the application of domestic capabilities and technology” |
| definition of bias in biology: The Defining Decade Meg Jay, 2012-04-17 The Defining Decade has changed the way millions of twentysomethings think about their twenties—and themselves. Revised and reissued for a new generation, let it change how you think about you and yours. Our thirty-is-the-new-twenty culture tells us the twentysomething years don't matter. Some say they are an extended adolescence. Others call them an emerging adulthood. In The Defining Decade, Meg Jay argues that twentysomethings have been caught in a swirl of hype and misinformation, much of which has trivialized the most transformative time of our lives. Drawing from more than two decades of work with thousands of clients and students, Jay weaves the latest science of the twentysomething years with behind-closed-doors stories from twentysomethings themselves. The result is a provocative read that provides the tools necessary to take the most of your twenties, and shows us how work, relationships, personality, identity and even the brain can change more during this decade than at any other time in adulthood—if we use the time well. Also included in this updated edition: Up-to-date research on work, love, the brain, friendship, technology, and fertility What a decade of device use has taught us about looking at friends—and looking for love—online 29 conversations to have with your partner—or to keep in mind as you search for one A social experiment in which digital natives go without their phones A Reader's Guide for book clubs, classrooms, or further self-reflection |
| definition of bias in biology: Epidemiology in Medicine Julie E. Buring, 1987 Harvard Medical School, Boston. Textbook for medical and public health students. |
| definition of bias in biology: The Shape of Life Rudolf A. Raff, 2012-12-14 Rudolf Raff is recognized as a pioneer in evolutionary developmental biology. In their 1983 book, Embryos, Genes, and Evolution, Raff and co-author Thomas Kaufman proposed a synthesis of developmental and evolutionary biology. In The Shape of Life, Raff analyzes the rise of this new experimental discipline and lays out new research questions, hypotheses, and approaches to guide its development. Raff uses the evolution of animal body plans to exemplify the interplay between developmental mechanisms and evolutionary patterns. Animal body plans emerged half a billion years ago. Evolution within these body plans during this span of time has resulted in the tremendous diversity of living animal forms. Raff argues for an integrated approach to the study of the intertwined roles of development and evolution involving phylogenetic, comparative, and functional biology. This new synthesis will interest not only scientists working in these areas, but also paleontologists, zoologists, morphologists, molecular biologists, and geneticists. |
| definition of bias in biology: Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychotherapy Warren Tryon, 2014-03-22 Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychotherapy provides a bionetwork theory unifying empirical evidence in cognitive neuroscience and psychopathology to explain how emotion, learning, and reinforcement affect personality and its extremes. The book uses the theory to explain research results in both disciplines and to predict future findings, as well as to suggest what the theory and evidence say about how we should be treating disorders for maximum effectiveness. While theoretical in nature, the book has practical applications, and takes a mathematical approach to proving its own theorems. The book is unapologetically physical in nature, describing everything we think and feel by way of physical mechanisms and reactions in the brain. This unique marrying of cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychology provides an opportunity to better understand both. - Unifying theory for cognitive neuroscience and clinical psychology - Describes the brain in physical terms via mechanistic processes - Systematically uses the theory to explain empirical evidence in both disciplines - Theory has practical applications for psychotherapy - Ancillary material may be found at: http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780124200715 including an additional chapter and supplements |
| definition of bias in biology: Social Science Research Anol Bhattacherjee, 2012-04-01 This book is designed to introduce doctoral and graduate students to the process of conducting scientific research in the social sciences, business, education, public health, and related disciplines. It is a one-stop, comprehensive, and compact source for foundational concepts in behavioral research, and can serve as a stand-alone text or as a supplement to research readings in any doctoral seminar or research methods class. This book is currently used as a research text at universities on six continents and will shortly be available in nine different languages. |
| definition of bias in biology: Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis Hannah R. Rothstein, Alexander J. Sutton, Michael Borenstein, 2005-11-18 Publication bias is the tendency to decide to publish a study based on the results of the study, rather than on the basis of its theoretical or methodological quality. It can arise from selective publication of favorable results, or of statistically significant results. This threatens the validity of conclusions drawn from reviews of published scientific research. Meta-analysis is now used in numerous scientific disciplines, summarizing quantitative evidence from multiple studies. If the literature being synthesised has been affected by publication bias, this in turn biases the meta-analytic results, potentially producing overstated conclusions. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis examines the different types of publication bias, and presents the methods for estimating and reducing publication bias, or eliminating it altogether. Written by leading experts, adopting a practical and multidisciplinary approach. Provides comprehensive coverage of the topic including: Different types of publication bias, Mechanisms that may induce them, Empirical evidence for their existence, Statistical methods to address them, Ways in which they can be avoided. Features worked examples and common data sets throughout. Explains and compares all available software used for analysing and reducing publication bias. Accompanied by a website featuring software, data sets and further material. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis adopts an inter-disciplinary approach and will make an excellent reference volume for any researchers and graduate students who conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses. University and medical libraries, as well as pharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies, will also find this invaluable. |
| definition of bias in biology: Blinding as a Solution to Bias Christopher T Robertson, Aaron S Kesselheim, 2016-01-30 What information should jurors have during court proceedings to render a just decision? Should politicians know who is donating money to their campaigns? Will scientists draw biased conclusions about drug efficacy when they know more about the patient or study population? The potential for bias in decision-making by physicians, lawyers, politicians, and scientists has been recognized for hundreds of years and drawn attention from media and scholars seeking to understand the role that conflicts of interests and other psychological processes play. However, commonly proposed solutions to biased decision-making, such as transparency (disclosing conflicts) or exclusion (avoiding conflicts) do not directly solve the underlying problem of bias and may have unintended consequences. Robertson and Kesselheim bring together a renowned group of interdisciplinary scholars to consider another way to reduce the risk of biased decision-making: blinding. What are the advantages and limitations of blinding? How can we quantify the biases in unblinded research? Can we develop new ways to blind decision-makers? What are the ethical problems with withholding information from decision-makers in the course of blinding? How can blinding be adapted to legal and scientific procedures and in institutions not previously open to this approach? Fundamentally, these sorts of questions—about who needs to know what—open new doors of inquiry for the design of scientific research studies, regulatory institutions, and courts. The volume surveys the theory, practice, and future of blinding, drawing upon leading authors with a diverse range of methodologies and areas of expertise, including forensic sciences, medicine, law, philosophy, economics, psychology, sociology, and statistics. - Introduces readers to the primary policy issue this book seeks to address: biased decision-making. - Provides a focus on blinding as a solution to bias, which has applicability in many domains. - Traces the development of blinding as a solution to bias, and explores the different ways blinding has been employed. - Includes case studies to explore particular uses of blinding for statisticians, radiologists, and fingerprint examiners, and whether the jurors and judges who rely upon them will value and understand blinding. |
| definition of bias in biology: The Evolutionary Synthesis Ernst Mayr, William B. Provine, 1998 Biology was forged into a single, coherent science only within living memory. In this volume the thinkers responsible for the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology and genetics come together to analyze that remarkable event. In a new Preface, Ernst Mayr calls attention to the fact that scientists in different biological disciplines varied considerably in their degree of acceptance of Darwin's theories. Mayr shows us that these differences were played out in four separate periods: 1859 to 1899, 1900 to 1915, 1916 to 1936, and 1937 to 1947. He thus enables us to understand fully why the synthesis was necessary and why Darwin's original theory--that evolutionary change is due to the combination of variation and selection--is as solid at the end of the twentieth century as it was in 1859. |
| definition of bias in biology: Modern Epidemiology Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Timothy L. Lash, 2008 The thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the acclaimed Modern Epidemiology reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasingly focal role that epidemiology plays in dealing with public health and medical problems. Coauthored by three leading epidemiologists, with sixteen additional contributors, this Third Edition is the most comprehensive and cohesive text on the principles and methods of epidemiologic research. The book covers a broad range of concepts and methods, such as basic measures of disease frequency and associations, study design, field methods, threats to validity, and assessing precision. It also covers advanced topics in data analysis such as Bayesian analysis, bias analysis, and hierarchical regression. Chapters examine specific areas of research such as disease surveillance, ecologic studies, social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology, and clinical epidemiology. |
| definition of bias in biology: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| definition of bias in biology: The Great Mental Models, Volume 1 Shane Parrish, Rhiannon Beaubien, 2024-10-15 Discover the essential thinking tools you’ve been missing with The Great Mental Models series by Shane Parrish, New York Times bestselling author and the mind behind the acclaimed Farnam Street blog and “The Knowledge Project” podcast. This first book in the series is your guide to learning the crucial thinking tools nobody ever taught you. Time and time again, great thinkers such as Charlie Munger and Warren Buffett have credited their success to mental models–representations of how something works that can scale onto other fields. Mastering a small number of mental models enables you to rapidly grasp new information, identify patterns others miss, and avoid the common mistakes that hold people back. The Great Mental Models: Volume 1, General Thinking Concepts shows you how making a few tiny changes in the way you think can deliver big results. Drawing on examples from history, business, art, and science, this book details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making and productivity. This book will teach you how to: Avoid blind spots when looking at problems. Find non-obvious solutions. Anticipate and achieve desired outcomes. Play to your strengths, avoid your weaknesses, … and more. The Great Mental Models series demystifies once elusive concepts and illuminates rich knowledge that traditional education overlooks. This series is the most comprehensive and accessible guide on using mental models to better understand our world, solve problems, and gain an advantage. |
| definition of bias in biology: Introduction To Epidemiology Carneiro, Ilona, Howard, Natasha, 2011-09-01 This popular book examines the underlying concepts and applications of epidemiology. |
| definition of bias in biology: Why Evolution is True Jerry A. Coyne, 2010-01-14 For all the discussion in the media about creationism and 'Intelligent Design', virtually nothing has been said about the evidence in question - the evidence for evolution by natural selection. Yet, as this succinct and important book shows, that evidence is vast, varied, and magnificent, and drawn from many disparate fields of science. The very latest research is uncovering a stream of evidence revealing evolution in action - from the actual observation of a species splitting into two, to new fossil discoveries, to the deciphering of the evidence stored in our genome. Why Evolution is True weaves together the many threads of modern work in genetics, palaeontology, geology, molecular biology, anatomy, and development to demonstrate the 'indelible stamp' of the processes first proposed by Darwin. It is a crisp, lucid, and accessible statement that will leave no one with an open mind in any doubt about the truth of evolution. |
| definition of bias in biology: Reducing Intergroup Bias Samuel L. Gaertner, John F. Dovidio, 2014-04-04 Considers situations and interventions that can foster more inclusive representation and ways, both theoretically and practically, and that a common ingroup identity can facilitate more harmonious intergroup relations. |
| definition of bias in biology: Systems Biological Approaches in Infectious Diseases Helena I. Boshoff, Clifton E. Barry, 2007-01-15 This book brings together the various fields of functional genomics and systems biology that provide information on metabolic function. There is special emphasis on the identification of drug targets. The book includes practical examples from the various omic sciences as well as theoretical examples of how integrated knowledge of these sciences can be applied to drug discovery. It is of interest to researchers in the pharmaceutical drug discovery environment. |
| definition of bias in biology: Biological Variation Callum G. Fraser, 2001 |
DEFINITION Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DEFINITION is a statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol. How to use definition in a …
DEFINITION Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Definition definition: the act of defining, or of making something definite, distinct, or clear.. See examples of DEFINITION used in a sentence.
DEFINITION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DEFINITION definition: 1. a statement that explains the meaning of a word or phrase: 2. a description of the features and…. Learn more.
DEFINITION definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
A definition is a statement giving the meaning of a word or expression, especially in a dictionary.
definition noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of definition noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Definition of the Simian Virus 40 Early Promoter Region and ...
Definition of the simian virus 40 early promoter region and demonstration of a host range bias in the enhancement effect of the simian virus 40 72-base-pair repeat (RNA polymerase II control …
MISPERCEPTIONS ABOUT PERCEPTUAL BIAS - crest.science
PERCEPTUAL BIAS Alan Gerber and Donald Green Department of Political Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520; e-mail: alan.gerber@yale.edu; …
"Déjà vu All Over Again": The Recourse to Biology by …
Jul 11, 2020 · the notion that biology was a sufficient justification for the harms imposed on same-sex couples and their children by discriminatory marriage laws. Today, those who oppose …
Example of a Rubric and its use for improvement
operational definition and well-developed specific operational definitions. Student constructs an implied comprehensive operational definition (possible less clear) and some specific …
Supplemental Table of Contents - CDC Stacks
Term Definition Health Equity A fair and just opportunity to be as healthy as possible; Requiring the removal of obstacles to health, such as poverty, discrimination, and their consequences, …
OCR A Level Biology A - H420 - Specification - Revisely
Avoidance of bias 59 5c. How Science Works (HSW) 60 5d. Mathematical requirements 61 5e. Health and Safety 69 5f. Practical endorsement 70 ... Our A Level in Biology A specification is …
nature ecology & evolution
1Center for Ecosystem Sentinels, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. ... Term Definition Bias In the context of generative AI, these are
Supervised Learning Methods Inductive Concept Learning by
–uses a preference bias •Learning can be viewed as searching the Hypothesis Space H of possible h functions, y = h(x) •Preference bias: define a metric for comparing h’s so as to …
On evolutionary explanations of cognitive biases
bias: a departure from rational behaviour. This is an operational definition. Overconfidence and optimism: bias relating to the probability of positive events (‘optimism bias’) or ability …
Understanding Publication Bias in Reintroduction Biology by …
ContributedPaper Understanding Publication Bias in Reintroduction Biology by Assessing Translocations of New Zealand’s Herpetofauna KIMBERLY A. MILLER,∗†‡ TRENT P. BELL,§ …
Understanding Implicit Bias: Insights and Innovations
Feb 28, 2020 · Understanding Implicit Bias: Insights & Innovations . Goodwin Liu & Camara Phyllis Jones, guest editors . with David Baltimore · David S. Tatel ... ley Hufstedler Professor …
Frontier Model Forum: What is Red Teaming?
access to tools could advance their capabilities in biology. Taken together, we think that future generations of LLMs without appropriate mitigations could accelerate a bad actor’s efforts to …
Are They Important? Spatial Biases: What Are They and Why …
and categorical information in spatial bias is underscored by Newcombe (Chapter 17), who overviews data on the effects of spatial categories (e.g., different quadrants defined by …
Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Boston College Biology
BC Biology Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Committee. ... “solve” the bias and discrimination of our society, we will work towards building diversity, equity and inclusion within our own …
Neil Bage - The Law Society
Definition: Bias Cause to feel or show inclination or prejudice for or against someone or something. Behavioural bias can affect your decisions in unexpected ways; there are over 150 …
jigsaw slides to Abby - 2016 (1) (1) - University of Michigan
Implicit Bias/Individual Bias Group #1 Stereotypes and Belonging Group #1 Biology and Socialization (Nature vs. Nurture) Group #1 A1 F1 K1 B1 G1 L1 C1 H1 M1 D1 I1 N1 E1 J1 O1 …
Education for All: A Gender and Disability Perspective
Cultural Bias and Rigid Gender Roles ... and economic factors as much as in biology. While the World Health Organization (WHO) is currently leading an effort to achieve a new international …
Accuracy and Precision in Bioanalysis: Review of Case …
Jun 1, 2019 · Accuracy and Precision in Bioanalysis: Review of Case Studies Charles Bonapace, Director Arindam Dasgupta, Deputy Director Division of New Drug Bioequivalence Evaluation
Unconscious bias in the primary classroom - NUSTEM
Unconscious bias – it just might save your life! Our unconscious bias is an automatic decision making process – it is a ‘danger detector’ Duck! It’s better to be safe than sorry. Our brains are …
Murray State's Digital Commons - Murray State University
definition for interracial relationship, the word often mentioned was miscegenation. A more complete understanding of this term and its implications for interracial marriages is necessary …
Biases in ecological research: attitudes of scientists and
Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland. ... ents who admitted high impacts of interpretation bias (Fig.ˇ3) and of reporting bias (34 and 22%, respectively;
What does research reproducibility mean? - Science | AAAS
computational biology ( 6), economics (7), and clinical trials (8). According to a U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) subcommittee on replicability in science ( 9), “reproducibility re-fers …
A3 Unity and diversity Lesson 1 - Pearson
Activities Try the biological species concept definition on a variety of organisms, some of which are bacteria, some extinct such as the wooly mammoth. Use the diagram on page 115 to …
Defining Insanity: How an Individual's View Can Impact a Trial
basic idea of what insanity is, when asked to define it, everyone has a different definition. Due to this, an individual being able to agree with a single definition is challenging; especially when it …
Population Education: Hie Search for a Definition - ASCD
fied definition: Population education may be defined as an educational process which assists persons (a) to learn the probable causes and conse quences of population phenomena for …
The Causes and Consequences of Cancer Health Disparities
23 Racial differences in continued smoking may be attributable to several factors Socioeconomic vulnerabilities (including poverty, stress, and secondhand smoke exposure) Although the …
THE ECO-CONNECTION*2014 - Fort Collins, Colorado
BIAS: Biology Recommended Time - 30-45minutes Recommended Group Size : 15-20 students FOSS Kit: Landforms/EcoWeek State Standards: Earth Systems Science 3.2 Evaluate …
Sexual Selection by Female Choice in Polygynous Animals
approach to evolutionary biology that developed in the 1960s. An important influence was the large body of avian studies which show that mating systems are strongly molded by food, nest …
Lay Misperceptions of Culture as “Biological” and Suggestions …
folk biology (i.e., folk theories of biology; see Gelman & Legare, 2011). That is, laypeople may have intuitions that culture is associated with folk notions of biology, such as ancestry, genes, …
Animal Welfare Environmental enrichment for reptiles in …
taxonomic bias, which hinders our understanding of the value of enrichment for neglected groups, such as reptiles. In this study, we evaluated the status of environmental enrichment for reptiles …
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II. Understanding Bias .75 hours a. Bias origin b. Common stereotypes i. Learning activity (lists of stereotypes)- students will participate by proving feedback on the most common stereotypes …
Goal Attributions in Biology: Objective Fact, …
1 Samir Okasha, May 2022 Goal Attributions in Biology: Objective Fact, Anthropomorphic Bias, or Valuable Heuristic? Samir Okasha Affiliation: Department of Philosophy, University of Bristol, …
Jianlin Cheng, PhD School of Electrical Engineering and …
† Selection bias S. Moran and I. Wexler,2005. Motivation † To understand lineage of various species ... † Important for many aspects of biology – Classification – Understanding biological …
Anticipation in Schizophrenia: Biology or Bias?
dressing ascertainment bias. These included: 1. Random pairs, in which one randomly affected member in G1 was paired with one randomly se-lected member of G2 (n433). This scheme …
Methods of Inquiry - SAGE Publications Inc
27. 3. Methods of Inquiry. Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. T. he principal characteristic of scholarly and scientific inquiry—as . opposed to informal, intuitive kinds of inquiry—is the …
Statistics and Probability Primer for Computational Biologists
probability that is required to understand algorithms in modern computational biology. We start with an introduction to basic statistical terms such as mean and standard ... then this likely …
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epidemiology, biology, comorbidity, associated impairment, and treatment of GAD, including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial therapies. DEFINITION Generalized anxiety disorder was …
Machine Learning-enabled Medical Devices: Key Terms and …
while in law, bias is often used to mean unfair or unfairly prejudiced/partial. The ISO/IEC TR 24027 definition is a technical definition and is not synonymous with notions of being ‘unfair’ or …
20. PLACODES AND SENSORY DEVELOPMEN - Columbia …
a. Give a definition of placodes and describe their evolutionary significance. b. Name the different types of placodes, their locations in the developing embryo and their developmental fates. c. …
823 - Final - ed
Three brief case studies reveal a bias toward hard technology in ... definition implicates human and non-human actors and emphasizes relationships. In part three, ... which they emerge” (p. …
Assessing Bias in Experiment Design for Large Scale Mass …
Assessing Bias in Experiment Design for Large ... a formally precise and quantitative definition of similarity between LC-MS experiments, we have developed Cha-order, a fully automatic …
Understanding Publication Bias in Reintroduction Biology by …
ContributedPaper Understanding Publication Bias in Reintroduction Biology by Assessing Translocations of New Zealand’s Herpetofauna KIMBERLY A. MILLER,∗†‡ TRENT P. BELL,§ …
ASPEN Consensus Recommendations for Refeeding Syndrome
suspected cases.1-3 However, this may be the result of definition bias, or the relatively fewer causes of hypophosphatemia, compared to hypokalemia, making RS a more important cause …
Biological Mistakes: What They Are and What They Mean for …
Dec 27, 2022 · mistakes and what we call ‘mere failures’. In section 3 we will give a formal definition of biological mistakes, followed by elaboration and clarification of the definition. In …
comprehensive sexuality education - Population Institute
By definition, CSE is a rights-based approach that seeks to equip young people with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values they need to determine and enjoy their …
Introduction - JSTOR
bias of earlier generations of American anthropologists toward social and cultural phenomena and away from biology. Jordan's "biosocial" approach worked to rectify this imbalance in anthropol …
